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Deplatforming

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"No-platforming" redirects here. For the British student organization policy, seeNo Platform.

A bust of MIT presidentFrancis Amasa Walkerseparated from its pedestal at theMIT Museum

Deplatforming,also calledno-platforming,is a form of Internet censorship of an individual or group by preventing them from posting on the platforms they use to share their information/ideas. This typically involves suspension, outright bans, or reducing spread (shadow banning).[1][2]

As early as 2015, platforms such asRedditbegan to enforce selective bans based, for example, onterms of servicethat prohibit "hate speech".[3]The most notorious examples of deplatforming wereTwitter'sban of then-US PresidentDonald Trumpshortly after and theNew York Postduring the 2020 presidential election.[4]

History

[edit]

Deplatforming of invited speakers

[edit]

In the United States, the banning of speakers on university campuses dates back to the 1940s. This was carried out by the policies of the universities themselves. TheUniversity of Californiahad a policy known as the Speaker Ban, codified in university regulations under PresidentRobert Gordon Sproul,that mostly, but not exclusively, targetedcommunists.One rule stated that "the University assumed the right to prevent exploitation of its prestige by unqualified persons or by those who would use it as a platform for propaganda." This rule was used in 1951 to blockMax Shachtman,asocialist,from speaking at theUniversity of California at Berkeley.In 1947, former U.S. Vice PresidentHenry A. Wallacewas banned from speaking atUCLAbecause of his views on U.S.Cold Warpolicy,[5]and in 1961,Malcolm Xwas prohibited from speaking at Berkeley as a religious leader.

Controversial speakers invited to appear on college campuses have faced deplatforming attempts to disinvite them or to otherwise prevent them from speaking.[6]The BritishNational Union of Studentsestablished itsNo Platformpolicy as early as 1973.[7]In the mid-1980s, visits bySouth AfricanambassadorGlenn Babbto Canadian college campuses faced opposition from students opposed toapartheid.[8]

In the United States, recent examples includethe March 2017 disruptionby protestors of a public speech atMiddlebury Collegeby political scientistCharles Murray.[6]In February 2018, students at theUniversity of Central Oklahomarescinded a speaking invitation to creationistKen Ham,after pressure from anLGBTstudent group.[9][10]In March 2018, a "small group of protesters" atLewis & Clark Law Schoolattempted to stop a speech by visiting lecturerChristina Hoff Sommers.[6]In the 2019 filmNo Safe Spaces,Adam CarollaandDennis Pragerdocumented their own disinvitation along with others.[11]

As of February 2020,theFoundation for Individual Rights in Education,a speech advocacy group, documented 469 disinvitation or disruption attempts at American campuses since 2000,[12]including both "unsuccessful disinvitation attempts" and "successful disinvitations"; the group defines the latter category as including three subcategories: formal disinvitation by the sponsor of the speaking engagement; the speaker's withdrawal "in the face of disinvitation demands"; and "heckler's vetoes"(situations when" students or faculty persistently disrupt or entirely prevent the speakers' ability to speak ").[13]

Deplatforming in social media

[edit]

Beginning in 2015,Redditbanned several communities on the site ( "subreddits") for violating the site's anti-harassment policy.[14]A 2017 study published in the journalProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction,examining "the causal effects of the ban on both participating users and affected communities," found that "the ban served a number of useful purposes for Reddit" and that "Users participating in the banned subreddits either left the site or (for those who remained) dramatically reduced their hate speech usage. Communities that inherited the displaced activity of these users did not suffer from an increase in hate speech."[14]In June 2020 and January 2021, Reddit also issued bans to two prominent online pro-Trump communities over violations of the website's content and harassment policies.

On May 2, 2019,Facebookand the Facebook-owned platformInstagramannounced a ban of "dangerous individuals and organizations"includingNation of IslamleaderLouis Farrakhan,Milo Yiannopoulos,Alex Jonesand his organizationInfoWars,Paul Joseph Watson,Laura Loomer,andPaul Nehlen.[15][16]In the wake of the2021 storming of the US Capitol,Twitter banned then-president Donald Trump, as well as 70,000 other accounts linked to the event and the far-right movementQAnon.

Some studies have found that the deplatforming of extremists reduced their audience, although other research has found that some content creators became more toxic following deplatforming and migration toalt-techplatform.[17]

Twitter

[edit]

On November 18, 2022,Elon Musk,as newly appointed CEO of Twitter, reopened previously banned Twitter accounts of high-profile users, including Kathy Griffin, Jordan Peterson, and The Babylon Bee as part of the new Twitter policy.[18][19]As Musk exclaimed, "New Twitter policy is freedom of speech, but not freedom of reach".

Alex Jones

[edit]

On August 6, 2018, Facebook,Apple,YouTube andSpotifyremoved all content by Jones andInfoWarsfor policy violations.YouTube removed channelsassociated withInfoWars,including The Alex Jones Channel.[20]On Facebook, four pages associated withInfoWarsand Alex Jones were removed over repeated policy violations. Apple removed all podcasts associated with Jones fromiTunes.[21]On August 13, 2018,Vimeoremoved all of Jones's videos because of "prohibitions on discriminatory and hateful content".[22]Facebook cited instances of dehumanizing immigrants, Muslims andtransgenderpeople, as well as glorification of violence, as examples ofhate speech.[23][24]AfterInfoWarswas banned from Facebook, Jones used another of his websites,NewsWars,to circumvent the ban.[25][26]

Jones's accounts were also removed fromPinterest,[27]Mailchimp[28]andLinkedIn.[29]As of early August 2018,Jones retained active accounts onInstagram,[30]Google+[31]andTwitter.[32][33]

In September, Jones was permanently banned from Twitter and Periscope after beratingCNNreporter Oliver Darcy.[34][35]On September 7, 2018, theInfoWarsapp was removed from theApple App Storefor "objectionable content".[36]He was banned from usingPayPalfor business transactions, having violated the company's policies by expressing "hate or discriminatory intolerance against certain communities and religions."[37]AfterElon Musk's purchase of Twitterseveral previously banned accounts were reinstated including Donald Trump,Andrew TateandYeresulting in questioning if Alex Jones will be unbanned as well. However Musk denied that Alex Jones will be unbanned criticizing Jones as a person that "would use the deaths of children for gain, politics or fame".[38]

InfoWarsremained available onRokudevices in January 2019, a year after the channel's removal from multiple streaming services. Roku indicated that they do not "curate or censor based on viewpoint," and that it had policies against content that is "unlawful, incited illegal activities, or violates third-party rights," but thatInfoWarswas not in violation of these policies. Following a social media backlash, Roku removedInfoWarsand stated "After theInfoWarschannel became available, we heard from concerned parties and have determined that the channel should be removed from our platform. "[39][40]

In March 2019, YouTube terminated the Resistance News channel due to its reuploading of live streams fromInfoWars.[41]On May 1, 2019, Jones was barred from using both Facebook and Instagram.[42][43][44]Jones briefly moved toDlive,but was suspended in April 2019 for violating community guidelines.[45]

In March 2020, theInfoWarsapp was removed from theGoogle Playstore due to claims of Jones disseminatingCOVID-19 misinformation.A Google spokesperson stated that "combating misinformation on the Play Store is a top priority for the team" and apps that violate Play policy by "distributing misleading or harmful information" are removed from the store.[46]

Donald Trump

[edit]
Main article:Donald Trump on social media

On January 6, 2021, in ajoint session of the United States Congress,the counting of the votes of theElectoral Collegewas interrupted by abreach of the United States Capitol chambers.The rioters were supporters of PresidentDonald Trumpwho hoped to delay and overturn the President's loss in the2020 election.The event resulted in five deaths and at least 400 people being charged with crimes.[47]The certification of the electoral votes was only completed in the early morning hours of January 7, 2021. In the wake of severalTweets by President Trumpon January 7, 2021Facebook,Instagram,YouTube,Reddit,andTwitterall deplatformed Trump to some extent.[48][49][50][51]Twitter deactivated his personal account, which the company said could possibly be used to promote further violence. Trump subsequently tweeted similar messages from the President's official US Government account @POTUS, which resulted in him being permanently banned on January 8.[52]Twitter then announced that Trump's ban from their platform would be permanent.

Trump planned to rejoin on social media through the use of a new platform by May or June 2021, according toJason Milleron aFox Newsbroadcast.[53][54]

The same week Musk announced Twitter's new freedom of speech policy, he tweeted a poll to ask whether to bring back Trump into the platform.[55]The poll ended with 51.8% in favor of unbanning Trump's account.[55]Twitter has since reinstated Trump's Twitter account @realDonaldTrump (as of 19 Nov 2022 — but by then Trump's platform wasTruth Social).[55][56]

Andrew Tate

[edit]

In 2017,Andrew Tatewas banned from Twitter for tweeting that women should "bare some responsibility" in response to the #MeToo movement.[57]Similarly, in August 2022, Tate was banned on four more major social media platforms: Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube.[57]These platforms indicated that Tate's misogynistic comments violated their hate speech policies.[58]

Tate has since been unbanned from Twitter as part of the new freedom of speech policy on Twitter.[58]

Demonetization

[edit]

Social media platforms such as YouTube and Instagram allow their content producers or influencers to earn money based on the content (videos, images, etc.), most typically based around some sort of payment per a set number of new "likes" or clicks etc. When the content is deemed inappropriate for compensation, but still left on the platform, this is called "demonetization" because the content producer is left with no compensation for their content that they created, while at the same time the content is still left up and available for viewing or listening by the general public.[59] In September 2016,Voxreported that demonetization—as it pertained to YouTube specifically—involved the following key points:

  • "Since 2012, YouTube has been automatically 'demonetizing' some videos because its software thought the content was unfriendly for advertisers."[59]
  • "Many YouTube video makers didn't realize this until last week, when YouTube began actively telling them about it."[59]
  • "This has freaked YouTubers out, even though YouTube has been behaving rationally by trying to connect advertisers to advertiser-friendly content. It's not censorship, since YouTube video makers can still post (just about) anything they want."[59]
  • "YouTube's software will screw things up, which means videos that should have ads don't, which means YouTube video makers have been missing out on ad revenue."[59]

Other examples

[edit]

Deplatforming tactics have also included attempts to silence controversial speakers through various forms of personalharassment,such asdo xing,[60]the making of false emergency reports for purposes ofswatting,[61]and complaints or petitions to third parties. In some cases, protesters have attempted to have speakersblacklistedfrom projects or fired from their jobs.[62]

In 2019, students at theUniversity of the Artsin Philadelphia circulated an online petition demanding thatCamille Paglia"should be removed from UArts faculty and replaced by a queer person of color." According toThe Atlantic'sConor Friedersdorf,"It is rare for student activists to argue that a tenured faculty memberat their own institutionshould be denied a platform. "Paglia, a tenured professor for over 30 years who identifies astransgender,had long been unapologetically outspoken on controversial "matters of sex, gender identity, and sexual assault".[63]

In December 2017, after learning that a French artist it had previously reviewed was aneo-Nazi,theSan Franciscopunk magazineMaximum Rocknrollapologized and announced that it has "a strict no-platform policy towards any bands and artists with a Nazi ideology".[64]

Legislative responses

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In May 2021, theUK governmentunderBoris Johnsonannounced aHigher Education (Freedom of Speech) Billthat would allow speakers at universities to seek compensation for no-platforming, impose fines on universities and student unions that promote the practice, and establish a newombudsmancharged with monitoring cases of no-platforming and academic dismissals.[65]In addition, the government published anOnline Safety Billthat would prohibit social media networks from discriminating against particular political views or removing "democratically important" content, such as comments opposing or supporting political parties and policies.[66]

United States

[edit]

Some critics of deplatforming have proposed that governments should treatsocial media as a public utilityto ensure thatconstitutional rightsof the users are protected, citing their belief that anInternetpresence using social media websites is imperative in order to adequately take part in the 21st century as an individual.[67]Republican politicians have sought to weaken the protections established bySection 230 of the Communications Decency Act—which provides immunity from liability for providers and users of an "interactive computer service" who publish information provided by third-party users—under allegations that the moderation policies of major social networks are not politically neutral.[68][69][70][71]

Reactions

[edit]

Support for deplatforming

[edit]

See also:Paradox of toleranceandDefensive democracy

According to its defenders, deplatforming has been used as a tactic to prevent the spread ofhate speechanddisinformation.[14]Social media has evolved into a significant source of news reporting for its users, and support for content moderation and banning of inflammatory posters has been defended as an editorial responsibility required by news outlets.[72]

Supporters of deplatforming have justified the action on the grounds that it produces the desired effect of reducing what they characterize as hate speech.[14][73][74]Angelo Carusone, president of theprogressiveorganizationMedia Matters for Americaand who had run deplatforming campaigns against conservative talk hostsRush Limbaughin 2012andGlenn Beckin 2010,pointed to Twitter's 2016 ban ofMilo Yiannopoulos,stating that "the result was that he lost a lot.... He lost his ability to be influential or at least to project a veneer of influence."[73]

In the United States, the argument that deplatforming violates rights protected by theFirst Amendmentis sometimes raised as a criticism. Proponents say that deplatforming is a legal way of dealing with controversial users online or in other digital spaces, so long as the government is not involved with causing the deplatforming. According to Audie Cornish, host of theNPRshowConsider This,"the government can't silence your ability to say almost anything you want on a public street corner. But a private company can silence your ability to say whatever you want on a platform they created."[75]

Critical responses

[edit]

In the words of technology journalistDeclan McCullagh,"Silicon Valley's efforts to pull the plug on dissenting opinions "began around 2018 withTwitter,Facebook,andYouTubedenying service to selected users of their platforms; he said they devised "excuses to suspend ideologically disfavored accounts".[76]In 2019, McCullagh predicted that paying customers would become targets for deplatforming as well, citing protests and open letters by employees ofAmazon,Microsoft,Salesforce,andGooglewho opposed policies ofU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement(ICE), and who reportedly sought to influence their employers to deplatform the agency and its contractors.[76]

Law professorGlenn Reynoldsdubbed 2018 the "Year of Deplatforming" in an August 2018 article inThe Wall Street Journal.Reynolds criticized the decision of "internet giants" to "slam the gates on a number of people and ideas they don't like", namingAlex JonesandGavin McInnes.[77]Reynolds cited further restrictions on "even mainstream conservative figures" such asDennis Prager,as well asFacebook's blocking of a campaign advertisement by a Republican candidate "ostensibly because her video mentioned theCambodian genocide,which her family survived. "[77]

In a 2019The Atlanticarticle,Conor Friedersdorfdescribed what he called "standard practice" among student activists. He wrote: "Activists begin with social-media callouts; they urge authority figures to impose outcomes that they favor, without regard for overall student opinion; they try to marshalantidiscrimination lawto limitfreedom of expression."[63]Friedersdorf pointed to evidence of achilling effecton free speech andacademic freedom.Of the faculty members he had contacted for interviews, he said a large majority "on both sides of the controversy insisted that their comments be kept off the record or anonymous. They feared openly participating in a debate about a major event at their institution—even after their university president put out an uncompromising statement in support of free speech."[63]

See also

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References

[edit]
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Further reading

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[edit]
  • The dictionary definition ofdeplatformat Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deplatforming&oldid=1243314322"