Tau cross

A tau cross (Saint Anthony's cross)

Thetau crossis a T-shaped cross, sometimes with all three ends of the cross expanded.It is called a "tau cross" because it is shaped like the Greek lettertau,which in its upper-case form has the same appearance as the Latin letterT.

Another name for the same object isSaint Anthony's crossorSaint Anthony cross,a name given to it because of its association withSaint Anthony of Egypt.

It is also called acrux commissa,one of the four basic types of iconographic representations of the cross.

Tau representing an execution cross

Crucifixion scenewith a tau cross, School of Brugge, late 15th or early 16th century

Crucifixion scenewith a tau cross, byKonrad Witz(1400–1447)

The Greek letter tau was used as anumeralfor 300. TheEpistle of Barnabas(late first century or early second) gives an allegorical interpretation of the number 318 (inGreek numeralsτιη’) in the text ofBook of Genesis14:14 as intimating thecrucifixion of Jesusby viewing the numerals ιη’ (18) as the initial letters of Ἰησοῦς,Iēsus,and the numeral τ’ (300) as a prefiguration of the cross: "What, then, was the knowledge given to him in this? Learn the eighteen first, and then the three hundred. The ten and the eight are thus denoted—Ten byΙ,and Eight byΗ.You have [the initials of the name of] Jesus. And because the cross was to express the grace [of our redemption] by the letter Τ, he says also, 'Three Hundred'. He signifies, therefore, Jesus by two letters, and the cross by one. "

Clement of Alexandria(c. 150 – c. 215) gives the same interpretation of the number τιη’ (318), referring to the cross of Christ with the expression "the Lord's sign": "They say, then, that the character representing 300 is, as to shape, the type of the Lord’s sign, and that the Iota and the Eta indicate the Saviour’s name."

Tertullian(c. 155 – c. 240) remarks that the Greek letter τ and the Latin letter T have the same shape as the execution cross: "Ipsa est enim littera Graecorum Tau, nostra autem T, species crucis".

In theTrial of the Court of the Vowelsof non-ChristianLucian(125 – after 180), the Greek letterSigma(Σ) accuses the letterTau(Τ) of having provided tyrants with the model for the wooden instrument with which to crucify people and demands that Tau be executed on his own shape: "It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified. Σταυρός the vile engine is called, and it derives its vile name from him. Now, with all these crimes upon him, does he not deserve death, nay, many deaths? For my part I know none bad enough but that supplied by his own shape—that shape which he gave to the gibbet namedσταυρόςafter him by men "

Example of astaurogramin theCatacombs

The Greek word σταυρός, which in theNew Testamentrefers to the structure on which Jesus died, appears as early as AD 200 in two papyri,Papyrus 66andPapyrus 75in a form that includes the use of a cross-like combination of the letterstauandrho.This tau-rho symbol, thestaurogram,appears also inPapyrus 45(dated 250), again in relation to the crucifixion of Jesus. In 2006Larry Hurtadonoted that theEarly Christiansprobably saw in the staurogram a depiction of Jesus on the cross, with the cross represented (as elsewhere) by the tau and the head by the loop of the rho, as had already been suggested by Robin Jensen, Kurt Aland and Erika Dinkler.In 2008 David L. Balch agreed, adding more papyri containing the staurogram (Papyrus 46,Papyrus 80 and Papyrus 91) and stating: "The staurogram constitutes a Christian artistic emphasis on the cross within the earliest textual tradition", and "in one of the earliest Christian artifacts we have, text and art are combined to emphasize 'Christus crucifixus'".In 2015, Dieter T. Roth found the staurogram in further papyri and in parts of the aforementioned papyri that had escaped the notice of earlier scholars.

In the view of Tertullianand ofOrigen(184/185 – 253/254)the passage inEzekiel 9:4in which an angelוְהִתְוִיתָ תָּו עַל־מִצְחֹות הָאֲנָשִׁים,"set a mark [tav;after the cross-shapedPhoenicianand early Hebrew letter] on the forehead of the men "who are saved was a prediction of the Early Christian custom of repeatedly tracing on their own foreheads the sign of the cross.

Association with Saint Anthony of Egypt

SaintAnthony of Egyptwearing the Antonine cloak in a 1460s woodcut

One of theHospital Brothers of St. Anthonywearing hisreligious habit

Autograph letter of Francis of Assisi

TheHospital Brothers of St. Anthony,known as the Antonines, were aCatholic religious orderof theLatin Churchfounded at the end of the 11th century. They wore a blackreligious habitmarked with a blue tau. This habit became associated with their patron saint,Anthony of Egypt,who accordingly was represented as bearing on his cloak a cross in the form of a tau.

Through its association with the Antonines, this cross became known as Saint Anthony's cross, as the disease ofergotism,to whose treatment the Antonines devoted themselves more particularly, became known as Saint Anthony's fire.

In about 1500 the Antonines still had 370 hospitals, but with the identification of the fungus that caused ergotism, the reduction of epidemics and the competition from the hospitals of theOrder of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem(generally known as the Knights of Malta) their numbers decreased. Their last house in Europe was finally closed in 1803.

Another explanation proposed for the association of the tau cross with Saint Anthony is that the tau cross was a stylized representation of the saint's staff, topped by a horizontal bar, on which he supported himself when old. A staff of that kind is represented in his hand in a painting by theGerman RenaissancepainterMatthias Grünewald(c. 1470– 1528) on an outer panel of hisIsenheim Altarpiece.In this painting the saint remains tranquil in spite of being threatened by a fearsome demon depicted as breaking the panes of the window behind him. The saint is not shown as wearing the emblem of the Antonines.

The Antonines survive in theMiddle East,especially inLebanon,as aMaronite Churchorder with 21 monasteries and many schools and seminaries. They still use the bright blue tau cross on their black habits.

With the disappearance in the Western Church of the Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony, the tau cross is now most commonly associated with theFranciscan Orderand its founder, SaintFrancis of Assisi,who adopted it as his personal sign after hearingPope Innocent IIItalk about the Tau symbol.It is now used as a symbol of the Secular Franciscan Order.

In Franciscanism

The cross’s use in Franciscanism dates back to St. Francis of Assisi himself, who used it as his signature and personal seal. During the time of Francis and from the Fourth Lateran Council, called by Pope Innocent III, the Tau was a symbol widely used by the Catholic Church, in general, as a sign of conversion and sign of the cross.

In inaugurating that Council, Pope Innocent III preached on Ezekiel 9 and called all Christians to do penance under the sign of the tau, a sign of conversion and the sign of the cross. As Omer Englebert recounts in his "Life of St. Francis of Assisi", the Pope, after describing the sad situation of the Holy Places trampled by the Saracens, lamented the scandals that discredited the flock of Christ and threatened it with divine punishment if was not amended. He evoked the vision of Ezekiel, when the Lord, patience exhausted, exclaims with a powerful voice: «"Come near, you who watch over the city; come near with the instrument of extermination in your hands'. And behold, six men arrived with two whips in their hands. Among them was a man dressed in linen, with a writing-message around his waist. And Yahweh said to him: 'Go through Jerusalem, and mark with a tau the foreheads of the righteous who are in it.' And he said to the other five: 'Go through the city after him, and mercilessly exterminate as many as you find; but do not touch anyone who is marked with the tau.'[...]Who are "- continued the Pope -" the six men in charge of divine vengeance? Those are you, Council Fathers, who, using all the weapons you have at hand: excommunications, dismissals, suspensions and interdicts, you have to relentlessly punish how many are not marked with the propitiatory tau and are obstinate in dishonoring Christianity.' "[...]In his Lateran speech, Innocent III had marked with the tau sign three classes of predestined: those who enlisted in the crusade; those who, prevented from crossing paths, fight against heresy; finally, the sinners who really commit themselves to reforming their lives.» St. Francis of Assisi, who participated in the Council as superior general of an Order approved by the Church, must have taken Innocent III's invitation very seriously, since, according to his companions and his first biographers, he loved and revered the tau,"because it represents the cross and means true penance".At the beginning of any activity, he crossed himself with said sign, preferring it to any other sign, and painted it on the walls of the cells. In his conversations and sermons he often recommended it, and drew it as a signature in all his letters and writings,"as if all his concern was to engrave the sign of the tau, according to the prophetic saying, on the foreheads of the men who moan and weep, truly converted to Christ Jesus." Among St. Francis of Assisi's autograph manuscripts in which he signs with the tau is his famous "Blessing to Brother Leo", a relic that is preserved in the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi.

Crux commissa

In discussions of Roman execution crosses, the tau cross is called thecrux commissa.This term was invented byJustus Lipsius(1547–1606),who used it to distinguish thisT-shaped cross from the now more familiar†-shaped cross and thesaltire☓-shaped cross.

Gallery

Tau Cross located atSt.Begnet's Church,nearDalkey Castle,Dalkey,County Dublin, Ireland.

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  Tau cross pendants from late medieval (earlyTudor era,c. 1485) England
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  The Cross of Tau used to build patterns in a window at the Convent of Saint Anthony nearCastrojeriz,Spain
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  Cross Inneenboy(replica) nearCorofin,County Clare, Ireland
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  Modern "Franciscan" Tau pendant
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  Saint Anthony's cross on the former Antonine hospital inHöchst am Main
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  Baptismal font (14th century) atFivizzanowith the Saint Anthony's cross symbol of the Antonine canons
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  Tau cross,Tory Island,County Donegal, Ireland

See also

• Christian cross
• Crucifix
• Crux simplex
• Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
• Forked cross
• Taphos symbol(tau plus phi)

External links

• Tau crossonTory Island,Ireland