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Amarillo, Texas

Coordinates:35°11′57″N101°50′43″W/ 35.19917°N 101.84528°W/35.19917; -101.84528
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Amarillo, Texas
City
Downtown Amarillo
Flag of Amarillo, Texas
Flag
Official seal of Amarillo, Texas
Seal
Map
Map
Map
Map
Map
Amarillo is located in Texas
Amarillo
Amarillo
Location within Texas
Amarillo is located in the United States
Amarillo
Amarillo
Location within the United States
Amarillo is located in North America
Amarillo
Amarillo
Amarillo (North America)
Coordinates:35°11′57″N101°50′43″W/ 35.19917°N 101.84528°W/35.19917; -101.84528
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountiesPotterandRandall
Named forAmarillo Lake
Government
• TypeCouncil-Manager
• BodyCity Council
•MayorCole Stanley (Since May 2023)
• Councilmember Place 1Josh Craft (Since July 2023)
• Councilmember Place 2Don Tipps (Since May 2023)
• Councilmember Place 3Tom Scherlen (Since May 2023)
• Councilmember Place 4Les Simpson (Since July 2023)
Area
[1]
•City103.86 sq mi (268.99 km2)
• Land102.30 sq mi (264.97 km2)
• Water1.56 sq mi (4.03 km2)
Elevation
[3]
3,662 ft (1,116 m)
Population
(2020)
•City200,393
• Density1,948.81/sq mi (752.44/km2)
•Urban
205,860 (US:187th)[2]
• Urban density2,450.9/sq mi (946.3/km2)
•Metro
269,703 (US:182nd)
DemonymAmarilloan
Time zoneUTC−6(CST)
• Summer (DST)UTC−5(CDT)
ZIP Codes
79101–79111, 79114, 79116–79121, 79123–79124, 79159, 79163, 79166–79168, 79171–79172, 79174, 79178, 79182, 79185, 79187, 79189
Area code806
FIPS code48-03000[4]
GNISfeature ID2409694[3]
Websitewww.amarillo.gov

Amarillo(/ˌæməˈrɪloʊ/[6]AM-ə-RIL-oh;Spanishfor "yellow") is a city in theU.S. stateofTexasand theseatofPotter County.It is the14th-most populouscity in Texas and the most populous city in theTexas panhandle.[7]A portion of the city extends intoRandall County.The estimated population of Amarillo was 200,393 as of April 1, 2020, comprising nearly half of the population of the panhandle.[8]The Amarillo metropolitan area had an estimated population of 308,297 as of 2020.[9]

The city of Amarillo, originally named Oneida, is situated in theLlano Estacadoregion.[10]The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by theFort Worth and Denver City Railroadcontributed to the city's growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century.[11]

Amarillo was once theself-proclaimed"HeliumCapital of the World "for having one of the country's most productive helium fields.[12]The city is also known as "The Yellow Rose of Texas" (as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow),[13]"Yellow City" for its name, and "Rotor City, USA" for itsV-22 Ospreyhybrid aircraft assembly plant. Amarillo operates one of the largestmeat-packingareas in the United States.Pantex,the onlynuclear weaponsassembly and disassembly facility in the country, is also a major employer. The location of this facility also gave rise to the nickname "Bomb City".[14]

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Amarillo, Texas.

During April 1887, J. I. Berry established a site for a town after he chose a well-watered section along theright-of-wayof the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad, which had begun building across the Texas Panhandle. Berry andColorado City, Texas,merchants wanted to make their new town site the region's main trading center. On August 30, 1887, Berry's town site won thecounty seatelection and was established in Potter County. Availability of therailroadandfreightservice after the county seat election made the town a fast-growingcattle-marketing center.[11]

The settlement originally was called Oneida; it later changed its name to Amarillo, which probably derived from yellow wildflowers that were plentiful during the spring and summer or the nearbyAmarillo LakeandAmarillo Creek,named in turn for the yellow soil along their banks and shores (Amarillois the Spanish word for the color yellow). Early residents originally pronounced the city's name more similar to the Spanish pronunciation/ˌɑːməˈriːjoʊ/ah-mə-REE-yoh,which was later displaced by the current pronunciation.[15]

Amarillo in 1889, three weeks after incorporation
An aerial view of the Amarillo business district in 1912
Grand Opera House, Amarillo, Texas (postcard, circa 1909–1924)
Downtown Amarillo in 1944

On June 19, 1888,Henry B. Sanborn,who is given credit as the "Father of Amarillo",[16]and his business partnerJoseph F. Gliddenbegan buying land to the east to move Amarillo after arguing that Berry's site was on low ground and would flood during rainstorms. Sanborn also offered to trade lots in the new location to businesses in the original city's site and help with the expense of moving to new buildings. His incentives gradually won over people, who moved their businesses to Polk Street in the new commercial district.[17]Heavy rains almost flooded Berry's part of the town in 1889, prompting more people to move to Sanborn's location. This eventually led to another county seat election making Sanborn's town the new county seat in 1893.[11]

By the late 1890s, Amarillo had emerged as one of the world's busiest cattle-shipping points, and its population grew significantly. The city became agrain elevator,milling, and feed-manufacturing center after an increase in production of wheat and small grains during the early 1900s. Discovery ofnatural gasin 1918 andoilthree years later brought oil and gas companies to the Amarillo area.[11]

The United States government bought the Cliffside Gas Field with high helium content in 1927 and the Federal Bureau of Mines began operating the Amarillo Helium plant two years later.[18]The plant was the sole producer of commercial helium in the world for a number of years.[19]TheU.S. National Helium Reserveis stored in the Bush Dome Reservoir at the Cliffside facility.[20]

Following the lead of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad, theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe RailwayandChicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroadestablished services to and from Amarillo. Each of these three carriers maintained substantial freight and passenger depots and repair facilities in the city through most of the 20th century and were major employers within the community.[21]

Amarillo, March 1943

Amarillo was hit by theDust Bowland entered aneconomic depression.U.S. Routes60, 87, 287, and 66 intersected at Amarillo, making it a major tourist stop with numerous motels, restaurants, and curio shops. World War II led the establishment of Amarillo Army Air Field in east Amarillo and the nearby Pantex Army Ordnance Plant, which produced bombs and ammunition. After the end of the war, both of the facilities were closed. The Pantex Plant was reopened in 1950 and produced nuclear weapons throughout theCold War.[11]

In 1949, a deadly F4 tornado devastated much of Amarillo, shortly after nightfall on May 15, tearing through the south and east sides of the city, killing seven people, and injuring more than 80 others. The tornado touched down southwest of Amarillo, near the town of Hereford, then tracked its way northward, on a collision course with Amarillo. The tornado, shortly after 8 pm, ripped through Amarillo's most densely populated areas, demolishing almost half of the city, causing catastrophic damage and loss of life.

In 1951, the army air base was reactivated asAmarillo Air Force Baseand expanded to accommodate aStrategic Air CommandB-52 Stratofortresswing.[22]The arrival of servicemen and their families ended the city's depression. Between 1950 and 1960, Amarillo's population grew from 74,443 to 137,969. However, the closure of Amarillo Air Force Base on December 31, 1968, contributed to a decrease in population to 127,010 by 1970.

In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Amarillo's population as 6.1% Hispanic and 88.5% non-Hispanic white.[23]In the 1980s,ASARCO,Iowa Beef Processors (present dayTyson Foods),Owens-Corning,andWeyerhaeuserbuilt plants at Amarillo. The Eastridge neighborhood houses many immigrants from countries such asVietnam,Laos,andBurma.Many of them found employment at the nearby Iowa Beef Processors plant.[24]The following decade, Amarillo's city limits encompassed 60 square miles (155 km2) in Potter and Randall Counties.Interstate 27highway connectingLubbockto Amarillo was built mostly during the 1980s.[11]

In May 1982, a strong F3 tornado struck Amarillo's western suburbs, devastating parts of Dawn, and Bushland. No fatalities were reported.

Geography

[edit]
Lighthouse pinnacle in Palo Duro Canyon: The canyon system is located south of the city.

Amarillo is located near the middle of theTexas Panhandle.It does not share similar weather characteristics withsouthandeast Texas.It is situated in the grasslands of the Texas Panhandle, and is surrounded by dense prairie. Amarillo is infamous for its unpredictable weather patterns, with massive temperature changes on a daily basis, raging winds, devastating hailstorms and "northers", long periods of drought, late frosts, spring tornadoes, dust-storms, and floods.

Though urbanization, agricultural farming, and construction have taken place over the last century in and around Amarillo, the native grasslands that dominate this region have remained largely untouched. Amarillo sits closer in proximity to theOklahoma,New MexicoandColoradostate capitals than it does toAustin.The region's surface is relatively flat and has little soil drainage. Due to the lack of developed drainage, much of the rainfall either evaporates, infiltrates into the ground, or accumulates inplaya lakes.[10]According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 90.3 square miles (234 km2), with 89.9 sq mi (233 km2) of it land and 0.4 sq mi (1.0 km2) of it (0.50%) covered by water. The Amarillo metropolitan area covers four counties:Armstrong,Carson,Potter, and Randall.

About 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Amarillo is theCanadian River,which divides theWestern High Plainsecological region. The southern divide of the Western High Plains is theLlano Estacadoor Staked Plains geographical region. The river is dammed to formLake Meredith,a major source of drinking water in the Texas Panhandle region.[25]The city is situated near the Panhandle Field, in a productive gas and oil area, covering 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) inHartley,Potter,Moore,Hutchinson,Carson,Gray,Wheeler,andCollingsworthCounties. The Potter County portion had the nation's largest natural gas reserve.[26]Approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Amarillo is the canyon system,Palo Duro Canyon.The tallest peak is reported to be 2,500 feet (760 m) underground in northeastern Potter County under theAlibates Flint Quarries National Monument.[27]

Climate

[edit]
Amarillo, Texas
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
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0.5
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1.5
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2.3
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2.9
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2.8
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2.9
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1.7
84
58
1.8
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45
0.8
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█Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
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11
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13
13
−2
33
18
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█Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█Precipitation totals in mm

Like most of the Texas Panhandle, Amarillo has a temperatesemi-aridclimate (Köppen climate classificationBSk).[28]Both the city and most of the county as a whole lie inUSDA Plant Hardiness Zone7a.[29]Amarillo is characterized by a winter season featuring largediurnal temperature variation,great day-to-day variability, possible sudden and/or severe Arctic air outbreaks (in Texas, called "blue northers" ), possibleblizzardsand hot summers with generally low humidity. The average annual precipitation is 20.4 inches or 520 millimeters. Much of Amarillo's precipitation falls during heavy convective showers and thunderstorms during the late spring and summer months.

According to 'Cities Ranked and Rated' (Bert Sperling and Peter Sander), Amarillo averages 48 days per year during which thunder and lightning is reported. This is above the national average. These storms can be severe: Amarillo and the Texas Panhandle are situated in the western portion of "Tornado Alley"and are prone to severe weather events, occurring primarily between April and July. Severe thunderstorms can produce damaging straight-line winds, large hail, tornadoes, and flash flooding. Amarillo is no stranger to devastating tornadoes. Tornadoes have occurred in and around the city in 1968, 1970, 1982, 1986, 2001, 2007, and most recently in 2013, 2015 and 2016. The strongest tornado to ever hit Amarillo was a deadly F4 tornado that struck the city in the night time hours of May 15, 1949. Amarillo suffered a direct hit, causing catastrophic damage and loss of life in Amarillo's most densely populated areas. The tornado devastated the south and east sides of the city, killing 7 people, and injuring more than 80 others. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 38.6 °F (3.7 °C) in January to 79.6 °F (26.4 °C) in July. Sunny weather prevails year-round, with nearly 3300 hours of bright sunshine annually. TheNational Weather Service in Amarilloforecasts and provides climatic data for the city.

Extreme temperatures range from −16 °F (−26.7 °C) onFebruary 12, 1899to 111 °F (43.9 °C) on June 26, 2011, but lows do not typically dip to 0 °F or −17.8 °C in most years, while highs above 100 °F or 37.8 °C are seen on 4.7 days on average. On average, there are 5.9 days of lows at or below 10 °F or −12.2 °C, 8.8 days where the temperature fails to rise above freezing, and 61 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs. Unlike in the Rio Grande Valley or eastern portions of Texas, days where the low does not fall below 70 °F or 21.1 °C are relatively rare, due to the aridity and elevation. Blizzards occur occasionally, but snowfall is typically light, averaging nearly 18 inches or 46 centimeters seasonally and the median figure is near 10 inches or 25 centimeters.[30]Amarillo is also recorded as the windiest city in the U.S. by the Weather Channel.[31]

Climate data for Amarillo, Texas, 1991–2020 normals,[a]extremes 1892–present[32]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 83
(28) 		89
(32) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		104
(40) 		111
(44) 		110
(43) 		108
(42) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		88
(31) 		83
(28) 		111
(44)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 71.4
(21.9) 		76.5
(24.7) 		83.5
(28.6) 		88.6
(31.4) 		94.7
(34.8) 		99.7
(37.6) 		100.3
(37.9) 		98.2
(36.8) 		95.2
(35.1) 		88.6
(31.4) 		79.7
(26.5) 		71.8
(22.1) 		102.4
(39.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 52.2
(11.2) 		56.1
(13.4) 		64.8
(18.2) 		72.4
(22.4) 		80.9
(27.2) 		89.7
(32.1) 		92.9
(33.8) 		91.0
(32.8) 		84.0
(28.9) 		73.0
(22.8) 		61.3
(16.3) 		51.9
(11.1) 		72.5
(22.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) 38.6
(3.7) 		41.8
(5.4) 		49.8
(9.9) 		57.5
(14.2) 		66.8
(19.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		79.6
(26.4) 		78.1
(25.6) 		70.9
(21.6) 		59.2
(15.1) 		47.4
(8.6) 		38.8
(3.8) 		58.7
(14.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 24.9
(−3.9) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		34.8
(1.6) 		42.5
(5.8) 		52.6
(11.4) 		62.4
(16.9) 		66.4
(19.1) 		65.3
(18.5) 		57.8
(14.3) 		45.4
(7.4) 		33.5
(0.8) 		25.7
(−3.5) 		44.9
(7.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 7.4
(−13.7) 		8.6
(−13.0) 		16.8
(−8.4) 		27.2
(−2.7) 		37.5
(3.1) 		50.4
(10.2) 		57.4
(14.1) 		56.6
(13.7) 		41.8
(5.4) 		29.0
(−1.7) 		16.0
(−8.9) 		6.8
(−14.0) 		0.3
(−17.6)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24) 		−16
(−27) 		−3
(−19) 		13
(−11) 		26
(−3) 		38
(3) 		51
(11) 		48
(9) 		30
(−1) 		12
(−11) 		0
(−18) 		−8
(−22) 		−16
(−27)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) 0.71
(18) 		0.53
(13) 		1.27
(32) 		1.45
(37) 		2.27
(58) 		2.85
(72) 		2.82
(72) 		2.86
(73) 		1.69
(43) 		1.75
(44) 		0.75
(19) 		0.71
(18) 		19.66
(499)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 4.0
(10) 		3.5
(8.9) 		1.9
(4.8) 		0.5
(1.3) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.7
(1.8) 		2.6
(6.6) 		3.8
(9.7) 		17.2
(44)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) 3.9 4.3 6.0 5.6 7.7 8.5 7.2 8.2 6.3 5.3 4.0 4.7 71.7
Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) 2.6 2.2 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 2.8 11.1
Averagerelative humidity(%) 58.1 58.5 51.7 48.3 54.2 56.3 53.3 58.4 61.0 55.9 58.6 59.1 56.1
Averagedew point°F (°C) 18.1
(−7.7) 		21.9
(−5.6) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		32.9
(0.5) 		44.1
(6.7) 		54.3
(12.4) 		57.6
(14.2) 		58.1
(14.5) 		52.2
(11.2) 		39.4
(4.1) 		28.8
(−1.8) 		20.5
(−6.4) 		37.8
(3.2)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 222.1 215.2 268.7 301.1 325.1 343.0 353.6 323.5 264.5 266.4 211.5 201.5 3,296.2
Percentpossible sunshine 71 70 72 77 75 79 80 78 71 76 68 66 74
Source: NOAA (sun, relative humidity, and dew point 1961–1990)[33][34][35]
Notes
  1. ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1890482—
19001,442199.2%
19109,957590.5%
192015,49455.6%
193043,132178.4%
194051,68619.8%
195074,24643.6%
1960137,96985.8%
1970127,010−7.9%
1980149,23017.5%
1990157,5715.6%
2000173,62710.2%
2010190,6959.8%
2020200,3935.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[36]
Texas Almanac:1850–2000[37]

2020 census

[edit]
Amarillo city, Texas – racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[38] Pop 2010[39] Pop 2020[40] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
Whitealone (NH) 118,821 113,929 104,026 68.43% 59.74% 51.91%
Black or African Americanalone (NH) 10,067 11,977 13,808 5.80% 6.28% 6.89%
Native AmericanorAlaska Nativealone (NH) 948 928 1,053 0.55% 0.49% 0.53%
Asianalone (NH) 3,484 5,883 8,205 2.01% 3.09% 4.09%
Pacific Islanderalone (NH) 42 62 55 0.02% 0.03% 0.03%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 117 208 851 0.07% 0.11% 0.42%
Mixed race or Multiracial(NH) 2,201 2,827 7,093 1.27% 1.48% 3.54%
Hispanic or Latino(any race) 37,947 54,881 65,302 21.86% 28.78% 32.59%
Total 173,627 190,695 200,393 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%


This map shows the city's average number of inhabitants per square mile of land in 2000.

According to the2020 United States census,there were 200,393 people, 76,778 households, and 50,005 families residing in the city, an increase of 5.1% since the 2010 United States census. At the2010 U.S. census,there were 190,695 people residing in Amarillo, an increase of 9.8% since the2000 U.S. census.[41]

In 2020, there were 76,778 households with an average of 2.57 people per household.[42]Of the households, 60.8% lived in owner-occupied housing units and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $140,030. The median homeowner costs with a mortgage were $1,272 and without a mortgage $479. Amarillo had a median gross rent of $876 from 2016 to 2020. Amarillo had a median household income of $52,941 and per capita income at $28,274. An estimated 15.4% of the population lived at or below thepoverty line.

In 2020, there were 78,706 occupied households, out of which 26,945 weremarried couplesliving together, 4,327 had a female householder with no spouse present, and 1,858 were male householder, no spouse present. The age distribution of the city in 2020 was as follows: 7.6% of the population was under the age of 5, 26.8% was under the age of 18, 73.2% 18 and older, 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.1 years.

The median income for a household in the city was $52,941, and the median income for a family was $64,632. Married-couple families had a median income of $80,819, and non-family households had a median income of $31,663. About 15.4% of families were below the poverty line, including 20% of those under age 18, 14.1% ages 18 – 64, and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

[edit]

Part of theBible Belt,Christianityis the predominant religion in Amarillo and its metropolitan area. There are more than 200 churches in the area as of 2013.[43]

According toSperling's BestPlacesin 2021, 77.83% of the population identified as religious, primarily adhering to Christianity. Out of the 77.83%, 74.53% identify as Christian.[44]Baptists made up 40.2% of the Christian population and Catholics were 13.3% of the local population.MethodistsandPentecostalswere the next largest Christian groups, followed byPresbyterians,Mormons,Episcopalians or Anglicans,andLutherans.Approximately 8.1% of the population were of another Christian faith. In 2021, about 0.1% of Amarillo's residents identified withJudaismand 2.1% were Muslim. An estimated 1.1% followed an Eastern religion such asBuddhismorHinduism.The closest Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagan meeting officially advertised is located a 5-hour plus drive in Denton, TX despite there being a UU congregation in Amarillo it does not host a CUUPs chapter.[45][46]

Economy

[edit]

Amarillo is considered the regional economic center for the Texas Panhandle,[47][48]as well as EasternNew Mexicoand the Oklahoma Panhandle. The meat packing industry is a major employer in Amarillo;[49]about one-quarter of the United States' beef supply is processed in the area. The city is also the location of headquarters for the Texas Cattle Feeders Association. Petroleum extraction is also a major industry. The helium industry has decreased in significance since the federal government privatized local operations in the late 1990s.Bell Helicopter Textronopened ahelicopterassembly plant near the city's international airport in 1999.[47]

The city's largest employer in 2005 was Tyson Foods, with 3,700 employees. TheAmarillo Independent School Districtwas next with 3,659 employees followed by Pantex, Baptist St. Anthony's Health Care System, City of Amarillo, Northwest Texas Healthcare System,Amarillo College,Wal-mart, andUnited Supermarkets.[50]Other major employers include Bell Helicopter Textron, Owens-Corning,Amarillo National BankandASARCO.

Approximately 14 million acres (57,000 km2) of agricultural land surrounds the city withcorn,wheat,andcottonas the primary crops. Other crops in the area includesorghum,silage,hay,andsoybeans.[51]The Texas Panhandle, particularly inHereford, Texas,serves as a fast-growing milk producing area as several multimillion-dollar state of the art dairies were built in the early 2000s.[52]

The Amarillo Economic Development Corporation (AEDC) is funded by a city sales tax, and it provides aggressive incentive packages to existing and prospective employers. In the mid-to-late 1990s, the AEDC gained notoriety by sending mock checks to businesses across the country, placing full-page advertisements inThe Wall Street Journal,and paying an annual $1 million subsidy toAmerican Airlinesto retain jet service.[53][54]The AEDC is largely responsible for bringing Bell Helicopter Textron's development of the V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft and the future site ofMarine Oneassembly in Amarillo.[55]

From 2020 to 2021, Amarillo experienced its greatest amount of economic development in 30 years.[56]Amazon,Asset Protection Unit, andTexas Tech UniversityVet School were named some major organizations contributing to the city and metropolitan area's economic growth. Through theCOVID-19 pandemic in Texas,the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce announced a new initiative to help local businesses rebound from the pandemic.[57]Its tourism industry also rebounded.[58]

Arts and culture

[edit]
See also:Registered Historic Places in Potter CountyandRandall County
Entrance to Texas Panhandle War Memorial in Amarillo
Listing of Amarillo-area personnel killed in theVietnam War

Amarillo has a number of natural attractions near the city. ThePalo Duro Canyon State Parkis the United States' second largest canyon system, after theGrand Canyonand is located south of Amarillo. The canyon is a prominent mountain biking destination and hosts the annual 50-mile Palo Duro Canyon Trail Run.[59]Palo Duro has a distincthoodoothat resembles a lighthouse. Another natural landmark near the city, theAlibates Flint Quarries National Monumentis located 30 miles (48 km) north of Amarillo. It is once known as the site for prehistoric inhabitants to obtainflintin order to make tools and weapons. About 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Amarillo inBriscoe CountyisCaprock Canyons State Park and Trailway,the state park is the home of the official Texas StateBisonHerd, who were captured and taken care of by cattle rancher Charles Goodnight.[60]

Local millionaireStanley Marsh 3funded many public art projects in the city including theCadillac Ranch,located west of Amarillo onInterstate 40,a monument of paintedCadillacautomobiles that were dug into the ground head first. Marsh also participated in an ongoing art project called the Dynamite Museum, which consists of thousands of mocktraffic signs.These signs, bearing messages such as "Road does not end" or displaying a random picture, are scattered throughout the city of Amarillo.[61]Besides these works, one can find close to the city the final earthwork ofRobert Smithson(and another commission by Marsh),Amarillo Ramp.

The city has events and attractions honoring thecowboyand Texas culture. During the third week of September, the Tri-State Fair & Rodeo brings participants mostly from Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas to Amarillo since 1921.[62]On the Tri-State Exposition grounds, theAmarillo National Centeris a special events center for events ranging from nationalequestriancompetitions tomotor sportsandrodeos.The World Championship Ranch Rodeo sponsored by theWorking Ranch Cowboys Associationis held every November in theAmarillo Civic Center.[63]The Amarillo Livestock Auction on Bull Road holds a free-to-the-public cattle auction on Tuesdays. Now located on Interstate 40, The Big Texan Steak Ranch is famous by offering visitors a free 72ounce(2 kg) beef steak if it (and its accompanying dinner) is eaten in under an hour.

The Globe-News Center for the Performing Arts building is located near the Amarillo Civic Center.
Acoyotesleeps in the afternoon heat in the Amarillo Zoo.

Globe-News Center for the Performing Arts,opened in 2006, houses the Amarillo Opera, Amarillo Symphony, andLone Star Balletconcerts. The facility, located just across the Amarillo Civic Center, features a 1,300-seat auditorium. The Globe-News Center was built in hope by city officials and others that it will revitalize the downtown area.[64]The nonprofitcommunity theatergroup, Amarillo Little Theatre, has its season run from September to May. The theater group's two facilities, the Mainstage and the Adventure Space, are located west of Amarillo's downtown. The PioneerAmphitheater,located in nearby Palo Duro Canyon, is the setting for the outdoor musical dramaTexas,which plays nightly during the summer. The musical depicts a story about the history of Texas Panhandle settlers throughout the years. In 2002, theproducerschanged its name toTexas Legaciesafter retiring the previous script that was used for 37 years for a more historically accurate one, but attendance declined over the next four seasons, so it was decided to revert to the originalPaul Greenscript in 2006.[65][66]

The Amarillo Public Library is affiliated with the Harrington Library Consortium. The consortium consist of public, college, and school libraries located in the Texas Panhandle that share resources and cooperate with one another. Other members include the Amarillo's public schools, Amarillo College, Canyon Area Library, Lovett Memorial Library inPampa, Texas,and Hutchinson County Library inBorger, Texas.[67]The Amarillo Public Library's main branch is located in downtown and operates four neighborhood branches.

Wonderland Amusement Parkis located in northern Amarillo at Thompson Park, named for Ernest Thompson. The park also houses the Amarillozooand offerspicnicking.

Amarillo residents are known asAmarilloans.Notable Amarilloans include actressAnn Doran(1911–2000), old-style journalistBascom N. Timmons,theDory Funkwrestling family, formerUFCChampionsHeath HerringandEvan Tanner,astronautRick Husband,professional golfer Ryan Palmer, rockabilly pioneerBuddy Knox,actressCarolyn Jones,actress and dancerCyd Charisse,actor and poetHarry Northup,State SenatorMax Sherman,Republicanstate chairmanTom Mechler,politiciansBeau BoulterandJohn Marvin Jones,businessmanT. Boone Pickens, Jr.,singer-songwriterJD Souther,gambler Thomas "Amarillo Slim"Preston, soldier and interior decoratorClyde Kenneth Harris,and music artist and composerTerry Stafford( "Amarillo by Morning"; "Suspicion" ). SingerLacey Brownof Amarillo advanced to the top 24 in season 8 on the hit showAmerican Idol.She returned to the show again in season 9 and advanced to the top 12 but was eliminated from the program on March 17, 2010. Former residentsEvander "Ziggy" HoodandMontrel Meanderare in the National Football League.

Museums and art collections

[edit]

TheAmerican Quarter Horse Association(AQHA) is an international organization dedicated to the preservation, improvement and record-keeping of theAmerican Quarter Horsebreed. The organization is headquartered in Amarillo and has a museum. There is also anAmerican Quarter Horse Hall of Fameexhibited in the museum. In addition, the AQHA and Center City of Amarillo co-sponsors the project, "Hoof Prints of the American Quarter Horse" which consist of horse statues located in front of several Amarillo businesses, such as the downtown Amarillo National building, Nationwide Insurance, and Edward Jones. An area business would purchase a horse statue and a local artist paints on it.[68]

Two of the Amarillo area's higher education institutions have at least one museum in their campuses. The Amarillo Art Center[1],opened in 1972, is a building complex with theAmarillo Museum of Art(AMoA)[69]and concert hall located on the Washington Street Campus of Amarillo College. Located on the campus of West Texas A&M University, thePanhandle-Plains Historical Museumclaims to be the largest historical museum in Texas.

Medical Center Park, adjacent to Amarillo Botanical Gardens

Don Harrington Discovery Center,located in the city's hospital district, is an interactive science center and space theater with over 60 hands-on exhibits.[70]Outside of the building is a steel structure called the Helium Monument which has time capsules and designates Amarillo the "Helium Capital of the World."[11]Near the proximity of the Discovery Center, theAmarillo Botanical Gardenshas gardens, indoor exhibits, and a library for visitation throughout the year.

TheTexas Pharmacy Museumclaims to be the only Texas museum specialized in the research, collection, preservation, and exhibition of the history of pharmacy, is also located in the city's hospital district.[71]

Founded in 2013, by businessman Tom Warren, The Amarillo Historical Museum is Amarillo's only local museum to exclusively feature local history.[72]

Other notable museums in the area are the Kwahadi Kiva Indian Museum and theEnglish Field Air & Space Museum.The Kwahadi Kiva Indian Museum features a collection ofNative Americanartifacts and provides dance performances. The English Field Air & Space Museum, which had been operated by the Texas Aviation Historical Society featuring aircraft and space exhibits, in 2007 closed its doors and lost many of its aircraft. The museum is now rebuilding its aircraft collection as Texas Air & Space Museum and is located on American Drive on the south side of the airport.

Cityscape

[edit]

Most of Amarillo's population growth and commercial development are occurring in the southern and northwestern parts of the city.[73]Similar to many towns in the Texas Panhandle, the city's downtown has suffered economic deterioration throughout the years.[74]To help revitalize it, the organization Center City of Amarillo was formed to establish partnerships with groups who have a large presence in the city.[75]Since its conception in the 1990s, Center City has sponsored public art projects and started block parties in the downtown area.[76]

The 31-storyFirstBank Southwest Towerwas opened in Amarillo's downtown in 1971.[77]Completed in the same year as the FirstBank Southwest Tower, the Amarillo National Bank Plaza One building houses the headquarters ofAmarillo National Bank,the city's largest financial institution.[78][79]TheSanta Fe Building,completed in 1930, was the regional offices of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, but was vacant for several years until Potter County bought the building for $426,000 in 1995 to gain new office spaces.[80]

FirstBank Southwest Tower, the tallest building in the city, dominates the skyline of downtown Amarillo.

Amarillo's historic homes and buildings listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesreflect the economic growth from around 1900 to the start of World War II. Polk Street contains many of the city's historic downtown buildings and homes. The large historic homes on this street were built close to downtown, and homes were located on the west side of the street as a symbol of status because they would be greeted with the sunrise every morning.[81]

The city of Amarillo's Parks and Recreation Department operates over 50 municipal parks, including askateparkwest of the city. Amarillo's largest parks are Medical Park, Thompson Memorial Park, and Memorial Park, near Amarillo College's Washington Street Campus. From 1978 to 2002, theJunior Leagueof Amarillo and the city of Amarillo's Parks and Recreation Department co-sponsored Funfest, a family entertainment festival, benefiting the city parks and the league's Community Chest Trust Fund. Funfest was held in Thompson Memorial Park duringMemorial Dayweekend.[82]

Tallest buildings

[edit]
Rank Name Image Height
ft (m) 		Floors Year Coordinates Notes
1 FirstBank Southwest Tower 374 (114) 31 1971 35°12′26.54″N101°50′19.67″W/ 35.2073722°N 101.8387972°W/35.2073722; -101.8387972 [83]
2 Amarillo National Bank 220 (67) 16 1971 35°12′32.46″N101°50′9.13″W/ 35.2090167°N 101.8358694°W/35.2090167; -101.8358694 [84]
3 Santa Fe Building 188 (57) 13 1930 35°12′15.91″N101°50′17.02″W/ 35.2044194°N 101.8380611°W/35.2044194; -101.8380611 [85]
4 Herring Hotel 164 (50) 13 1926 [86]
5 Fisk Medical Arts Building 152 (46) 12 1927 or 1928 [87]

Sports

[edit]

TheNational Arena LeagueteamAmarillo Dusters,theMajor League Indoor Soccerteam the Amarillo Bombers and theNAHLJr. Ahockey team, theAmarillo Bullsall three play in theAmarillo Civic Center.Amarillo previously hosted an independent league baseball team, theAmarillo Thunderheadsof theAmerican Association,which played its home games inPotter County Memorial Stadiumfrom 2011 to 2015. The city was the home of theDouble-AAmarillo Gold SoxMinor League Baseballteam of theTexas Leagueoff and on from 1939 to 1982.[88]In 2019, the Texas League'sSan Antonio Missionsrelocated to Amarillo as theAmarillo Sod Poodlesand play at the $45.5 millionHodgetown.[89]Amarillo had a minor league indoor soccer team called theAmarillo Challengersthat competed in theSISLand later theUSISL.[90]

West Texas A&M Universityfeatures a full slate ofNCAA Division IIteams;Amarillo Collegeis in a different division than West Texas A&M, however, playing in the NJCAA division 2 bracket. From 1968 to 1996, Amarillo hosted the annualNational Women's Invitational Tournament(NWIT), a post season women'scollege basketballtournament.[91]During high school football season, the Amarillo Independent School District schools' home games are inDick Bivins Stadiumwhich had a $5.7 million renovation in 2005.[92]Randall High School (part of the adjacent Canyon Independent School District) plays its home games inKimbrough Memorial Stadiumin Canyon, as well as the yearly Clinton Invitational horseshoe tournament. River Road, Highland Park, and Bushland High Schools, also play football, in addition other sports.

Another part of Amarillo's sporting history was its roots inprofessional wrestling.Amarillo residents Dory Funk, Stanley Blackburn andDoc Sarpolispromoted the territory for several decades. Funk's sons,Dory Funk, Jr.,andTerry Funkwere bothNational Wrestling AllianceWorld Heavyweight Champions and represented Amarillo.

Government

[edit]

Local government

[edit]

In 1913, Amarillo became the first Texas city and the fifth in United States to use thecouncil-managerform of municipal government, with all governmental powers resting in alegislative body,called a council (before 2014, it was called a commission).[93][94]Amarillo's commission is composed of five elected commissioners, one of whom is the mayor of the city. The mayor and each commissioner serves a two-year term. The role of the commission is to pass ordinances and resolutions, adopt regulations, and appoint city officials, including thecity manager.While the mayor serves as a presiding officer of the commission, the city manager is the administrative head of the municipal government and is responsible for the administration of all departments. The city commission holds its regular meetings on Tuesday of each week.[95]

2023 Commission members
Mayor Cole Stanley
Council Place 1 Josh Craft
Council Place 2 Don Tipps
Council Place 3 Tom Scherlen
Council Place 4 Les Simpson
City administration
City Manager
Jared Miller (Since February 2017)
Deputy City Manager
Andrew Freeman
Assistant City Manager
Rich Gagnon - CIO
Floyd Hartman - Development Services
Laura Storrs - CFO
List of mayors of Amarillo, Texas
  • W. W. Wetsel, 1892–1894[96]
  • R. L. Stringfellow, 1899–1902
  • S. Lightburne, 1902–1906
  • Will A. Miller, Jr., 1906–1908
  • Lon D. Marrs, 1908–1910 and 1917–1922
  • James N. Patton, 1910–1912
  • W. E. Gee, 1912–1913
  • J. N. Beasley, 1913–1916
  • Eugene S. Blasdel, 1923–1924
  • Lee Bivins, 1925–1928
  • Ernest O. Thompson,1929–1932
  • Ross D. Rogers, 1932–1941
  • Joe A. Jenkins, 1941–1947
  • L. R. Hagy, 1947–1949
  • E. H. Klein, 1949–1953
  • S. T. Curtis, 1953–1955
  • R. C. Jordan, 1955–1957
  • J. R. Armstrong, 1957–1959
  • A. F. Madison, 1959–1961
  • Jack Seale, 1961–1963
  • F. V. Wallace, 1963–1967
  • J. Ernest Stroud, 1967–1971
  • L. Ray Vahue, 1971–1975
  • John C. Drummond, 1975–1977
  • Jerry H. Hodge, 1977–1981
  • R. P. (Rick) Klein, 1981–1987
  • Glen Parkey, 1987–1989
  • Keith Adams, 1989–1993
  • Kel Seliger,1993–2001
  • Trent Sisemore,2001–2005
  • Debra McCartt, 2005–2011
  • Paul Harpole,2011–2017
  • Ginger Nelson, 2017–2023
  • Cole Stanley, 2023–Present

County, state, and federal representation

[edit]

As the seat of Potter County, the city is the location of the county's trial, civil, and criminal courts. The Randall County Amarillo Annex building is located within the city limits and houses its Sheriff's Office and Justice of the Peace Court, Precinct 4.[97][98]

TheTexas Seventh Court of Appealsis located in Amarillo.[99]

TheTexas Department of Criminal Justiceoperates the Amarillo District Parole Office in the city.[100]It also operates theClements UnitandNathaniel J. Neal UnitinunincorporatedPotter County,east of Amarillo.[101]

TheUnited States Postal Serviceoperates the Amarillo Main Post Office.[102]Other post offices in the city include Downtown Amarillo,[103]Jordan,[104]Lone Star,[105]North Amarillo,[106]and San Jacinto.[107]

In theU.S. House,Amarillo is located inTexas's 13th congressional district,and is represented by RepresentativeRonny Jackson.In theTexas Legislature,the city is in the 31st District in the Texas Senate, represented byRepublicanKevin Sparks,of Midland. It is in the 87th District in the Texas House of Representatives, having been represented by RepublicanDavid A. Swinfordsince 1991. Swinford retired in January 2011 and was succeeded by fellow RepublicanFour Price,who is the current representative. The sliver of Amarillo within Randall County is represented by Price's Republican colleague,John T. Smithee,who has served in the 86th District since 1985.

Education

[edit]
The clock tower at Amarillo College's Washington Street Campus

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 23.3% of all adults aged 25 and older have obtained abachelor's degree,and 85% a high school diploma or equivalent from 2016 to 2020.[42]

The higher education institutions in the city areAmarillo College,a two-yearcommunity collegewith over 10,000 students;Wayland Baptist University,a private university based inPlainview,has a branch campus in Amarillo;Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centerat AmarilloJerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy,Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centerat AmarilloSchool or Medicine and School of Health Professions andTexas Tech University at Amarillo,a branch campus of Texas Tech University that offers selectedmaster's degreeprograms.West Texas A&M University,a regional university headquartered in nearbyCanyon,has a campus building in downtown Amarillo.

Amarillo's primary and secondary education is handled by five different school districts:[108][109]

Media

[edit]
See also:List of newspapers in Texas,List of radio stations in Texas,andList of television stations in Texas
Amarillo National Bank Plaza One building in downtown Amarillo

The major local newspaper is theAmarillo Globe-News,owned byGateHouse Media,was a combination of three newspapers:Amarillo Daily News,Amarillo Globe,andAmarillo Times.Other publications include a local monthlymagazinedealing with city and regional issues in the Amarillo area called,Accent Westand a daily online paper,The Amarillo Pioneer.[110]The American Quarter Horse Association publishes two monthly publications,The American Quarter Horse JournalandThe American Quarter Horse Racing Journal,HISPANIC Newspaper El Mensajero owned by Dr. Ramon Godoy started printing in 1989.

Amarillo's major networktelevisionaffiliates areKACV-TV2 (PBS),KAMR4 (NBC),KVII7 (ABC,withThe CWon DT2),KFDA10 (CBS),KCIT14 (Fox), andKCPN-LD33 (MyNet). In the 2005–2006 television season, Amarillo is the 131st largest televisionmarketin the United States designated byNielsen Media Research.[111]

Amarillo is the 168th largest United States radio market in autumn 2005 designated by theradioaudience research company,Arbitron.According to Arbitron the top 5 rated commercial radio stations in Fall 2012/Spring 2013 are:

  1. KXGL-FM− 100.9 FM-Classic Hits
  2. KGNC-FM− 97.9 FM-Country
  3. KGNC− 710 AM-News/Talk/Sports
  4. KXSS-FM− 96.9 FM-Top 40/CHR
  5. KQIZ-FM− 93.1 FM-Rhythmic Top 40/CHR

The regional public radio network, High Plains Public Radio, operates KJJP-FM 105.7. Other notable radio stations around the area include thecollege stationsKACV-FM89.9 (Amarillo College),Active RockKZRK-FM(107.9), andKWTS-FM91.1 (West Texas A&M University) in nearby Canyon.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Air transportation

[edit]

Rick Husband Amarillo International Airportis apublic airportlocated 10 miles (16 km) east of thecentral business districtof Amarillo, north of Interstate 40. A portion of the formerAmarillo Air Force Basewas converted to civilian use and became part of the airport.[112]The airport was named afterNASAastronautRick Husband,an Amarillo native and commander of the final flight ofSpace ShuttleColumbia,STS-107,whichdisintegratedon re-entry, killing Husband and his crewmates. The airport is served by several major air carriers with non-stop service toDallas,Houston,Austin,Denver,PhoenixandLas Vegas.

Tradewind Airportis a public-usegeneral aviationairport located in Randall County, 3 nautical miles (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) south of Amarillo's central business district. The airport covers 595 acres (241 ha) and has twoasphalt-paved runways and onehelipad.[113]

Buffalo Airportis a public-use general aviation airport located in Randall County, 9 nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) south of Amarillo's central business district. The airport covers 40 acres (16 ha) and has two grass runways.[114]

Ground transportation

[edit]

Local transit services in the city have been available since 1925 and have been provided through the City of Amarillo'sAmarillo City Transit(ACT) department since 1966; before that time the system was privately owned. ACT operates bus services that include fixed route transit and demand responseparatransitwhich are designed for people with disabilities. The ACT transports approximately 350,000 passengers per year on the fixed route and 30,000 paratransit passengers.[50]

Amarillo has no passenger rail service but remains an important part of the rail freight system. The last passenger train out of the city was theSanta Fe Railroad'sSan Francisco Chief,fromChicago,which had its last run in 1971. Previously, theTexas ZephyrtoDenverandDallas,last served Amarillo in 1967.

TheBNSF Railwaycomplex in Amarillo continues to serve a heavy daily traffic load, approximately 100–110 trains per day.[115]TheUnion Pacific Railroadalso sends substantial shipments to or through Amarillo. In addition to intermodal and general goods, a big portion of rail shipments involve grains and coal. There have been various proposals over the years to add passenger service. One, theCaprock Chief,would have seen daily service as part of a Fort Worth, Texas—Denver, Colorado service, but it failed to gain traction.

Several streets around Amarillo's downtown area are still paved with bricks.

The streets in Amarillo's downtown area conform to agrid pattern.The city's original street layout was set up by William H. Bush, beginning at the west end of the town moving to the east. Bush named the north to south streets for pastUnited States presidents,in chronological order except forJohn Quincy Adamsbecause the surname was taken with the second president,John Adams.[116](The last president so honored wasGrover Cleveland;though the city has expanded eastward, the pattern was not continued.) While the streets running north–south honor past presidents and are designated 'streets', east–west streets are numbered and are designated 'avenues'. North of the Fort Worth & Denver (now Burlington Northern-Santa Fe) railyard, the numbers are "NW" (northwest) west of Polk Street, and "NE" (northeast) east of Polk. South of the railyard (including the downtown-city center area), numbers are officially "SW" (southwest) west of Polk, and "SE" (southeast) east of Polk. Colloquially, though, most tend to dub the SW and SE avenues as W (west) and E (east), respectively. One example of the numbering difference regards the former U.S. Highway 66 routing west of downtown and into the San Jacinto neighborhood. Most call it 'West Sixth Street' when its actually SW Sixth Avenue.

In 1910, the Amarillo voters approved to pay for street paving and the materials used to pave the streets werebricks.[117]As of 2003, the city still has 16.2 miles (26.1 km) of brick streets in some parts of the downtown area. In 2002, the city spent $200,000 to restore one block of brick street on Ninth Avenue between Polk and Tyler streets.[118]

Major highways

[edit]

Amarillo is served by two interstate highways:I-27andI-40.Amarillo is also the northern terminus for I-27, of which less than one mile (~1.6 km) is located in Potter County. The highway terminates at the city's main west–east highway, Interstate 40, just north of the Potter–Randall county line. The roadway continues northward into downtown Amarillo via U.S.60,87,and287,via a series of four one-way streets including Buchanan, Pierce, Fillmore and Taylor. North of downtown the highway becomes US 87 & 287 and continues northward toDumas.[47]

Interstate 40, the city's major east–west thoroughfare was completed entirely through Amarillo in November 1968 across the center of the city. Previously,Route 66was the major east–west highway through the city, generally following Amarillo Boulevard to the north of the downtown area and then curving southwest to leave the city near the Veterans Hospital. A city route (which was an original alignment of US 66 through central and west Amarillo) followed Fillmore south into the downtown area and turned on West 6th through the San Jacinto Heights district which is now home to many antique shops, restaurants and other businesses, passing the Amarillo Country Club and veering onto West 9th Street and Bushland Boulevard before tying into the through route at a traffic circle near the Veterans Hospital. Loop 335circles around Amarillo in all four directions and consists of four-lane roadway on its northeast and southwest quadrants and two-lane paving to the southeast and northwest.

Amarillo is also mentioned in the song "Route 66".

Future freeways

[edit]

In 2015, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) published the plans for the all newLoop 335freeway that encircles the city of Amarillo.[119]TxDOT has planned multiple multi-level interchanges that intersect withInterstate 40,Interstate 27,and U.S.287and87.The first interchange, on the East side of Amarillo, is a multi-level interchange that provides access to both directions of the I-40 Expressway and Loop 335. On the northern side of Amarillo, the loop will be completely reconstructed to an Interstate-Grade freeway with complete grade separations and will be expanded to four lanes. It also includes a stack interchange that will connect the new freeway to the future I-27Ports to Plains Corridor(Highway 287, 87).[120][121]I-27 in Southern Amarillo will be entirely reconstructed from Buffalo Stadium Rd. at the Canyon E-Way Interchange to Palo Duro Canyon State Park. It will accommodate six lanes at the mainlane bridge along with a complete stack interchange with direct connectors to and from I-27. Furthermore, another triple-level interchange will be built to accommodate Soncy Road, Helium Road, I-27 and the new loop.[121]Also, another new mainlane bridge that accommodates up to six lanes is also in the works for I-40 near Helium Rd. providing easier access to the new freeway.[122]Although construction started in 2016, the entire project, which includes converting the entire loop to Interstate Specifications, is not expected to be complete until 2024.[123][124]

Medical centers and hospitals

[edit]
The Harrington Regional Medical Center has two of the city's major hospitals.

Amarillo is home to medical facilities including Baptist St. Anthony's and Northwest Texas Hospitals, the Don & Sybil Harrington Cancer Center, Bivins Memorial Nursing Home, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech School of Pharmacy, and Texas Panhandle Mental Health and Mental Retardation. All are located in the Harrington Regional Medical Center, the first specifically designated city hospital district in Texas.[125]

Baptist St. Anthony's, known locally as BSA, had some of its services listed on theU.S. News & World Report's "Top 50 Hospitals" from 2002 to 2005.[126]BSA was a result of a merger between the Texas Panhandle's first hospital, St Anthony's, with High Plains Baptist Hospital in 1996.[127]The BSA Hospice & Life Enrichment Center provides important services to the Amarillo area. The BSA facility, opened in 1985, was the first free-standing hospice west of theMississippi Riverto be built and opened without debt.[128]

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

Northwest Texas Hospital is home to the area's only Level III designated trauma center.

TheThomas E. CreekDepartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center is located east of Harrington Regional Medical Center. The facility opened in 1940 and was renamed in 2005, honoring the 18-year-old Amarillo Marine who was posthumously awarded theMedal of Honor.[129]Construction began in 2006 for a new Texas State Veterans Home in northwest Amarillo. The United States government, through the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, provided the funding to build the facility, while the Texas government will run it after construction is completed.[130]The Ussery-Roan Texas State Veterans Home opened in 2007.[131]

Utilities

[edit]

Drinking wateris provided by the City of Amarillo and its Utilities Division. Amarillo's water supply used to come from both fromLake Meredithand theOgallala Aquifer.Due to the lake's low water level, water is now only supplied by the aquifer. Lake Meredith is located northeast of Amarillo and in 2005 it contained at least 114 billion US gallons (430,000,000 m3) of water. By 2011, lake levels had dropped so much due to the Texas drought that the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority voted to stop using it entirely.[132]Increased rainfall in recent years[when?]has helped the lake regain much of its volume.[133]Generally, the city's daily water production averages between 40–50 million US gallons (150,000–190,000 m3).[134]

Collection and disposal of the city's trash and garbage are the responsibilities of the City of Amarillo's Solid Waste Collection and Solid Waste Disposal Departments. Amarillo's non-hazardous solid waste is collected and disposed of through burial in the city'slandfill.The City of Amarillo also operates recycling collection centers, one located near the downtown area and four at fire stations in the city.[135]Other utilities are primarily provided by private organizations. Natural gas is distributed byAtmos Energy.Electric power service is distributed byXcel Energy,through its wholly owned subsidiary, the Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service Company.[136]Wired telephone service is mainly provided byAT&T.Cable television is primarily provided bySuddenlink Communications.

[edit]

Outside media attention

[edit]

The city gained national media attention in 1998 when local cattlemen unsuccessfully sued television talk show hostOprah Winfreyfor comments made onher showconnecting American beef tomad cow disease,costing them and their industry millions of dollars.[137]In order to attend the trial in Amarillo, she temporarily relocated her show to the Amarillo Little Theatre for nearly a year. During the trial, Winfrey hired Dallas-based jury consultantPhil McGrawto aid her attorneys on selecting and analyzing the members of the jury.[138]McGraw would later become a regular guest on Winfrey's television show and subsequently started his own talk show,Dr. Phil,in 2002. Another notable trial in Amarillo includes theFort Worth-area murder case ofT. Cullen Davis,which involved one of the richest men in the United States, his former wife, and her daughter and boyfriend. The trial was moved from Fort Worth to Amarillo in 1977 on a change of venue.[139]The 1997 murder ofBrian Denekeand subsequent trial also brought national attention because it highlighted social divisions in the community that mirrored those in America as a whole. The defendant in the trial was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and received a light sentence.[140]The movieBomb Cityis based on the events surrounding Deneke's murder. The small town ofTulia, Texas,approximately 47 miles (76 km) south from Amarillo, was the scene of a controversial drug sting in 1999. Local civil rights attorney Jeff Blackburn took up the case of the Tulia defendants, which became acause célèbreand resulted in the exoneration and pardon of the defendants.[141]A federal lawsuit directed at the officials responsible for the sting operation was held in Amarillo. In the final settlement, the City of Amarillo agreed to pay $5 million in damages to the former Tulia defendants; disband the Panhandle Regional Narcotics Task Force that it set up to oversee the sting operation; and require early retirement for two Amarillo Police Department officers who were responsible for supervising the sting's sole undercover agent.[142][143]

On May 5, 2020, Amarillo ranked 13th in the nation for Highest Average Daily Growth Rate of COVID-19 cases by the New York Times.[144]

Mention of the city

[edit]

Amarillo has been mentioned in popular music such as George Strait's "Amarillo by Morning"by Paul Fraser and Terry Stafford (Stafford did his original version before Strait did his own cover), theGorillazsongAmarillo,Mark Chesnutt'sBlame It on Texas,Nat King Cole's "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66",Bob Dylan's "Brownsville Girl"(Amarillo was referred to as the" land of the living dead "),Rob Zombie's "Two Lane Blacktop", "Amarillo Sky"byJason Aldean,"A Quick Death In Texas" byClutch,Marty Robbin's"Running Gun",and the song"Is This the Way to Amarillo"written byNeil SedakaandHoward Greenfield,recorded famously by British singerTony Christieand Sedaka, and revived in the United Kingdom by British comedian and actorPeter Kaythrough performances in the British TV comedy seriesPeter Kay's Phoenix Nightsand in a charity performance forComic Relief.Christie's version, which peaked at number 18 on theUK Singles Chartwhen originally released in 1971, topped the chart in 2005 for 7 weeks, breaking the record for the longest time a song has taken to top the UK Singles Chart after its original release set byJackie Wilson's "Reet Petite"in December 1986. Christie's record was broken 16 years later when"Last Christmas"byWham!topped the UK Singles Chart in January 2021, 36 years and 1 month after its original release. Wham!'s record was broken in June 2022 when "Running Up That Hill"byKate Bushtopped the UK Singles Chart 36 years and 10 months after it originally entered the chart.[145][146]Amarillo is also mentioned in the song "My Rifle, My Pony and Me" by Dean Martin and Ricky Nelson, from the 1959 WesternRio Bravo,which was subsequently featured in a number of episodes ofThe Sopranos.

The Amarillo Film Commission is a division of the Amarillo Convention and Visitor Council that was created to provide film crews with locations and other assistance when filming in Amarillo.[147]Amarillo was the setting for several motion pictures, includingIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade,Switchback,andThe Plutonium Circus,the 1995South by Southwest Film Festivalwinner for best documentary feature. Amarillo was the title of thethird episode of the second seasonofAMC's dramaBetter Call Saul,a spin-off of the hit dramaBreaking Bad.The city played a part in the plot of the episode, as it was a location used by series protagonistJimmy McGillto solicit clients.[148]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
See also:Bibliography of the history of Amarillo, Texas
  • Carlson, Paul H. (2006).Amarillo: The Story of a Western Town.Texas Tech University Press.ISBN978-0-89672-587-4.An illustrated history of the Queen City of the Texas Panhandle.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toAmarillo, Texas.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forAmarillo.

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