Chadic languages
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| Chadic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria,Niger,Chad,Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Chadic |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-5 | cdc |
| – | |
| Glottolog | chad1250 |
 Map of the distribution of the Chadic languages within Africa | |
 Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa | |
TheChadic languagesform a branch of theAfroasiatic language family.They are spoken in parts of theSahel.They include 196 languages[1]spoken across northernNigeria,southernNiger,southernChad,and northernCameroon.By far the most widely spoken Chadic language isHausa,alingua francaof much of inland EasternWest Africa,particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa, along withMafaandKarai Karai,are the only three Chadic languages with more than 1 million speakers.
Composition
[edit]Paul Newman(1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust;Roger Blench(2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.[2]Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including thelanguage isolateKujargéas an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).[3]
- Chadic
- West Chadic
- theHausa,Ron,Bole,andAngas languages
- theBade,Warji,andZaar languages
- Biu–Mandara(Central Chadic)
- East Chadic
- Masa
- West Chadic
Loanwords
[edit]Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either theSonghayorMabanbranches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.[4]
AlthoughAdamawa languagesare spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.[5]
Pronouns
[edit]Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):[6]
| Pronoun | Proto-Chadic | Proto-Afroasiatic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ní | *i ~ *yi |
| 2M | *ka | *ku, *ka |
| 2F | *ki(m) | *kim |
| 3M | *nì | *si, *isi |
| 3F | *ta | |
| 1PL | *mun (incl.), *na (excl.) | (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni)? |
| 2PL | *kun | *kuuna |
| 3PL | *sun | *su ~ *usu |
Comparative vocabulary
[edit]Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:
| Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Chadic[7] | *ydn | *km/*ɬm | *ntn | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | *ls₃- | *bk | *br | *ƙs₃ | *ymn | *hrɗ(hard);*twy(soft) | *s₃m | |
| Hausa[8] | ido | kunne | hanci | haƙori | harshe | baki | jini | ƙashi | itaci; bishiya | ruwa | ci | suna |
| Proto-Ron[9] | *kumu | **atin | *haŋgor | *liʃ | *fo | ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ | *kaʃ | *sum | ||||
| Proto-South Bauchi[10] | *(gwà)yìr(-ŋ) | *kə̂m(-si) | *bʸak(-ì) | *bìràm | *gu(ŋ)ul | *pit-ə̀ | *(yì)sûm(-s₃) | |||||
| Polci[11] | yiir | kəəm | cin | haƙori | shen | bii | buran; bəran | gooloo | pət | maa | ci | suŋ |
| Proto-Central Chadic[12] | *hadaj; *tsɨʸ | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | *hʷɨtsɨnʸ | *ɬɨɗɨnʸ | *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj | *maj | *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ | *hʷɨp | *ɗɨjɨm | *zɨm | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | |
| Proto-Masa[13] | *ir | *hum | *cin | *s- | *si | *vun | *vuzur | *sok | *gu | *mb- | *ti | *sem |
| Kujarge[14] | kunɟu | kumayo ~ kime | kaata | kiya | aliŋati | apa | ɪbɪrí | (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya | kaʃíè | ʃia | (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] | rúwà |
| Other Afroasiatic branches | ||||||||||||
| Proto-Cushitic[15] | *ʔil- | *ʔisŋʷ- | *ʔiɬkʷ- | *caanrab- | *ʔaf-/*yaf- | *mikʷ’-; *moc’- | *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- | *sim-/*sum- | ||||
| Proto-Maji[16] | *ʔaːb | *háːy | *aːç’u | *eːdu | *uːs | *inču | *haːy | *um | ||||
| Tarifiyt Berber[17] | ŧit’t’ | aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ | ŧinzā | ŧiɣməsŧ | iřəs | aqəmmum | iđammən | iɣəss | aman | šš | isəm | |
| Coptic | ia | ma'aje | ša | šol, najhe | las | ro | snof | kas | šēn | mou | wōm | ran |
| Proto-Semitic[18] | *ʕayn- | *ʔuḏn- | *ʔanp- | *šinn- | *lišān- | *dam- | *ʕaṯ̣m- | *ʕiṣ̂- | *mā̆y- | *ʔ-k-l | (*šim-) | |
| Proto-Afroasiatic[19] | *ʔǐl- | *-ʔânxʷ- | *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' | *-lis’- 'to lick' | *âf- | *dîm-/*dâm- | *k’os- | *ɣǎ | *âm-; *akʷ’- | *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ | *sǔm-/*sǐm- | |
Bibliography
[edit]- Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.'Africa,9, 332–349.
- Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
- Newman, Paul; Ma, Roxana (1966). "Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon".Journal of African Languages.5:218–251.hdl:2022/21342.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.'Afroasiatic Linguistics5, 1, 1–42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.),Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica.Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
- Newman, Paul (1980)The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr,Kiyoshi Shimizu:Chadic lexical roots.Reimer, Berlin 1981.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow:Chadic lexical roots.2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.),Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory ofIgor M. Diakonoff,LINCOM Europa,55–60.
- Data sets
- Kraft, Charles H. (1981). "CLDF:Wordlist".CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981.Geneva.doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
See also
[edit]- Proto-Chadic reconstructions(Wiktionary)
References
[edit]- ^"Chadic Languages; Ethnologue".
- ^Blench, 2006.The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference ListArchived2013-10-07 at theWayback Machine(ms)
- ^Blench, Roger. 2008.Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of KujargeArchived2019-12-22 at theWayback Machine.5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
- ^Ehret, Christopher (5 December 2006)."The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic".Studies in African Linguistics.35:56–66.doi:10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316.S2CID195404449.
- ^Blench, Roger. 2012.Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad.Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
- ^Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020.The Oxford Handbook of African Languages.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994).Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments.(Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- ^Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://ids.clld.org/contributions/220Archived2020-01-01 at theWayback Machine,Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
- ^Blench, Roger. no date.Ron comparative wordlistArchived2015-04-21 at theWayback Machine.
- ^Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978.The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report.(Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.
- ^Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://ids.clld.org/contributions/221Archived2020-01-01 at theWayback Machine,Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
- ^Gravina, Richard. 2014.Proto-Central Chadic LexiconArchived2021-01-20 at theWayback Machine.Webonary.
- ^Shryock, Aaron (June 1997)."The classification of the Masa group of languages".Studies in African Linguistics.26(1): 30–62.doi:10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396.S2CID185914860.
- ^Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
- ^Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction".Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika.8:7–180.
- ^Aklilu, Yilma (2003). "Comparative phonology of the Maji languages".Journal of Ethiopian Studies.36:59–88.
- ^Kossmann, Maarten. 2009.Tarifiyt Berber vocabularyArchived2024-05-26 at theWayback Machine.In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.)World Loanword Database.Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.).The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258.ISBN978-3-11-025158-6.
- ^Ehret, Christopher(1995).Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary.University of California Press.ISBN0-520-09799-8.
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