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China Global Television Network

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"CGTN" redirects here. For the television news channel in English, part of China Global Television Network, seeCGTN (TV channel).

China Global Television Network
TypeState media
BrandingCGTN
Country
China
AvailabilityGlobal
HeadquartersCCTV Headquarters,Beijing
OwnerCentral Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party
ParentChina Media Group
Established2016;8 years ago(2016)
Launch date
31 December 2016, 04:00London Time/12:00Beijing Time
Affiliation(s)Chinese Central Television
China Radio International
Official website
www.cgtnEdit this at Wikidata
China Global Television Network
Simplified ChineseTrung Quốc quốc tế đài truyền hình
Traditional ChineseTrung Quốc quốc tế đài truyền hình
Literal meaningChina International Television Station
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Guójì Diànshìtái
Wade–GilesChung-kuo Kuo-chi Tien-shih-t'ai
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified ChineseTrung Quốc vòng quanh trái đất TV võng
Traditional ChineseTrung Quốc vòng quanh trái đất TV võng
Literal meaningChina Global Television Network
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Huánqiú Diànshì Wǎng
Wade–GilesChung-kuo Huan-ch'iu Tien-shih Wang
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress(14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
Propaganda
Cross-Strait relations
Foreign relations
Related topics
flagChina portal

China Global Television Network(CGTN) is one of three branches of state-runChina Media Groupand the international division ofChina Central Television(CCTV). Headquartered inBeijing,CGTN broadcasts news in multiple languages. CGTN is under the control of theCentral Propaganda Departmentof theChinese Communist Party.[1][2][3]

Several media regulators and journalist advocacy groups have accused CGTN of broadcastingpropagandaanddisinformationon behalf of the Chinese government, and airingforced confessions.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

History

[edit]

CGTN grew out of CCTV's all-English channel, known as CCTV-9 or CCTV International, launched in 2000 and renamed CCTV News in 2010.[10]Channels in other languages were launched during the mid and late 2000s. In December 2016, the six non-Chinese language television channels under CCTV International were rebranded to bear the CGTN name.[5]In 2018, CGTN was brought under the umbrella of theChina Media Group.[11]By 2022, CGTN had built a network of social media influencers, according to theAssociated Press.[12]

Observers have noted that the "aim [of CGTN] is to influence public opinion overseas in order to nudge foreign governments into making policies favourable towards China’s Communist party" through subtle means.[5]Australian researchers Thomas Fearon and Usha M. Rodrigues argued that CGTN has a "dichotomous role as a credible media competing for audience attention on the world stage, and a vital government propaganda organ domestically."[13]

According to James Palmer atForeign Policy,the contrasting aims ofRT (formerly Russia Today)and CGTN, "mirrors wider strategies: Moscow wants chaos it can exploit, while Beijing wants a stable world order—on its terms".[14]While "RT doesn't mind whether it goes to the far-left or the far-right," Chinese state media is permitted to "act from a very narrow, officially approved scope, and the risk of the political extremes is too much," according to journalist Hilton Yip.[15]On the contrary to CGTN's investments in studios and numerous overseas bureaus, "the actual content is a mix of brutally tedious propaganda and bland documentaries. The audience is always the Boss es in Beijing, not the average viewer overseas".[15]Yip also noted the growing disillusionment of journalists in China who "are allowed to do little more than parrot the official line", citing a viral video of a journalist rolling her eyes at another reporter's softball question during a ministerial press conference, which "seemed to speak for many in the country who are tired of the charade that local media has become".[15]

Despite a decade of overseas expansion, the redoubling of efforts by CGTN, and to an extension other state media, to push the party's theories and principles abroad is at odds with boosting China's overseas image.[16]CGTN, along with other Chinese state media outlets, is still widely regarded as "editorially biased and full of propaganda, and they still struggle to attract large audiences", particularly in the age of widespread internet use with social media and nontraditional forms of media where the public has become "more averse to clumsy state-run propaganda than ever".[15]

In his 2022 bookBeijing's Global Media Offensive: China's Uneven Campaign to Influence Asia and the World,journalistJoshua Kurlantzickwrote that CGTN "tried to build itself a presence that could rival other global broadcasters likeAl Jazeera,RT, the Turkish global broadcasterTRT World,and, the Chinese government hopes, giants likeCNNand theBBC."[17]In December 2022, he said that the government "wanted CGTN to be regarded as a credible source of information, like Al Jazeera", but described the idea as "something of a fantasy". He added: "Qataris a small state, and it has significant foreign policy on a few certain issues. But outside of those issues, Qatar has basically left its Al Jazeera reporters alone. China was never going to be able to do that because virtually any issue could have an impact on China. "[18]

Editions

[edit]

TV channels

[edit]
Name Language Launch date Previous names
CGTN 		English 20 September 1997[19]
  • CCTV-9
  • CCTV-NEWS
CGTN-Español 		Spanish 1 October 2007[19]
  • CCTV-E
  • CCTV-Español
CGTN-Français 		French 1 October 2007[19]
  • CCTV-F
  • CCTV-Français
CGTN-العربية 		Arabic 25 July 2009 CCTV-العربية
CGTN-Русский 		Russian 10 September 2009 CCTV-Русский
CGTN Documentary 		English 1 January 2011 CCTV-9 Documentary

Online platforms

[edit]
Name Language Launch date Replaced Format Source
CGTN Turk Turkish 2023 CRI Turk operates a website and various social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, X) [20]
CGTN Malay Malay CRI Malay operates on Facebook only [21]
CGTN Hausa Hausa CRI Hausa operates on Facebook only [22]
CGTN Tajikistan Tajik None operates on Facebook and X only, videos translated from CGTN Russian [23]
CGTN Uzbekistan Uzbek operates on Facebook and X only, videos translated from CGTN Russian [24]
Cgtn Қазақша Kazakh operates on Facebook and X only, videos translated from CGTN Russian [25]
CGTN Кыргызча Kyrgyz operates on Facebook and X only, videos translated from CGTN Russian [26]

Reception

[edit]

Bias, censorship, and disinformation

[edit]
Further information:CGTN (TV channel) § Reception,andCensorship in China

Critics have accused CGTN of broadcasting misinformation and making false allegations against opponents of the Chinese government.[3]The network has been investigated and censured by Britain'sOfcomfor biased coverage of the2019–2020 Hong Kong protestsand the airing of forced confessions.[6][27][28][29][30]CGTN has been characterized as a vehicle for government propaganda and disinformation campaigns byReporters Without Borders,BBC,and other sources.[3][5][31][32][33][34]

Despite its revamp launching of CCTV America, critics have voiced concerns over the level of censorship exercised by the channel, especially on sensitive domestic issues in China.[15]Philip Cunningham of Cornell University, who has appeared more than 100 times on CCTV talk shows, noted that sensitive issues such as Tibet and Xin gian g were heavily edited on various programs.[35]Ma Jing, Director of CCTV America, defended the channel against such allegations by saying that the channel edits stories the same way other news organizations do. She said: "We uphold the traditional journalistic values. We consider accuracy, objectivity, truthfulness, and public accountability very important, more important than anything else."[35]

In December 2018, theU.S. Department of Justicedetermined that CGTN must register under theForeign Agents Registration Act(FARA) as an agent for the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party.[36]In the subsequent FARA filing with the U.S. Department of Justice dated February 2, 2019, Ms. Ma Jing wrote that CGTN maintainededitorial independencefree from the state's influence and functioned similarly to other news media.[37][38]A month later, in early March 2019, she was summoned to return to China.[38]

On 18 September 2019,Nick Pollard,a British TV executive, resigned from his post as consultant and advisor to CGTN, giving his reason for leaving as being CGTN's failure to comply with Ofcom's rules on impartiality in connection to its coverage of the Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests.[39]He had joined CGTN in December 2018.[40]Ofcom had several inquiries into CGTN going on in September 2019.[41]In March 2021, CGTN was fined £225,000 byOfcomfor bias in its coverage of the 2019 pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong, which was found to have repeatedly breached fairness and impartiality requirements.[42][43]

A September 2019 article inThe Diplomatstated that CGTN "has a consistent record of blatantly and egregiously violating journalistic standards and encouraging or justifying hatred and violence against innocent people."[44]

In July 2021,BBC Newsreported that CGTN initiated a drive to use foreign vloggers, such asRaz Gal-OrandLee and Oli Barrett,asstringersto denounce negative coverage ofXin gian g.[45][46]The use of these individuals prevents YouTube from labelling their content as state-sponsored content, although their videos are promoted by state media accounts. Australian cybersecurity researcher Robert Potter from Internet 2.0 said there was evidence that these vloggers were heavily promoted using a mix of50 Cent Army,click farms,fake bot accounts, andfake news websites,all to "spoof YouTube into treating it like a legitimate view."[45]Global Voicesreported in October 2021 that CGTN had also hired Arabic-speaking social media influencers to frame Chinese government policies toward theUyghursas part of an anti-terrorist measure.[47]

In February 2021, aPress Gazetteinvestigation found that CGTN purchased ads on Facebook that denied any mistreatment of Uyghurs and promotedXin gian g internment campsas "vocational training centres."[48]

In a 2022 research paper comparingRTand CGTN's coverage of the2020 United States presidential election,Martin Moore and Thomas Colley ofKing's College Londondescribed CGTN as using a "surface neutrality" propaganda model, noting that it "avoid[ed] expressing partisanship or framing US politics in an unduly biased or subjective way" in its coverage of the election, but it "dropp[ed] its objective tone in favour of being enthusiastically pro-China, without exception" in its coverage of geopolitical issues affecting China, and that CGTN did not publish content that was critical of or embarrassing to the Chinese government. They added: "Unlike RT, it frequently frames issues (such asthe revelations about Trump's taxes) through the prism of the Chinese interest—even if the issues have no direct bearing on China. These characteristics contravene journalistic norms of independence from government and impartiality ".[4]Moore and Colley noted in another paper that during the election, "[CGTN] presented the US as poorly governed, plutocratic, racist and a destabilising international influence, and China as well governed, benign, stable, and as a rising superpower."[49]

Broadcasting of forced confessions

[edit]
See also:Forced confession

CCTV broadcast two forced confessions of the British journalistPeter Humphrey.The first was staged in August 2013, and was filmed by a CCTV crew with Humphrey locked in an iron chair inside a steel cage, wearing handcuffs and an orange prison vest. This was before he had been indicted, tried or convicted of a crime. The second, in July 2014, was once again filmed by CCTV, not in a cage this time, but still in a prison vest and handcuffs, before he had been tried or convicted on the charge of illegal information gathering.[50]Both were aired in the UK by CGTN.[51]

On 23 November 2018, Humphrey filed a complaint toOfcomagainst CCTV, citing violations of the United Kingdom Broadcasting Code's Fairness and Privacy provisions. Humphrey said that both confessions were scripted and directed by the Chinese police, thepublic security bureau,while he was a prisoner, in conditions of duress amounting totorture.[51][52]On 6 July 2020, Ofcom ruled that CGTN was guilty of breaching UK broadcasting standards in both incidents. The ruling stated that CGTN had breached Humphrey's privacy and that in the channel's reporting, "material facts were presented, disregarded or omitted in a way that was unfair to Mr Humphrey".[6]

In November 2019, CGTN aired a video of a UK consular employee,Simon Cheng,in captivity "confessing" to consorting with prostitutes. Within a week, Cheng had filed a complaint with Ofcom.[53]

On 8 March 2021, CGTN was fined a total of £225,000 by Ofcom for serious breaches of fairness, privacy and impartiality rules. "We found the individuals (Simon ChengandGui Minhai) concerned were unfairly treated and had their privacy unwarrantably infringed, "Ofcom said, adding that the broadcaster had" failed to obtain their informed consent to be interviewed. "It concluded that" material facts which cast serious doubt on the reliability of their alleged confessions "had been left out of the programmes, which aired pre-trial" confessions "of the two men while they were being detained. Ofcom said it was considering further sanctions.[9][54]

Detained Australian journalist

[edit]
Further information:Cheng Lei (journalist) § Detention

In August 2020, Australian CGTN television anchorCheng Leiwas detained by Chinese authorities on national security grounds but no details of accusations were provided.[55][56]On October 11, 2023, Australia government announced Cheng returned to Australia.[57][58]China'sMinistry of State Securitysaid that Cheng provided state secrets she gathered from her work to a foreign organization through her mobile phone.[57]

COVID-19 misinformation

[edit]
Further information:COVID-19 misinformation by China

In April 2020, the non-governmental organizationReporters Without Borderscriticized CGTN for engaging indisinformation regarding COVID-19.[7]The United States Department of State described CGTN's output on COVID-19 as part of a wider government-led disinformation campaign.[59]In April 2021, theEuropean External Action Servicepublished a report that cited Chinese state media outlets, including CGTN, as spreading disinformation to present Western vaccines as unsafe.[60][61]

French journalist controversy

[edit]

In March 2021, an investigation byLe Mondeclaimed that a supposed French journalist for CGTN named "Laurène Beaumond" was a fabricated identity.[62]Le Figarodisputed this, saying "Beaumond" was a real French journalist fromSarthe,but had been publishing for CGTN under apseudonym.Le Figarosaid they had interviewed "Beaumond", under the condition that her true identity be kept secret.[63]

Israel coverage

[edit]
Further information:Antisemitism in China

In May 2021, Israel's embassy in Beijing accused CGTN of "blatant antisemitism" when it broadcast anantisemitic tropeduring the2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[64][65][66]

A week after the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel,CGTN journalist Stephanie Freid visitedSderotand reported that during a shootout at the local police station, "Hamas fighters and their police captives were apparently killed when Israeli forces opened fire on the station with a tank."[67]CGTN's report was cited byRepublika,[67]Tribunnews,[68]andDeWereldMorgento support the controversial claim that Israeli forces killed their own soldiers and civilians during the attack.[69]

Peng Shuai disappearance

[edit]
Further information:Disappearance of Peng Shuai

In December 2021, Chinese professional tennis playerPeng Shuaidisappeared after publicizing sexual assault allegations against formerChinese vice premierZhang Gaoli.CGTN's official account on Twitter subsequently posted an "email" professed to be from her claiming she was okay, but attracted questions over its authenticity as a cursor was visible in the screenshot of the third line.[70]TheWomen's Tennis Associationdid not believe the email was genuine.[71]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]
Further information:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of UkraineandUkraine bioweapons conspiracy theory

In March 2022, CGTN paid for digital ads onFacebooktargeting global users with briefings and newscasts featuring pro-Kremlin talking points about theRussian invasion of UkraineafterMeta Platformsbanned Russian state media advertisement buys.[72][73]CGTN has promoted unsubstantiated Russian claims of biological weapons labs in Ukraine.[74][75][76][77]

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

[edit]

In 2023, CGTN ran paid ads on social media platforms in multiple countries and languages denouncing thedischarge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant,which critics labeled part of a concerteddisinformationcampaign.[78][79][80]

Responses

[edit]

U.S. designation as foreign mission

[edit]

In 2018, theUnited States Department of JusticedirectedCGTN America,the U.S. division of CGTN, to register as aforeign agentunder theForeign Agents Registration Act(FARA).[16]CGTN America said in its FARA filings on 1 February 2019 that it disagreed with the Justice Department's decision, but registered nonetheless.[81]In 2020, theUnited States Department of Statedesignated CGTN and its parent company, CCTV, asforeign missions.[82][83]

Revocation of UK broadcasting license

[edit]

On 4 February 2021,Star China Media(the UK broadcast license holder for CGTN) had its broadcast license revoked by UK broadcasting regulatorOfcom.[84]Ofcom found that Star had no editorial oversight over the channel it was broadcasting, and was instead acting as a third-party distributor for CGTN's feed.[84]Ofcom also denied an application to transfer the broadcast license to the China Global Television Network Corporation (CGTNC), on the grounds that CGTNC was "controlled by a body which is ultimately controlled by theChinese Communist Party".[84]UK law prohibits license holders from being controlled by political bodies.[85]In a statement, Ofcom said:

We have given CGTN significant time to come into compliance with the statutory rules. Those efforts have now been exhausted. Following careful consideration, taking account of all the facts and the broadcaster’s and audience's rights to freedom of expression, we have decided it is appropriate to revoke the licence for CGTN to broadcast in the UK. We expect to conclude separate sanctions proceedings against CGTN for due impartiality and fairness and privacy breaches shortly.[86]

In whatCNN Businesscharacterised as "an apparent tit-for-tat move", the Chinese government banned theBBC World NewsTV channel from airing in China on 11 February. Given that BBC World News could only be received in so-called foreign compounds (such as internationally owned hotels) inmainland Chinain the first place, it was unclear what impact, if any, this ban would have.[87]Following the license revocation, CGTN no longer had permission to broadcast in Germany, due to its German license being approved by Ofcom,[88]but it resumed broadcasting viaVodafone Germanyin March 2021.[89]

CGTN later sought and received agreement from French regulatory authorities to broadcast in France, which would allow them to broadcast in member states of theCouncil of Europe,including the United Kingdom.[90]

In August 2021, Ofcom levied additional fines on CGTN's UK license holder, Star China Media, for breaches of rules around fairness and privacy.[91]The channel announced later in the month that the channel has returned to the UK by launching onFreeview.Ofcom later claimed the channel uses theVision TV Network,an internet-baseddatacastingservice.[92]

Suspension from SBS

[edit]

In March 2021, the Australian television networkSBSsuspended the English and Mandarin broadcasts of CGTN and CCTV respectively, which were broadcast on SBS as part of itsWorld Watchprogram, over human rights complaints concerning the airings of "forced confessions."[8][93]CGTN responded that CCTV has signed a cooperation agreement with SBS to broadcast some of CCTV's Chinese programs for free in 2006, but CGTN did not authorize SBS to broadcast its English programs.[94]

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