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Crunchyroll LLC

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"Funimation Entertainment" redirects here. For the defunct streaming service titled after the former company name, seeFunimation.

Crunchyroll, LLC
Formerly
  • Funimation, Inc. (1994–2020)[a]
  • Funimation Productions, Ltd. (1994–2005, 2011–2020)
  • Funimation Entertainment (2005–2011)
  • Funimation Global Group, LLC (2020–2022)
Company typeJoint venture[1]
IndustryEntertainment
GenreAnime
FoundedMay 9, 1994;30 years ago(1994-05-09),inSilicon Valley,California, U.S.[2]
Founder
Headquarters
3501 Olympus Blvd, Suite 400[3]
Coppell, Texas
,
U.S.
Key people
  • Rahul Purini (CEO)
  • Gita Rebbapragada (COO)
  • Asa Suehira (CCO)
Products
BrandsCrunchyroll
Services
Owners
Number of employees
1500+[4](2024)
Divisions

Crunchyroll, LLC[6](d/b/aCrunchyroll), formerly known asFunimation,[d]is an Americanentertainment companybased inCoppell,a suburb ofDallas,Texas.[7]It operatesan eponymousover-the-topsubscription video on-demandservice, which showcases licensed content related to the Japaneseanime,films and television series.

The company was founded in May 1994 byGen Fukunagaand his wife Cindy inSilicon Valley,with funding by Daniel Cocanougher and his family, who became investors in the company, which then relocated toNorth Richland Hillsand laterFlower Mound, Texas.[8]Funimation was acquired byNavarre Corporationin May 2005; in April 2011, Navarre sold Funimation to a group of investors that included Fukunaga for $24 million.[9]The company was acquired bySony Pictures Televisionin 2017 and rebranded to Crunchyroll, LLC in March 2022 after acquiring the streaming service of the same name and its parentEllationin August 2021.[10]

History

[edit]
Main article:History of anime in the United States

As Funimation

[edit]
The original Funimation logo used from 1994 to 2005

Early history

[edit]

In the early 1990s, Japanese-born businessmanGen Fukunagawas approached by his uncle, Nagafumi Hori, who was working as a producer forToei Company.Hori proposed that if Fukunaga could start a production company and raise enough money,Toei Animationwould license the rights to theDragon Ballfranchise to the United States. Fukunaga met with co-worker Daniel Cocanougher, whose family owned a feed mill inDecatur, Texas,and convinced Cocanougher's family to sell their business and serve as an investor for his company.[11][12][13]

The company was founded on May 9, 1994, asFunimation Productions.[2][14][e]The company was originally based inSilicon Valley,but eventually relocated toNorth Richland Hills, Texas.[13][15]They initially collaborated with other companies onDragon Ball,such as BLT Productions,Ocean Studios,PioneerandSaban Entertainment.[16][17]After two aborted attempts to bring theDragon Ballfranchise to television viafirst-run syndication,Cartoon Networkbegan airingDragon Ball Zas part of itsToonamiprogramming block in 1998, which quickly became the highest-rated show on the block and garnered a large following.[18][19][20]The success ofDragon Ball Zis credited for allowing Funimation to acquire other licensed titles.[20][21]Funimation also produced and distributed thedirect-to-videomovieChuck E. Cheese in the Galaxy 5000,the company's first non-anime product.[22]

In May 2002, the company secured its first third-party home video deal when fellow anime dubbing company4Kids Entertainmentappointed Funimation as their exclusive home video distributor in the United States. The deal included a majority of products 4Kids licensed at the time, beginning withYu-Gi-Oh!,Cubix,Cabbage Patch Kids,Tama and Friends,andKirby: Right Back at Ya!.[23][24]The deal was later expanded to includeSonic X,Teenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesandUltraman Tiga.[25]

Following the success of the 4Kids deal, Funimation entered into a strategic partnership with the Canadian-basedNelvanaon September 26, 2003.[26]The deal allowed the two companies to work on the production of prospective new anime, and for Funimation to distribute over forty-four titles from Nelvana's library on home video; includingRedwall,Pecola,Tales from the Cryptkeeper,Timothy Goes to Schooland theDisney ChannelTV specialThe Santa Claus Brothers.[27]

In July 2004, Funimation expanded its family-friendly offerings by launching a new division entitledOur Time Family Entertainment,which provided high-quality entertainment properties to the burgeoning preschool and children's market.[28]Products released under the division included the filmLittle Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland,several holiday specials, and select offerings from Nelvana (Elliot Moose,Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse,Timothy Goes to School),WGBH(Arthurand the co-productionTime Warp Trio), andAlliance Atlantis(Connie the Cow).[29]

Funimation continued into licensing non-anime material when the company was appointed as the North American license holder for the British seriesMake Way for Noddyby franchise ownersChorionin January 2005.[30]

Acquisition by Navarre Corporation

[edit]

On May 11, 2005, Funimation was acquired byNavarre Corporationfor US$100.4 million in cash and 1.8 million shares of Navarre stock. As part of the acquisition, Gen Fukunaga was retained as head of the company, transitioning to the position of CEO, and the company's name was changed from Funimation Productions toFunimation Entertainment.[31][32][f]In 2007, Funimation moved from North Richland Hills, Texas to Flower Mound.[33]Funimation moved into the Lakeside Business District with a ten-year lease.[34]

According to an interview in February 2008 with Navarre Corporation CEO Cary Deacon, Funimation was in early stage negotiations to acquire some of the titles licensed throughGeneon's USA division, which ceased operations in December 2007.[35]In July 2008, Funimation confirmed that they had acquired distribution rights to several Geneon titles, including some that Geneon had left unfinished when they withdrew from the U.S. market.[36]AtAnime Expo2008, Funimation announced that it had acquired over 30 titles from theSojitzcatalog that had previously been licensed byADV Films.[37]In 2009, Funimation signed a deal with Toei Animation to stream several of its anime titles online through the Funimation website.[38]

[edit]
Funimation logo from 2011 to 2016. Colored variants of the logo were used from 2005 to 2011.

On May 27, 2010, Navarre Corporation announced that it began negotiating a potential sale of Funimation. It was also announced that if the sale took place, Funimation would be reclassified as a "discounted operation" starting in the first quarter of 2011.[39]On September 16, 2010, Navarre announced that six potential buyers were interested in acquiring Funimation.[40]In the first quarter of 2011, Navarre reclassified Funimation as "discounted operations".[41]On April 4, 2011, Navarre released a statement announcing that Funimation had been sold to a group of investors that included original owner Gen Fukunaga for $24 million.[42]It was also announced that Navarre would remain as exclusive distributor of Funimation's titles.[42]

On October 14, 2011, Funimation announced a partnership with Niconico, the English language version ofNico Nico Douga,to form the Funico brand for the licensing of anime for streaming and home video release. From this point on, virtually all titles simulcasted by Niconico were acquired by Funimation.[43]On February 18, 2012, Funimation announced that it would launch its video streaming app on April 6, 2012.[44]In 2014, Funimation releasedDragon Ball Z: Battle of Godsto theaters in partnership with Screenvision.[45]Based on its success, Funimation launched its own theatrical division in December 2014.[46]On June 22, 2015, Funimation andUniversal Pictures Home Entertainmentannounced a multi-year home video distribution deal. The deal allowed UPHE to manage distribution and sales of Funimation's catalog of titles.[47]Universal began distributing Funimation's titles in October of that year.[48]

In January 2016, Funimation introduced a new logo and announced their streaming service,FunimationNow.[49][50]In April 2016, they launched their service in the UK and Ireland.[51]On September 8, 2016, Funimation announced a partnership withCrunchyroll.Select Funimation titles would be streamed subtitled on Crunchyroll, while select Crunchyroll titles would be streamed on FunimationNow, including upcoming dubbed content. In addition, Funimation would act as the distributor for Crunchyroll's home video catalog.[52]

Sony ownership

[edit]
Logo from 2016 to 2022. It was still used for the Funimation streaming service until 2024.

In May 2017, it was reported thatUniversal StudiosandSony Pictures Televisionwere interested in purchasing Funimation; however, Universal decided not to proceed with the bidding.[53]On July 31, 2017, Sony Pictures Television announced that it would buy a controlling 95% stake in Funimation for $143 million, a deal that was approved by theUnited States Department of Justiceon August 22, 2017.[54]This deal allowed Funimation to have synergies with Sony'sAnimaxandKids Stationdivisions and "direct access to the creative pipeline".[55]The deal was closed on October 27, 2017.[56]

On February 16, 2018, it was reported that Shout! Factory's Shout! Studios division acquired the U.S./Canadian distribution rights toBig Fish & Begoniaand partnered with Funimation Films again for distribution.[57]On July 12, 2018, it was announced that Funimation Films had picked up licensing rights forDragon Ball Super: Brolyin North America and that its English dub would premiere in theaters sometime in January 2019 in the United States and Canada, only around a month after its national premiere in Japan.[58]On August 7,AT&Tfully acquiredOtter Media,owner of Crunchyroll.[59]On October 18, 2018, Funimation and Crunchyroll announced that their partnership with would end on November 9, 2018, as a result of Sony Pictures Television's acquisition of Funimation.[60]Despite the home video releases being unaffected and still going on as planned, select Funimation content would be removed from Crunchyroll, and subtitled content would return to FunimationNow. Additionally, it was also announced that Funimation would be removed from Otter Media-owned streaming serviceVRVentirely, being replaced byHidive.[60]In December 2018, it was reported that another reason the partnership ended was due to a dispute concerning international expansion.[61]On December 4, 2018, Funimation inked an exclusive multi-year first-look SVOD deal withHulu.[62]

On February 1, 2019, Gen Fukunaga announced that he would be stepping down as general manager, and transitioning to chairman of the company,[63]with Colin Decker assuming the role of general manager in May 2019.[64]On March 23, 2019, atAnimeJapan2019, Funimation announced that they had partnered with Chinese streaming serviceBilibilito jointly license anime titles for both the U.S. and Chinese markets.[65]On May 29, Funimation announced that they had acquiredManga Entertainment'sUK branch,and immediately consolidated the former's UK business into the latter's.[66]On July 5, 2019, Funimation announced atAnime Expothat they had reached a streaming partnership withRight Stuf,with select titles from Nozomi Entertainment being made available on FunimationNow later in the year.[67]On August 31, 2019,Aniplex of Americaannounced on Twitter that they would be partnering with Funimation Films to co-releaseRascal Does Not Dream of a Dreaming Girltheatrically in the U.S. on October 2, 2019, and in Canada on October 4, 2019.[68]

Aniplex/SPT joint venture and international expansion; move to Coppell

[edit]

On September 24, 2019, Sony Pictures Television andAniplexannounced that they were consolidating their international anime streaming businesses under a new joint venture,Funimation Global Group, LLC.,with Funimation general manager Colin Decker leading the joint venture. The joint venture would operate under Funimation's branding, and allow Funimation to acquire and distribute titles with Aniplex subsidiariesWakanim,Madman AnimeandAnimeLab.The first title under the joint venture,Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia,would receive a 30-day exclusivity on FunimationNow, AnimeLab and Wakanim, and provide Funimation exclusive rights to the English dub for one year.[1]In December, Funimation launched a "Decade of Anime" poll in which fans voted for their favorite anime across multiple categories.[69][70]

On January 24, 2020, Funimation announced it would be merging its online catalog into AnimeLab for Australian and New Zealand audiences, and would shut down FunimationNow for Australia and New Zealand on March 30.[71]On May 1, Funimation announced that they formed a partnership withKodansha Comicsto host a series of weekly watch parties.[72]On May 4, Funimation announced that they had struck a deal withNIS Americato stream select titles on FunimationNow.[73]Funimation would also announce that same day that they would hold a virtual anime convention called "FunimationCon" on July 3–4, 2020. It was one of several virtual events taking the place of that year'sAnime Expo,which announced its cancellation on April 17.[74]On July 3, Funimation announced at FunimationCon that they would expand their streaming service to Latin America, starting with Mexico and Brazil in Q4 2020, with one of the first dubbed titles released beingTokyo Ghoul:re.[75][76]Funimation later revealed that they would launch their Latin American services in December 2020.[77]However, they launched their service early on November 18, 2020.[78]On September 9, Funimation announced that they had reached a distribution partnership withViz Media,with Viz Media titles being made available to stream on Funimation's website.[79]The deal was made after select Viz titles such as Part I ofNarutoand the first 75 episodes ofHunter × Hunterwere previously made available on FunimationNow. On December 2, 2020, Brazilian TV channelLoadingannounced a content partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment. Funimation titles being included in the partnership was hinted at, but not confirmed.[80]Five days later, it was officially confirmed that Funimation titles would be included in the partnership.[81]On November 24, Funimation announced they had partnered withSunriseto stream selectGundamtitles such asMobile Suit Gundam,Mobile Suit Gundam SEED,and laterMobile Suit Gundam WingandMobile Suit Zeta Gundam.SomeGundamtitles already streamed on Funimation prior to said partnership likeMobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans.[82]

In November 2020, it was reported that Funimation began the process of relocating to a new office building in the Cypress Waters development complex inCoppell, Texas,which opened in 2021.[7]

To unify the company's image abroad, Manga Entertainment was rebranded asFunimation UKin the UK and Ireland, on April 19, 2021, withAnimeLabrelaunched under the Funimation brand in Australia and New Zealand, from June 17, 2021.[83][84]Afterwards, Funimation launched their streaming services to three South American countries of Colombia, Chile, and Peru on June 16, 2021.[85]On September 1, Funimation andGonzoannounced a partnership to upload select remastered titles on their respective YouTube channels until November 30. These titles wereRagnarok the Animation,WitchbladeandBurst Angel.[86]

As Crunchyroll

[edit]
See also:Crunchyroll

Rebranding

[edit]
Logo as Crunchyroll, LLC from 2022 to 2024

On December 9, 2020, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that it would acquireEllationand the anime streaming service Crunchyroll fromWarnerMedia(later spun out byAT&Tand merged withDiscovery, Inc.to formWarner Bros. Discovery) for a total ofUS$1.175 billionin cash, placing the company under Funimation once the acquisition was finalized.[87]However, on March 24, 2021, it was reported that theUnited States Department of Justicehad extended its antitrust review of the acquisition.[88]The acquisition of Crunchyroll was completed on August 9, 2021, with Sony stating in their press release that they would create a unified anime subscription using their anime businesses as soon as possible.[89]Crunchyroll confirmed four days later thatVRVwas included in the acquisition.[90]

On January 25, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that they were going to releaseJujutsu Kaisen 0in theaters on March 18, 2022, in the United States and Canada. The film launched in over 1,500 theaters, as well as someIMAXtheatres, in both sub and dub. They also stated that the feature would be coming soon to theaters in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, and Latin America among other countries. This is the first Crunchyroll film to be distributed in association with Funimation Films.[91]

On March 1, 2022, it was announced that the Funimation, Wakanim and VRV SVOD services would be consolidated into Crunchyroll. Additionally, it was announced that Funimation Global Group, LLC had legally changed its name toCrunchyroll, LLC,which occurred on February 24.[92][93][6]Fourteen days later, it was announced that Funimation's home video releases would be distributed under the Crunchyroll banner, with the latter's logo replacing that of the former on the spine and back of the covers for each new release that comes out starting with its June 2022 slate.[94]Following theRussian military invasion of Ukraine,Crunchyroll announced on March 11, 2022, that it wouldhalt servicesin Russia, thus shutting down operations of Wakanim and Crunchyroll EMEA entirely, in line with global sanctions.[95]Its parent company Sony donated $2 million in humanitarian aid to Ukraine.[96]

On April 5, 2022, the company announced that Funimation'sYouTubechannel was rebranded as "Crunchyroll Dubs", and that it would serve as Crunchyroll's channel for English-dubbed content; while English-subtitled content would still be uploaded to their "Crunchyroll Collection" channel.[97]The company also stated that they would release an English-dubbed first episode of an anime series every Saturday at 3:00 pm. ET on the channel, starting withRe:Zero − Starting Life in Another Worldon April 9, 2022. Three days later, another announcement was made in that the Funimation Shop would be moved to the Crunchyroll Store.[98]Two weeks later, CEO Colin Decker stepped down from his position. He was replaced by COO Rahul Purini.[99]As a result of the merger in March 2022, pre-existing titles such asMy Hero Academia,Uzaki-chan Wants to Hang Out!,and others that were streaming on Funimation remained along with newer seasons until a full migration of its licensed catalog was transferred over to Crunchyroll. New series such asA Couple of CuckoosandSpy × Familywere only released on Crunchyroll, albeit with the dubbing production done in the Coppell studios.[100][101][102]On August 4, 2022, Crunchyroll acquired anime eCommerce retailer and distributorRight Stuf.Right Stuf's adult/hentaisales and distribution were spun off to a separate company as part of the deal.[103][104]

On September 20, 2022,Kyle McCarley's contract to voice Shigeo Kageyama, the protagonist ofMob Psycho 100,was not renewed by Crunchyroll. McCarley, who is a member ofSAG-AFTRA,had offered to work on anon-unioncontract for the third season, on the condition that Crunchyroll meet with SAG-AFTRA representatives to discuss potential future contracts. Crunchyroll refused the offer, sparking criticism from anime fans and media outlets.[105]

In February 2023, Crunchyroll laid off 85 staff as part of employee redundancy between the 12 offices including its main Coppell headquarters and Culver City offices.[106]

Distribution

[edit]

In July 2008, Funimation and Red Planet Media announced the launch of a mobilevideo on demandservice forAT&T MobilityandSprintmobile phone subscribers. Three titles were part of the launch,Gunslinger Girl,Tsukuyomi: Moon Phase,andThe Galaxy Railways,with entire seasons of each made available.[107]

Until 2016, Funimation did not directly release its properties in non-North American (English language speaking) markets, and instead sub-licensed its properties to other companies such as the UK branch ofManga EntertainmentandAnime Limitedin the United Kingdom.[108]

In 2016, Funimation began directly releasing some of its titles in the United Kingdom and Ireland with Funimation branding, with Funimation handling licensing and localization, and Anime Limited handling distribution and classification.[109]Funimation later distributedMy Hero Academiain the region throughUniversal Pictures UKin 2017,[110]and later throughSony Pictures UK,along with other select titles, in 2018.[111]Funimation later began sub-licensing titles to Manga Entertainment's UK branch in late 2018, before acquiring the company on May 29, 2019, and releasing titles directly.[66]On September 24, 2019, Sony Pictures Television and Aniplex consolidated their international anime streaming businesses, with Funimation becoming the leading company for the group.[1]

Funimation also began directly distributing its titles in Australia and New Zealand in 2017. Similar to the UK and Ireland, select titles were released throughUniversalSony Pictures Home Entertainmentfrom 2017 to 2018. From September 2018, Funimation transferred distribution toMadman Anime,with the company handling distribution and classification within the region.[112][113]Madman Anime was later consolidated into Funimation in 2019.[1]

Notable titles

[edit]
See also:List of anime releases made concurrently in the United States and Japan

Lawsuits

[edit]

Anti-piracy

[edit]

In 2005, Funimation's legal department began to pursue a more aggressive approach toward protecting the company's licensed properties. They started sending "cease and desist" (C&D) letters to sites offering links tofansubsof their titles. This move was similar to that taken by the now-defunctADV Filmsseveral years before with several major torrent sites.[114]

Funimation's legal department served C&D letters for series that had not yet been advertised or announced as licensed, includingTsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle,Black Cat,andSoltyRei,with a few known series also mentioned in the letter.[115]Funimation revealed more licenses on October 6, 2006, when it sent letters to torrent sites demanding that distribution ofxxxHolic's TV series,Mushishi,Ragnarok the Animation,and other series cease.[116]

Since October 2009, Funimation has routinely filedDMCAtakedown noticesto get unauthorized distributions of its and its partners' properties removed from Google search results.[g]

In January 2011, Funimation filed a lawsuit againstBitTorrentusers in the U.S. for allegedly downloading and uploadingOne Piece.[117]Funimation dropped the suit in March after aNorthern Texasjudge, having already indicated that the court would appoint attorneys for the defendants,[118]ruled that the defendants were not "acting in concert" and thus could not be sued as a group; each would have to be sued separately.[119]

TheOne Piecefilm at issue was a fansub, an unauthorized copy distributed with fan-produced, translated subtitles. Soon after the lawsuit was abandoned, Funimation was reported to have long been deriving dubs from fansubs.[120]Nevertheless, Funimation continues to hold their stance that fansubbing is harmful to the anime industry, stating "The practices of illegal downloads and 'fansubbing' are very harmful to our Japanese partners and [...] we have been asked to monitor and take action against unauthorized distribution of these titles. Because we believe that this will benefit the industry, we have agreed to do so."[121]Sites which distribute fansubs or separate fan-created subtitles remain a frequent target of civil actions by Funimation and other anime companies, as well as criminal prosecution in at least one case.[122]

Two months after failing to sue BitTorrent users in the North Texas district, Funimation engaged inforum shoppingand proceeded to sue 1,427 defendants in the neighboring East Texas district for acting "in concert" to infringe copyright onThe Legend Is Born: Ip Man.This case was allowed to proceed. However, the court dismissed the case against all remaining defendants withprejudice,on October 17, 2013.[123]

Disputes with partners

[edit]

In November 2011, Funimation sued A.D. Vision, AEsir Holdings,Section23 Films,Valkyrie Media Partners,Seraphim Studios,Sentai Filmworksand its CEO,John Ledfordand Switchblade Pictures for a sum of $8 million, citing "breach of contracts"and other issues. Funimation said that ADV's transfer of assets were made with" the intent to defer, hinder or defraud the creditors of ADV [Films]. "Funimation sought ADV's sale of assets as void.[124]The lawsuit was settled in mediation in 2014. The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[125]

Vic Mignogna lawsuit

[edit]
Main article:Vic Mignogna § Allegations of sexual harassment and legal issues

In early 2019, allegations of sexual misconduct against voice actorVic Mignognawere brought forward on Twitter with theMeToo movement.Funimation conducted an internal investigation of the matter and announced on February 11, 2019, that they had ended their relations with Mignogna.[126]Mignogna had already been dismissed from the company in January 2019.[127]On April 19, 2019, Mignogna filed a civil suit against Funimation and voice actorsJamie Marchi,Monica Rial,and Rial's fiancé, Ron Toye. Mignogna and his attorney were seeking a monetary relief of over $1 million.[128]On June 12, 2019, Funimation filed a response denying Mignogna's allegations.[129]On July 1, 2019, Funimation filed ananti-SLAPPmotion for Mignogna to dismiss his lawsuit.[130]Rial, Marchi, and Toye then filed their anti-SLAPP motions on July 19, 2019.[131]A hearing to consider the defendants's anti-SLAPP motions took place on September 6, 2019,[132]presiding Tarrant County judge John P. Chupp dismissed the civil suit against Marchi.[133]On October 4, 2019, the civil suit against Funimation, Rial, and Toye was dismissed.[134]

On October 24, 2019, Mignogna filed an appeal against the dismissal.[135]On October 30, 2019, Rial, Toye, Marchi, and Funimation filed a motion to have Mignogna's appeal dismissed, which was subsequently denied.[135][136]On November 5, 2019, Funimation filed a motion to recover attorney's fees, costs, and sanctions related to the lawsuit.[137]On November 27, 2019, Tarrant County judge John P. Chupp ruled that Mignogna had to pay a total of $238,042.42 in attorney's fees and sanctions to Rial, Toye, Marchi, and Funimation.[138]

Kojicast lawsuit

[edit]

On April 24, 2019, Kojicast filed a lawsuit against Funimation claiming that the company's FunimationNow streaming service was an infringement on Kojicast's patent.[139]

Shop lawsuit

[edit]

On January 13, 2021, Jenisa Angeles filed aclass-action lawsuitagainst Funimation, claiming that their online store failed to comply with theAmericans with Disabilities Act.[140]The suit was settled out of court. The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[141]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Exact name as shown on theDelaware corporations registryunder file no. 2672363.
  2. ^Itself a division ofSony Music Entertainment Japan.
  3. ^Crunchyroll, LLC andGame Show Network, LLCparent companySonyformedCrunchyroll Channelthrough a partnership between the two companies, despite both of them being owned by different divisions of Sony. Crunchyroll, LLC is owned bySony Pictures EntertainmentandSony Music Entertainment Japan'sAniplex,while Game Show Network, LLC is owned by theSony Pictures Television Networksdivision ofSony Pictures Television.
  4. ^TheFunimationname continued to be used for its streaming service from 2020 until its closure in 2024.
  5. ^Stylized as FUNimation Productions
  6. ^Stylized as FUNimation Entertainment
  7. ^As of October 2012, the Chilling Effects search engine is broken, but Google search results forsite:lumendatabase.org funimationreveal the DMCA notices received and processed so far.

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[edit]
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