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House of Aviz

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House of Aviz
Casa de Avis
Arms of the House of Aviz
Parent housePortuguese House of Burgundy
CountryKingdom of Portugal
Founded1385
FounderJohn I
Final rulerHenry IorAntónio I(disputed)
Titles
Dissolution1580or1583(disputed)
Cadet branches

TheHouse of Aviz(Portuguese:Casa de Avis[ɐˈviʃ]), also known as theJoanine Dynasty(Dinastia Joanina), was a dynasty ofPortugueseorigin which flourished during theRenaissanceand the period of thePortuguese discoveries,whenPortugal expanded its power globally.

The house was founded by KingJohn I of Portugal,Grand-Master of theOrder of Avizand illegitimate son of KingPedro I(of thePortuguese House of Burgundy), who ascended to the throne after successfully pressing his claim during the1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum.[1]Aviz monarchs would rule Portugal through theAge of Discovery,establishing Portugal as aglobal powerfollowing the creation of thePortuguese Empire.In 1494,Pope Alexander VIdivided the world under the dominion of Portugal and Spain with theTreaty of Tordesillas.

The House of Aviz has produced numerous prominent figures in both European and global history, includingPrince Henry the Navigator,KingManuel I of Portugal,and Holy Roman EmpressIsabella of Portugal.Numerous Aviz dynasts have also claimed thrones or titles across Europe, including KingPeter V of AragonandJohn, Prince of Antioch.The Aviz ruled Portugal from 1385 until 1580, when thePhilippine Dynastysucceeded to the throne following thePortuguese succession crisis of 1580.

History

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KingJohn I of Portugal,founder of the House of Aviz.

Origins

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The founder of the House of Aviz, KingJohn I of Portugal,was born in 1357 as the illegitimate child of KingPedro I of Portugal,a member of thePortuguese House of Burgundy,andTeresa Lourenço,daughter of a Lisbon merchant. In 1364, at 7 years old, John was made Grand Master of theOrder of Aviz,henceforth becoming known as John of Aviz.

Rise to the throne

[edit]

The House of Aviz was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I.[2]Ferdinand's widowLeonor Telleswas disliked by both the nobility and the commoners for having left her first husband and for having had their marriage annulled in order to marry King Ferdinand. Ferdinand's designated heir was their only surviving childBeatrice,married toJohn I of Castilewho claimed the throne in the name of his wife,[3]but under theTreaty of Salvaterrathat had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old.

In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had the particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie ofLisbon;the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under GeneralNuno Álvares Pereiradefeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile.

The House of Aviz became Portugal's reigning dynasty following theBattle of Aljubarrotain 1385.

John of Aviz's rule became established fact with the Portuguese victory in theBattle of Aljubarrota[4]on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile.[3]A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411.

To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the "Batalha Monastery"(" Battle Monastery "), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz. The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and the Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551.[5]

Age of Discoveries

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PrinceHenry the Navigator,famed leader of theAge of Discoveriesand prince of the House of Aviz.

The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until its fall in the 1580 to thePhilippine Dynasty.[6]after he had ordered theDuke of Albato take Portugal by force.[7]

This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The conquest ofCeutain 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion,[8]followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration ofAfrica,AsiaandBrazilwith the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially.[9]The period also includes the zenith of thePortuguese Empireduring the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline duringJohn III's reign.[10]

Fall of the Aviz

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John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandsonSebastian I of Portugal,who died, aged 24 and childless, in theBattle of Alcácer Quibir.[11]Sebastian was succeeded by his great-uncleHenry,aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, also had no children. The Cardinal-King Henry died two years later, and asuccession crisisoccurred when pretenders to the throne includingCatherine, Duchess of Braganza,Philip II of Spain, andAntónio, Prior of Cratoclaimed the right to inherit it.[12]

The death of KingSebastian I of Portugalat theBattle of Alcácer Quibirin 1578 led to thePortuguese succession crisis of 1580.

António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in theBattle of Alcântara.Although António had been proclaimed king, and was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583,[13]his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to the Philippine domination.

Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. TheCortes of Tomarhad acclaimed Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1581, subsequently António's forces were utterly defeated at sea byÁlvaro de Bazánat theBattle of Ponta DelgadaoffSão Miguel Islandin the Azores, on 26 July 1582. António then retreated toTerceira,where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he leftAngra do Heroísmoen route toFrance[14]to persuade the French to furnish more troops,[15]800 of which arrived in June 1583.[16]Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June,[17]and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July,[18]finally reduced the Azores to subjection.[19]

TheCortesin Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention.[20]From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal;António, Prior of Cratoheld out in theAzoresinto 1582 asAntónio I of Portugal;the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583.[15]

The House of Aviz was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain.[21]In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty,[22]the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of theDuke of BraganzaasJohn IV of Portugal.[23]

Aviz monarchs

[edit]
Peter V of Aragon,king in opposition toJohn II.
Monarchs of Portugal
Name Reign Notes
John I of Portugal 1385–1433 Founder of the House of Aviz
Duarte I of Portugal 1433–1438 Oldest member of theIllustrious Generation
Afonso V of Portugal 1438–1481
John II of Portugal 1481–1495
Manuel I of Portugal 1495–1521 FormerlyDuke of Beja
John III of Portugal 1521–1557
Sebastian I of Portugal 1557–1578 Death atBattle of Alcácer QuibirtriggersPortuguese succession crisis of 1580
Henry I of Portugal 1578–1580 Last Aviz monarch recognized by thePortuguese Cortes
António I of Portugal 1580 Disputed reign in opposition to KingPhilip I of Portugalin theWar of the Portuguese Succession
Monarchs of Aragon
Name Reign Notes
Peter V of Aragon 1463–1466 Disputed reign in opposition to KingJohn II of Aragonin theCatalan Civil War

Symbols

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Cross of Aviz

[edit]
Cross of Aviz.

Following his success in succeeding to the throne following the1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum,KingJohn I of Portugaltook the Cross of theOrder of Avizas hisheraldic badge,adding it to thecoat of arms of Portugaland the according royal flags. King John I enforced the imagery of his position as Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz, lending its name to his newly founded royal house and its cross as his personal charge on the royal arms. This was effected in various ways: by insertion within the bordure, alternating with the castles; more commonly inserted within the shield, and occasionally shown outside the shield with the latter laying over it. The Cross of Aviz is across flory vert(a green cross with afleur-de-lysat the end of each arm)

Armillary sphere

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Personal standard of King Manuel I.

Thearmillary spherehas been an important element ofPortuguese heraldrysince the reign of KingManuel I of Portugal.The armillary sphere became aroyal badgefor the Portuguese monarchy, apart from being part of thepersonal standard of King Manuel I.It acts as a supporter to theCoat of arms of Portugal,also present on the currentFlag of Portugal.

Owing to the association with King Manuel I and other Aviz monarchs with thePortuguese discoveries,the armillary sphere was commonly used as a symbol representing Portuguese sovereignty across thePortuguese Empire.The symbol was a consistent motif in bothManuelineandNeo-Manuelinearchitecture. It also became particularly associated withColonial Braziland the subsequentUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.

An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, thearmillary spherewas many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly inBrazil.It was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during theAge of Discovery,as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when theFirst Republicwas implemented.

Coats of arms

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Coat of arms Title Tenure Coat of arms Title Tenure Coat of arms Title Tenure
1385–1580
1385–1580
1463–1466
1456-1457
1394-1577
1433-1555

Notable members of the House of Aviz

[edit]
Isabel,Holy Roman EmpressandQueen of Spain.
John, Prince of Antioch.

Family tree of the House of Aviz

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Peter I
1320–1367
King of Portugal
r. 1357–1367
Teresa Lourenço
b. 1330
Ferdinand I
1345–1383
King of Portugal
r. 1367–1383
Philippa of Lancaster
1360–1415
John I
1357–1433
King of Portugal
r. 1385–1433
Inês Peres
c. 1350– c. 1400
Ferdinand I
1380–1416
King of Aragon
Beatrice
c. 1386–1439
Countess of Arundel
Afonso
1377–1461
1st Duke of Braganza
Eleanor
of Aragon
1402–1445
Edward
1391–1438
King of Portugal
r. 1433–1438
Isabella
1397–1471
Duchess of Burgundy
Henry
1394–1460
Duke of Viseu
Peter
1392–1449
Duke of Coimbra
Isabella
of Urgell
1409–1459
Ferdinand
1402–1443
The Holy Prince
John
1400–1442
Constable of Portugal
Isabel
of Barcelos
1402–1466
Fernando I
1403–1478
2nd Duke of Braganza
John II
1398–1479
King of Aragon
Maria
of Aragon
1396–1445
John II
1405–1454
King of Castile
Isabella
1428–1496
Eleanor
1434–1467
Frederick III
1415–1493
Holy Roman Emperor
Catherine
1436–1463
Henry IV
1425–1474
King of Castile
Joan
1439–1475
Ferdinand
1433–1470
Duke of Viseu
Beatrice
1430–1506
Maximilian I
1459–1519
Holy Roman Emperor
Mary
of Burgundy
1457–1482
Ferdinand II
of Aragon
1452–1516
King of Castile
Isabella I
1451–1504
Queen of Castile
Isabella
of Coimbra
1432–1455
Afonso V
1432–1481
King of Portugal
r. 1438–1477,r. 1477–1481
Joanna
la Beltraneja
1462–1530
Joanna
1452–1490
John II
1455–1495
King of Portugal
r. 1477,r. 1481–1495
Eleanor
of Viseu
1458–1525
Isabella
of Viseu
1459–1521
Fernando II
1430–1483
3rd Duke of Braganza
Philip I
1478–1506
King of Castile
Joanna
1479–1555
Queen of Castile
Catherine
of Aragon
1485–1536
Henry VIII
1491–1547
King of England
Afonso
1475–1491
Prince of Portugal
Isabella
of Aragon
1470–1498
Manuel I
1469–1521
King of Portugal
r. 1495–1521
Maria
of Aragon
1482–1517
Jaime
1479–1532
4th Duke of Braganza
Ferdinand I
1503–1564
Holy Roman Emperor
Catherine
1507–1578
John III
1502–1557
King of Portugal
r. 1521–1557
Charles V(I)
1500–1558
King of Spain
Isabella
1503–1539
Beatrice
1504–1538
Countess of Asti
Charles III
1486–1553
Duke of Savoy
Henry
1512–1580
King of Portugal
r. 1578–1580
Edward
1515–1540
Duke of Guimarães
Isabella
of Braganza
1514–1576
Afonso
1509–1540
Cardinal-Infante
Louis
Duke of Beja
1506 —1555
Ferdinand
1507–1534
Duke of Guarda
Guiomar
Coutinho
of Marialva
d. 1534
Third Dynasty
House of Habsburg
João
Manuel

1537–1554
Joanna
of Austria
1535–1573
Maria Manuela
1527–1545
Philip I(II)
1527–1598
King of Portugal
r. 1581–1598
Teodósio I
1510–1563
5th Duke of Braganza
Sebastian
1554–1578
King of Portugal
r. 1557–1578
António
1531–1595
Prior of Crato
King of Portugal
r. 1580–1582
Catarina
1540–1614
João I
1543–1583
6th Duke of Braganza
Ana
de Velasco y Girón
1585–1607
Teodósio II
1568–1630
7th Duke of Braganza
Fourth Dynasty
House of Braganza
John IV
1604–1656
King of Portugal
r. 1640–1656

See also

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References

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  1. ^António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques (1972).History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; vol. 2, From Empire to Corporate State.Columbia University Press. pp. 127–128.ISBN978-0-231-03159-2.Retrieved24 June2013.
  2. ^Christopher Allmand; Rosamond McKitterick (18 June 1998).The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, C.1415-c.1500.Cambridge University Press. p. 629.ISBN978-0-521-38296-0.Retrieved24 June2013.
  3. ^abGuida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1999).Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide.ABC-CLIO. p.52.ISBN978-1-57607-091-8.Retrieved24 June2013.
  4. ^Clifford J. Rogers; Kelly DeVries; Jobyhn France (1 November 2010).Journal of Medieval Military History.Boydell & Brewer. p. 153.ISBN978-1-84383-596-7.Retrieved24 June2013.
  5. ^António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques (1984).História de Portugal, desde os tempos mais antigos até à presidência do Sr. General Eanes: Do Renascimento às revoluções liberais.Palas Editores. p. 110.Retrieved25 June2013.
  6. ^Fernand Braudel (1982).Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World.University of California Press. p. 32.ISBN978-0-520-08116-1.Retrieved24 June2013.
  7. ^David Hilliam (2005).Philip II: King Of Spain and Leader of the Counter-Reformation.The Rosen Publishing Group. p.87.ISBN978-1-4042-0317-4.Retrieved24 June2013.
  8. ^Julia Ortiz Griffin; William D. Griffin (1 January 2007).Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present.Infobase Publishing. p. 288.ISBN978-0-8160-7476-1.Retrieved24 June2013.
  9. ^Douglas L. Wheeler; Walter C. Opello (10 May 2010).Historical Dictionary of Portugal.Scarecrow Press. pp. 8–10.ISBN978-0-8108-7075-8.Retrieved24 June2013.
  10. ^Fernão Mendes Pinto (January 1989).Mendes Pinto/Catz: Travels of Mendes Pinto.University of Chicago Press. p. xxii.ISBN978-0-226-66951-9.Retrieved25 June2013.
  11. ^Spencer C. Tucker (23 December 2009).A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East.ABC-CLIO. p. 534.ISBN978-1-85109-672-5.Retrieved24 June2013.
  12. ^John Lynch (1964).Spain Under the Habsburgs: Empire and absolutism, 1516-1598.Oxford University Press. p. 307.Retrieved24 June2013.
  13. ^Archivo dos Açores.University of Michigan. 1887. p.491.Retrieved25 June2013.
  14. ^David B. Quinn (1979).England and the Azores, 1581-1582: Three Letters.UC Biblioteca Geral 1. p. 213. GGKEY:X1C130EKZX6.Retrieved24 June2013.
  15. ^abJoaquim Veríssimo Serrão (1956).O reinado de D. Antonio prior do Crato.Coimbra. p. 477.Retrieved24 June2013.
  16. ^Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (January 1999).The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition.Manchester University Press. p. 73.ISBN978-1-901341-14-0.Retrieved25 June2013.
  17. ^João Pedro Vaz (2005).Campanhas do prior do Crato, 1580-1589: entre reis e corsários pelo trono de Portugal.Tribuna da História. p. 74.ISBN978-972-8799-27-4.Retrieved25 June2013.
  18. ^Rafael Valladares (28 February 2012).A Conquista de Lisboa.Leya.ISBN978-972-47-4348-6.Retrieved25 June2013.
  19. ^Thomas Henry Dyer; Arthur Hassall (1901).1525-1585.G. Bell and sons. p. 475.Retrieved25 June2013.
  20. ^Fernando Cabo Aseguinolaza; Anxo Abuín González; César Domínguez (2010).A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula.John Benjamins Publishing. p. 595.ISBN978-90-272-3457-5.Retrieved24 June2013.
  21. ^Kevin Joseph Sheehan (2008).Iberian Asia: The Strategies of Spanish and Portuguese Empire Building, 1540--1700.pp. 126–129.ISBN978-1-109-09710-8.Retrieved25 June2013.
  22. ^António da Silva Rego (1965).Portuguese Colonization in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of the Royal Ordinances (Regimentos).Witwatersrand University Press. p. 3.Retrieved25 June2013.
  23. ^C.R. Boxer (1 July 1973).The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825.Penguin. p. 112.ISBN978-0-14-021647-9.Retrieved25 June2013.
[edit]
House of Aviz
Cadet branch of thePortuguese House of Burgundy
Preceded by Ruling Houseof theKingdom of Portugal
1385 – 1580
Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Itself
as the reigning house
— TITULAR —
Claimant Houseof the
Portuguese monarchy

1580-1638
Reason for succession failure:
War of the Portuguese Succession
Claim extinct