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Bon Om Touk

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Bon Om Touk
Cambodian Water Festival celebration in front of theRoyal PalaceinPhnom Penh,Cambodia 1914.
Official nameKhmer:ព្រះរាជពិធីបុណ្យអុំទូក បណ្ដែតប្រទីប អកអំបុក និងសំពះព្រះខែ(The Royal Boat Racing Festival, Lanterns Floating, Taste the Ambok and Worship the Moon)
Also calledBon Om Touk
Cambodian Water Festival
Observed byCambodians
SignificanceMarks the Cambodian Water Festival
2023 date26–27–28 November
2024 date14-15-16 November
Frequencyannual
Related toLoy Krathong(in Thailand and Laos),Il Poya(in Sri Lanka)Tazaungdaing festival(in Myanmar),Boita Bandana(in Odisha, India)

Bon Om Touk(Khmer:បុណ្យអុំទូក,Bŏn Om Tuk,lit. "Boat Paddling Festival" ), also known as theCambodian Water Festival,is celebrated in late October or early November, often corresponding with thelunarMid-Autumn Festival.It marks the end of themonsoon season.The festivities are accompanied bydragon boatraces, similar to those seen in theLaoBoun Suang Hueafestival.

The festival is celebrated over the span of three days and commemorates the end of the rainy season,[1]as well as the change in flow of theTonlé Sap River.[2]The festival attracts several million people each year.[1][3]Some activities that take place at the festival are boat races along theSisowath Quayriverfront, fireworks, and evening concerts.

Overview

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The festival's celebrations occur over the span of three days, with the Royal Boat Race taking place on the first day. After the boat race, large lanterns are released as part of the "Bondet Bratib" ceremony at 6:00 pm as representatives from national institutions pray for peace from Preah Mae Kongkea or theGoddess Ganga.Each ministry has its lantern adorned with colorful lights and sets offfireworksto celebrate the river's rich glory.

The goddess originates fromHindumythology surrounding theGanges riverin India. There is no Ganga river inKhmer,[4]but the goddess is viewed as the mother of seas, rivers, streams, creeks, and lakes. She protects and provides the water for human and animal husbandry as well as the flow ofsedimentsand fish. Cambodia also has a sacred river, theTonle Sap,and festival goers communicate their love and respect for nature to the goddess through prayers of gratitude for her compassion. Prayers give thanks for happiness and for fruitful fishing in daily life.

The second day of the festival is the day ofOg Ambokand involves the worship of the Moon. It takes place at twelve minutes past midnight and involves a lantern lighting ceremony with prayers to Preah Purthisat, who invented the legend of the Moon rabbit. The Og Ambok ceremony involves playing a group game where members must make each other laugh; whoever lasts the longest wins and decides the loser. The loser must then eat Ambok with bananas until the end of the day.

On the last day, a ribbon is cut, signifying the end of the boat race and the Water and Moon Festival.

Royal Boat Racing Festival (Om Touk)

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Historical event

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Khmer warriors on their long naval boat in thebattle of Tonle Sap.Bayon Temple. 12th century.

Boat racing is believed to have been celebrated in Cambodia since at least the reign ofJayavarman VIIin 1181 AD. This was likely to commemorate the heroic victory of the Khmer navy, which liberated their land from theChamtroops of theChampaKingdom in a boat battle on theTonle SapLake.[5]

Literary record

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According to the record of Thach Pen alias "Piko (Pang Khat)" from theKhleangProvince (Soc Trang),Kampuchea Krom(Southern Vietnam), in 1528 AD, KingAng Chan Iordered Ponhea Tat, the commander of the Khmer navy in the Bassac District ofKampuchea Krom,to prepare the Khmer army to defend the province of Preah Trapeang (Tra Vinh,Vietnam), which was under attack from theĐại Việtkingdom underMạc Đăng Dung.

The naval boats were divided into three groups:

  • Group 1, called the "Toap Srouch", or vanguard, with boats shaped like modern racing boats called Ngor boats.
  • Group 2, called the reserve army, with two rows of rowing boats shaped like modern stand racing boats.
  • Group 3, called the Bassac Troops, was a large, very long open boat with a roof across the front, oars, and sails, shaped like the Bassac boat, called the Pok Chay boat. The boat was only used at night with lanterns, as a food supply boat for the army, delivering rice fromKampong ChhnangtoKampuchea Kromin Preah Trapeang Province until the Cambodian navy won.[6]

After his victory, concurrent with the crowning of King Ang Chan I in 1529 AD, he celebrated theBondet Bratibceremony every year with candles at night to commemorate the victory over theĐại Việtand to give thanks to the goddessGanga(Preah Mae Kongkea inKhmer language).[7][8][9][10]

French protectorate

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Cambodian racing boat at Phnom Penh nearWat Phnomin the background as depicted in 1873 Le Magasin Pittoresque publication of KingNorodom.

As early as 1873, depictions of a Cambodian racing boat appeared in the French publicationLe Magasin Pittoresque,and in 1887 the French magazineLes Colonies Françaisesdedicated several pages to the meaning of the Water Festival. The festival had been celebrated occasionally afterPhnom PenhbecameCambodia's capital in 1866 during the French Protectorate period.

AfterWorld War II,the Water Festival was also celebrated in Phnom Penh in 1945, and then in 1953, after the Independence of Cambodia from France. In the 1960s, the scope of the festival grew with double the number of boats participating in the Phnom Penh boat racing festival compared to prior years. The festival was suspended during theCambodian Civil War,[11][12][13]but has been celebrated since the1993 General Electionsupervised byUNTAC,until now. However, it has frequently been suspended because of incidents, natural disasters, and most recently because of theCOVID-19 pandemicin 2020.[14]

Dancing on the racing boats

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Dancing on the racing boats is a tradition that dates back to the 16th century

The art of dancing on the bow of a boat has been around for many years. Locals believe it represents a boat keeper's soul or a boat spirit, which may be the spirit of the person who took care of the boat. The tradition of having women dance on the bow of the boat continues to this day. Boat bow dancing also features a man representing the boat's coxswain shouting for his team to operate in unison to reach their destination. Racing boats are always painted with eyes, which give the impression of the boat being alive, and represent dragons floating on the water.[15]

Winners of boat race (2010-2020)

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The boat race ranking in the Royal Water andMoon Festival,and awards by the King ofCambodia.[16]

Year Rating Boat's name Boat's capacity Location
2021 — Water Festival suspended due to COVID-19 outbreak — —
2020 — Water Festival suspended due to COVID-19 outbreak — —
2019 No. 1 Saray Decho Sen Chey 77 people Kandal Province
2018 No. 1 Koh Kae Sen Chey Baramey Preah Ang Khmao 77 people Preah Vihear Province
2017 No. 1 Saray Decho Sen Chey 77 people Kandal Province
2016 No. 1 Kdam Brai 64 people Kampong Chhnang Province
2015 — Water Festival suspended because the water level was too low. Political demonstrations were also suspected as a reason for the cancellation.[17] — —
2014 No. 1 Srey Sros Kien Chrey Baramey Decho 75 people Kampong Cham Province
2013 — Water Festival suspended due to national election — —
2012 — Water Festival suspended due to death of KingNorodom Sihanouk — —
2011 — Water Festival suspended due to deadlycrowd crushon Koh Pich Bridge in 22 November 2010, which took the lives of 350 people. — —
2010 No. 1 Prithea Char Moha Decho Sen Chey (Enemy Pepper) 72 people Kampong Cham Province

Festival of Illuminated Floats (Bondet Bratib)

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Bratib (ប្រទីប)

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Early forms of illuminated floats during the Water Festival Celebration during theFrench colonial periodin 1945 after the end ofWorld War 2.
Illuminated float (Bratib) ofNational Assembly of Cambodiaduring the night of Water Festival.

"Bratib (ប្រទីប)" refers to lanterns and lamps. In Khmer, small lamps without glass are used: light lantern frames orfigurinesare placed on a boat or raft. Some are illuminated floating water lanterns lined up in a row, in a frame, or vertically, shining brightly for the festival.[18]The Cambodian Lantern Festival is similar to India's "Ganga puja"or"Ganga Dussehra,"which is celebrated every year to pay homage to theGoddess Ganga.The Lantern Floating Ceremony is for Cambodians to remember their gratitude to the water that is essential to sustain their lives. Floating lanterns dedicated to bothHinduismandBuddhismare launched. In the Buddhist tradition, mentioned in thePaliKhmerversion of Teathavong scriptureTathagataPali,it is stated that the four glass jaws of theBuddhaSamma Samputa are in four places:

This festivalconsecratesPreah Chongkhoum Keo (the tooth relics of Buddha). The Khmer people conduct this festival during the full moon of November in the belief that great merit and prosperity will be provided to the country. The Khmer people believe that Bondet Bratib took place in the eighth century; the original name floating "Bay Sey" or Bondet "Bay Sey" (បាយសី) in theChenlaperiod, the original Khmer religion depicting the people before theAngkorianperiod celebrating the rituals. "Preah Mae Kongkea", the Khmer goddess or guardian deity of the water, is revered by the Cambodian people.[19]

Differences between Loy Bratib and Loy Kantong

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Kantong (កន្ទោង)

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Royal concubines dedicating and holdingkantong(containers made from leaves with ritual objects) as depicted at the 12th century Bayon temple, which is the origin of today'sLoy Kantong.
Kantong, a container made from leaves with flowers and offerings

កន្ទោង /kɑntouŋ/kantong/[20][21]Small container made of banana leaves (used esp. for steaming cakes or as a container for religious offerings such as food, tobacco, or betel).

The term kantong, kom toek (water lantern), and bratip (kantong with candle and light) are used exchangeable by theKhmerpeople.

LoyKantongHinduBrahminritual originated duringWater Chenlaera of Khmer civilization. It was first practice along the banks of theMekongriver delta during the time period whenShailendra dynastyofJavaruled Water Chenla.KhmerandJavaneseHindu Brahmin priests trace their religious linage back toUtkala BrahminsofOdisha.TheBoita Bandana or Dangā Bhasāfestival rituals may have been one of the influences for creating LoyKantong.

LoyKantong are religious offerings for Hindu goddessGangato show gratitude and appreciation for the life giving waters of the Mekong river. Khmers still practice LoyKantong ritual even though they no longer believe in Hinduism. The ritual offerings are still practice duringBon Om Toukfestival every year after the end ofmonsoonrain season.

Khmer PrincessNeang Sikhara Mahadeviis believed to have brought the Loy Kantong ritual to Sukhothai when she marriedPho Khun Pha Mueang,ruler ofSukhothai Kingdom.

The Khmer-Javanese compound wordLoyKantong លយកន្ទោង/lɔɔy kɑntooŋ/ to make an offering to the spirits by floating small bowls made of leaves and filled with food, etc. out into the river.

The Khmer wordLoy លយ/lɔɔy/ V. to float along, drift; to go with the current; to swim; to set adrift, launch, float something.

The Javanese/Malay loan wordKantong កន្ទោង/kɑntouŋ/ N. small container made of banana leaves (used esp. for steaming cakes or as a container for religious offerings such as food, tobacco, or betel).

Festival of Og Ambok and Sampeah Preah Khae

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Og Ambok

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Og Ambok
Traditional rice dish of the Cambodian Bon Om Touk Festival, served with coconut and grapes in an ordinary Khmer household.

Og Ambok (Khmer:អកអំបុក,IPA:[ʔogɑmboːk]) is a traditionalflattened ricedish that forms part of the Bon Om Tuk ceremony. During the festival it is traditional to eat Ambok with coconut juice and banana.[22]

Og Ambok is made by frying rice in its natural husks, then beating it in a pestle until soft before the husks are removed and mixed in with banana and coconut juice for flavor. This mixture is eaten when the clock strikes midnight or when the incense offered at the beginning of the gathering is consumed. Og Ambok remains a popular traditional dish and it is sold widely during the Bon Om Touk festival.[23]

The Legend of Og Ambok

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The Og Ambok ceremony's history dates back many years. It is believed that in the reign of KingBarom Reachea IIIhe dreamed ofIndrafighting with ademonin theLongvekfortress. Rechea saw Indra throwing a ray of lightning to kill the beast. Suddenly the sound of thunder from the lightning strike awakened him. In the morning, he sent his officers to inspect the surrounding land in Banteay Longvek and found the site of a real lightning strike. The King started "Krong Peali", offering a ceremony to pray to the deities of the eight gods of directions for three days. He ordered the army to build a pagoda to worshipIndracalled "Indra Pagoda" inKampong Chhnang Provinceand later changed its name to Wat Preah Indra Tep by building a statue of the Buddha in Kampong Chhnang. When the pagoda's construction was completed, he organized this ceremony to spread the ambok.[24][25]

Indra

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On the second day of the Royal Water Festival, there is a special commemoration to LordIndra.The reversal of the Tonle Sap river suggests why a parallel could be drawn between the Khmer people and Lord Indra. Indra is the one who releases the water from the winter demon. This is the most common theme of theRigvedaconcerning Lord Indra: he as the god with thunderbolt kills the evil serpent Vritra that held back rains and thus releases rains, nourishing rivers.[26]For example, theRigvedic hymn 1.32dedicated to Indra reads:

Dal Ambok

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During the ceremony, four or five punchers are assigned to help and two or three rookers are in each group. Assemblers are assigned to collect Angre mortars and search for shredded wood. Normally, at Moha Ambok, 30 to 50 mortars are used to make this a solemn ceremony. Participants at the event are organised into groups of 8 or 30 people. The Og Ambok ceremony is performed when the Moon is straight or when the Moon is directly overhead. The young men approach the central table and dance in groups lined with lanterns. A woman collects the Lombok and pours the bus into the man's mouth. The official callsOg Ambokrepeatedly asking, "Is it full?" The participants continue to chant until the end of the Moon worship. The significance of theOg Ambokceremony is to confirm the abundance of food stored throughout the year.[29]

Legend of the Cheadok: The Moon Rabbit

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The image of a rabbit and mortar delineated on the Moon's surface

In the BuddhistJataka talescalledCheadokin its Khmer version,Tale 316relates that a monkey, an otter, a jackal, and a rabbit resolved to practice charity on the day of the full moon (Uposatha), believing a demonstration of great virtue would earn a great reward. According to the Khmer version of the popular legend in theSovannasam Cheadok(ជាតក), this rabbit is called Pothisat. Every full moon, this holy rabbit would offer his life to someone who wanted to become a Buddha. One full moon, the godIndrafound out and tested the animals about this. He presented himself under the appearance of an oldBrahmanofHinduism,and asked the rabbit called Sasabandit for food. The rabbit did not have much food and he agreed to give his life to the oldBrahmanfor food. But the old Brahman said, "This rabbit has observed moral precepts for a long time, so he cannot be killed." Then the rabbit told the old man to make a fire, and then jumped into the fire to kill himself so that the old man could eat him. But before he jumped into the fire, he quietly wished that he could stay alive. Later the old Brahman transformed himself intoIndraand said that pure alms-giving is a virtue. Indra called to the Goddess Ganga to make the image of the rabbit appear in the Moon forever after his death. According to this legend, the rabbit can still be seen on the surface of the Moon.[30]

Salutation of the Moon:Sampeah Preah Khae

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TheSampeah Preah Khae(Khmer:សំពះព្រះខែ,IPA:[sɑmpeəʰpreəʰkʰaːe];"Moon salutation" ) is a Buddhist religious festival which is dedicated to the Moon and coincides with the Royal Water Festival. Sampeah Preah Khae takes place on the last day of the Royal Water Festival. Cambodians usually set up an array of offerings in the form of fruits that are popular with rabbits, such as Ambok, banana, coconut, yam, sweet potato and drinks. They light incense in front of their homes at night before gathering at pagodas at midnight for the third ceremony, Ak Ambok[31]where they remember the life of Pothisat themoon rabbit.Once consumed, adults usually take a handful ofambokto feed it into the mouth of younger children as a sign of care and goodwill. While holding their noses, children open their mouth and look at the Moon, usually making a wish, to remember the generosity of the altruistic rabbit as a model. Apart from these domestic rituals, Khmer people usually enjoy gambling as a group during the festival.[32]

The full moon determines the date of the entire festival. Cambodian people celebrate these two festivals around this time because this is also when bananas, coconuts, yam, and sweet potatoes are in abundance.[33]After the Sampeah Preah Khae ceremony, devout Buddhists gather at a pagoda at midnight for the rites associated with Ak Ambok.[34]

History of the dragon Makor

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Makoris aSanskritword meaning "sea dragon" or "strange sea creature". This word is the origin of the word "mugger"(गुंडा) inHindi.In Hindi, the crocodile is called मकर(MakarorMakarak). It is said that there wasAsura,anasceticnamedVritra,who ruled over dragons and stopped all water from flooding, which caused drought across the region. People began to pray to the gods for help. Immediately, a beautiful angel untied her hair and came down to create a water source in the area. People were very happy and named her "GoddessGanga".At that moment, a single strand of hair of theGangesfell to the ground and it became the sea dragon or water-monster,Makaraor Makor inKhmer,which was stronger than any other animal in the world. It also swallowed up all the creatures it encountered, whether humans, Singha as lions, orNāgadragons.

Since no one was able to subdue the monster,Shivacame down to face the Makor, promising the Ganges that if the god Shiva could catch the monster, she would marry him. "Preah Eyso" as Shiva also came down to face "Makor" for many days, still not knowing how to win or lose.

"Kongkea"also told"Eyso"that if you want to subdue me, you can only lift me up and put me on the palm of your hand and the goddess" Kongkea "used her hair to drop into the water to suck out all the water and leave it alone on land. The Makor, which was an aquatic animal, turned into a Singha as a lion's foot. Shiva, with great weight, sat and pressed on the beast, unable to withstand the weight of him." Makor "was willing to surrender to Shiva due to the ferocious power of the beast. Shiva held the animal's mouth into theelephant's trunk and the beast promised to spit it out. Since then, Shiva has used animals as vehicles. Makor transformed toGajasimhaand changed names to "Koch Jor Sey"which is related to"Reach Sey".The King Lion, protector of Kingdom of Cambodia made the symbols of theroyal arms of Cambodia.The dragon boat races can be seen as a reenactment of thesemythologicalbattles.[35]

Program

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The Royal Water Festival, which lasts for three days, was recorded for the first time under the reign of KingNorodomin 1873 and follows a precise ritual. Dragon boats from every majorpagodain Cambodia, come toPhnom Penhand compete for three days during daylight in elimination rounds until the final race on the third day. In the evening around 6:00 pm, a prayer is said for peace to Preah Mae Kongkea and a candle is lit by the King. Following this prayer, illuminated floating boats parade on theTonle Sap,accompanied by fireworks. The illuminated floating boats represent the various royal ministries of Cambodia.

Classification of the dragon boats

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It is difficult to make a precise list of the various dragon boats involved in the race. The earliestFrenchdocuments show boat carvings from the temples ofBanteay Chhmarand the temple ofBayon.Khmer architecture is used to design various types of boats, such as:

World's longest dragon boat
Cambodia breaksGuinness World Recordsfor the world's longestdragon boat
(Kambojika Putta Khemara Tarei)
  • TheMakaraboat
  • TheNāgaboat
  • The Five Head Naga boats
  • The Elephant boat
  • The Crocodile boats
  • TheHanumanboat riding giant
  • TheSuvannamacchaboat orMermaidboat
  • The Hang Meas (Khmer Golden Phoenix-like Bird) boat
  • The Peacocks boat
  • TheGarudaboat

Recent history

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Main article:Phnom Penh stampede

Phnom Penhresumed Water Festival celebrations in 1990,[36]following a 20-year break under theLon Nolregime and then the genocidalKhmer Rouge.A few of Phnom Penh's many foreign residents started to participate in the featured boat races in the mid-1990s, though in the first year of participation, their boat capsized along with two other teams in the wake of a larger ship.[36]In 2008, fiverowersdrowned, and in 2009, a rower drowned during the boat races.[37]

The celebration turned tragic in 2010, when thousands became trapped and aStampede#Human stampedes and crushesandcrowd crushoccurred on the bridge between Phnom Penh andDiamond Island,killing 351 people and injuring 395 more.[38]Rumors spread that it was caused by fear of a coming storm or electrical shock from faulty wiring. The authorities ultimately laid blame on the swaying of the bridge.[39]

Phnom Penh authorities came under fire in 2016 for sanitation, after videos of cleaning crews sweeping trash into theTonle Sapincited anger on social media.[40]

Upriver dams and a devastating drought in 2019 brought theMekongto its lowest level ever recorded. The combination has left the Tonle Sap Lake, Southeast Asia's largest fresh-water lake, in crisis. The reversal of the Tonle Sap river lasted just six weeks, which may have consequences on fishing in the region.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"At Least 345 Die in Cambodian Stampede".Time.22 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 25 November 2010.Retrieved23 November2010.
  2. ^"Cambodia's Water Festival".Al Jazeera. 22 November 2010.Retrieved23 November2010.
  3. ^"Hundreds Die in Stampede on Cambodian Island".The New York Times.22 November 2010.Retrieved23 November2010.
  4. ^Harish Johari, Pieter Weltevrede (1998).The Birth of the Ganga.Inner Traditions India. p. 120.ISBN0892816902.
  5. ^Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,ISBN9781842125847
  6. ^Pang Khat,Culture - Civilization - Khmer - India 1970elibrary Published: 2016
  7. ^Treng NgeaKhmer History Part 1 and Part 2 1973elibrabry Published: 11 April 2014
  8. ^Eng Soth, Lim Yan (1969).ឯកសារមហាបុរសខ្មែរ (ព្រះរាជពង្សាវតារខ្មែរ).Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport 2009.
  9. ^Eng Soth (1969).Moha Boros Khmer volume-1-7.eLibrary of Cambodia (published 29 August 2014).
  10. ^History of Water Festival.File PDF.Archived30 October 2020 at theWayback Machine
  11. ^Vachon, Michelle (10 November 2014)."Boats Flying By".The Cambodia Daily.Retrieved27 October2020.
  12. ^Magasin Pittoresque 1873"Canoe racing in Cambodia vintage engraved illustration".Alamy Stock Photo.Retrieved26 October2015.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^Vatsala Sperling (2008).Ganga: The River that Flows from Heaven to Earth.Inner Traditions. p. 32.ISBN978-1591430896.
  14. ^Khoeun Sakhengប្រវត្តិសង្ខេប នៃព្រះរាជពិធីបុណ្យអុំទូក 2020Archived30 October 2020 at theWayback Machine
  15. ^Eng Soth (1969)Documents of the Great Khmer-Earth of King KhonPublished: 2014
  16. ^Cambodia National Committee for National and International Festivals
  17. ^"Politics Suspected in Halt to Cambodian Water Festival".VOA Learning English.7 December 2015.Retrieved5 June2021.
  18. ^Choun Nathdictionary Originally published: 1993
  19. ^"Khmer Online Dictionary".dictionary.tovnah.
  20. ^"SEAlang Dictionary".sealang.net.Retrieved15 October2023.
  21. ^"កន្ទោង",Wiktionary, the free dictionary,12 April 2023,retrieved15 October2023
  22. ^"Bon Om Touk Water Festival Phnom Penh Guide".2weekbackpack.Retrieved12 November2019.
  23. ^"Bon Om Touk 2019 and 2020 in Cambodia".PublicHolidays.asia.Retrieved12 November2019.
  24. ^Kampuchea Soriya (1963) Original from the University of MichiganBuddhasāsana Paṇḍity5 May 2006
  25. ^Hoc Dy Khing, Original from the University of Michigan,général sur la littérature khmèreL'Harmattan, 1997ISBN2738451403p.205
  26. ^Muller, F. Max (1 August 2003).Contributions to the Science of Mythology, 1897.Kessinger Publishing. pp. 106–107.ISBN9780766177253.
  27. ^ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १.३२,Wikisource Rigveda Sanskrit text
  28. ^Hervey De Witt Griswold (1971).The Religion of the Ṛigveda.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 178.ISBN978-81-208-0745-7.
  29. ^Meach Pon, Director of the Office of the Khmer Traditional Church of the Buddhist Institute, 1960.
  30. ^H.T. Francis and R.A. Neil (1897)."SASA-JĀTAKA".Sacred-texts.Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham 2010.
  31. ^"The Ultimate Guide to Cambodia's Water Festival".Culture Trip.17 October 2017.
  32. ^"Khmer History by Mrs.Treong Ngea".savphov. 15 August 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2019.Retrieved11 October2019.
  33. ^"Legends of Bondat Protib & Ak Ambok".leisurecambodia.Retrieved12 November2019.
  34. ^"Bon Om Touk Water Festival Phnom Penh Guide".2weekbackpack.
  35. ^Collection of Khmer Legends (1963)the University of Michigan[permanent dead link]Publisher: Buddhasāsana Paṇḍity Date: 22 May 2006
  36. ^abppp_webadmin (7 November 2003)."Barang enter Mekong Spirit in Water Festival".Phnom Penh Post.Retrieved18 November2018.
  37. ^"Cambodia Water Festival turns tragic with deadly stampede".Christian Science Monitor. 22 November 2010.Retrieved23 November2010.
  38. ^Doherty, Ben (23 November 2010)."Cambodian stampede: Phnom Penh counts the cost of water festival disaster".The Guardian.Retrieved18 November2018.
  39. ^"Cambodia stampede: swaying bridge blamed for panic".The Guardian.Associated Press. 24 November 2010.Retrieved18 November2018.
  40. ^Vichea, Pang (16 November 2016)."Video shows workers sweeping Water Festival trash directly into Tonle Sap".Phnom Penh Post.Retrieved18 November2018.
  41. ^"The Lake That Feeds The Mekong Basin Is Facing A Shortage Of Fish".NPR.org.
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