Tacca
| Bat flowers | |
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| White Bat Flower (Tacca integrifolia) | |
Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Dioscoreales |
| Family: | Dioscoreaceae |
| Genus: | Tacca J.R.Forst.&G.Forst. |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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The genusTacca,which includes thebatflowersandarrowroot,consists offlowering plantsin the orderDioscoreales,native to tropical regions ofSouth America,Africa,Australia,Southeast Asia,and variousOceanicislands.[1]In older texts, the genus was treated in its own familyTaccaceae,but the 2003APG II systemincorporates it into the familyDioscoreaceae.[2]TheAPG IIIandAPG IV systemscontinue to includeTaccain Dioscoreaceae.[3][4]
Description
[edit]ManyTaccaspecies have nearly black flowers, with conspicuous involucral bracts and bracteoles like whiskers.[5]Engbert Drenth hypothesized that species of this genus attracted "carrion and dung flies" for pollination and that the fleshy seam of the seed might be attractive to ants and hence that ants might aid in seed dispersal.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]Earlier classifications placed the genus within the monogeneric family Taccaceae, which in turn was the sole family in the order Taccales.Dahlgrenrecognised the similarities to the genera within the Dioscoreales, and incorporated the family into that order.[7]
Subdivision
[edit]There are at least 16 species,[8]
- Tacca ampliplacentaL.Zhang & Q.J.Li- Yunnan
- Tacca ankaranensisBard.-Vauc., 1997- Madagascar
- Tacca bibracteataDrenth- Sarawak
- Tacca borneensisRidl.- Borneo
- Tacca celebicaKoord.- Sulawesi
- Tacca chantrieriAndré, 1901- Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh, Tibet, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan
- Tacca ebeltajaeDrenth- Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- Tacca integrifoliaKer Gawl., 1812- Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina, India, Pakistan, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
- Tacca leontopetaloides(L.) Kuntze, 1891- widespread across tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans
- Tacca maculataSeem., 1866- Western Australia, Northern Territory, Fiji, Samoa
- Tacca palmataBlume- Indonesia, Indochina, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea
- Tacca palmatifidaBaker- Sulawesi
- Tacca parkeriSeem.- South America
- Tacca plantaginea(Hance) Drenth, 1972- Indochina, southern China
- Tacca reductaP.C.Boyce & S.Julia- Sarawak, Borneo, Malesia
- Tacca subflabellataP.P. Ling & C.T. Ting, 1982- Yunnan
- Tacca lanceolataSpruce- Brazil, Venezuela =Tacca parkeriSeem.[9][10]
Cultivation
[edit]Several species are cultivated asornamental plantsfor their bold foliage and large flowers. The well-knownT. chantrierigoes by the names ofblack batflower,bat-head lily,devil flowerorcat's whiskers.Tacca integrifoliais known as thepurpleorwhite batflower.Other cultivated varieties include thearrowroot,T. leontopetaloides,andT. cristata aspera.[11][12]
Gallery
[edit]-
Black bat flower,Tacca chantrieri,close-up of flower -
Tacca cristata,flowering -
Ankarana arrowroot,Tacca ankaranensis,flower -
Polynesian arrowroot,Tacca leontopetaloides,mature plants -
References
[edit]- ^ab"TaccaJ.R.Forst. & G.Forst ".Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023.Retrieved15 March2023.
- ^Caddick, L. R., P. Wilkin, P. J. Rudall, T. A. J. Hedderson & M. W. Chase. 2002. Yams reclassified: a recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales. Taxon 51(1): 103–114.
- ^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161(2): 105–121.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.hdl:10654/18083.ISSN0024-4074.
- ^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.181(1): 1–20.doi:10.1111/boj.12385.ISSN0024-4074.
- ^Ling Zhang;Spencer C H Barrett;Jiang-Yun Gao; Jin Chen; W W Cole; Yong Liu; Zhi-Lin Bai; Qing-Jun Li (1 March 2005)."Predicting mating patterns from pollination syndromes: the case of" sapromyiophily "in Tacca chantrieri (Taccaceae)".American Journal of Botany.92(3): 517–524.doi:10.3732/AJB.92.3.517.ISSN0002-9122.PMID21652430.WikidataQ39626349.cite Q
- ^Engbert Drenth (1972)."A revision of the family Taccaceae".Blumea.20(2): 367–406.ISSN0006-5196.WikidataQ96027961.
- ^Dahlgren & Clifford 1982.
- ^Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist Tacca
- ^Catalogue (2017)
- ^Tropicos
- ^Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Yams and their allies: 1-65. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 274,Củ nhược khoai thuộcju ruo shu shu,TaccaJ. R. Forster & G. Forster, Char. Gen. Pl. 35. 1775.
Bibliography
[edit]
- Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982).The monocotyledons: A comparative study.London and New York: Academic Press.
- Germplasm Resources Information Network:Tacca
- Taccaceaein L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards),The families of flowering plantsArchived2007-01-03 at theWayback Machine
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992).New RHS Dictionary of Gardening.Macmillan.
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