Dusun language
 | This article needs editing tocomply with Wikipedia'sManual of Style.(October 2020) |
| Central Dusun | |
|---|---|
| Boros Dusun | |
| Bunduliwan | |
| Native to | Malaysia,Brunei |
| Region | SabahandFederal Territory of Labuan |
| Ethnicity | Dusun people,Kadazan people Ethnic population: 714,000 (2024)[1] |
Native speakers | 260,000 Central Dusun (2010)[2] |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Multiple:[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dtp |
| Glottolog | cent2100 |
Central Dusun,also known asBunduliwan(Dusun:Boros Dusun), is anAustronesian languageand one of the more widespread languages spoken by theDusun(includingKadazan) peoples ofSabah,Malaysia.
History
[edit]What is termed asCentral Dusun(or simplyDusun) andCoastal Kadazan(or simplyKadazan) are deemed to be highlymutually intelligibleto one other; many consider these to be part of a single language.
The language was among many other Sabahan vernacular languages suppressed underMustapha Harun'sassimilationistenforcement ofBahasa Malaysiaacross the state.[4]Under the efforts of theKadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah,in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language.[5][6]This dialect, spoken in the Bundu and Liwan valleys of theCrocker-Trusmadi ranges(now parts of the present-day districts ofRanau,TambunanandKeningau), was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.
Phonology
[edit]The phonemes in Central Dusun and Coastal Kadazan are as follows:
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Rhotic | r | ||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
Robinson specifies that /r/ in Tindal Dusun is a flap[ɾ].
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | |||
| Approximant | l | ||||
[x]occurs as an allophone of/k/in word-medial position.[7]
Tangit and MBDK note that Coastal Kadazan consonants correspond to the following consonants found in other varieties:
| Central Dusun consonant | Coastal Kadazan cognate | Example |
|---|---|---|
| /r/ | /l/ | CDralan,CKlahan"road" |
| /r/ | /∅/ | CDboros,CKboos"word" |
| /l/ | /h/ | CDloyou,CKhozou"song" |
| /w/ | /v/ | CDawasi,CKavasi"good" |
| /j/ | /z/ | CDagayo,CKagazo"big" |
Vowels
[edit]Kadazandusun is usually said to have four vowels /a i u o/. According to Tingit, /o/ in Central Dusun is less rounded than in Coastal Kadazan and is sometimes represented with ⟨e⟩.
Orthography
[edit]Dusun is written using theLatin Alpha betusing 21 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are used in loanwords):
A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
These characters together are calledPimato.
Diphthongs:⟨aa⟩⟨ai⟩(sometimes pronounced/e/)⟨ii⟩⟨oi⟩⟨uu⟩
Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound:⟨ao⟩⟨ia⟩⟨iu⟩⟨ui⟩⟨ue⟩.In some words⟨aa⟩is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels:a'a.
Grammar
[edit]Personal pronouns
[edit]Tindal Dusun[8]has a Philippine-type focus system of syntax that makes one particular noun phrase in a sentence the most prominent. This prominent, focused noun phrase does not need to be the subject or the agent of the clause. In clauses with pronouns, the verbal morphology and the pronoun both indicate focus. If the verb carries actor focus morphology, the actor of the clause will therefore be a nominative pronoun (or, rarely, an emphatic pronoun). Any other noun phrase in the clause will necessarily take pronouns from a different set, as only one noun phrase can be in focus in any given clause.
| Gloss | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique | Emphatic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | oku | ku | doho | joho |
| 2sg | ko | nu | diaʔ | jaʔ |
| 3sg | isio | disio~dow | isio | |
| 1in | toko | jatiʔ | ||
| 1ex | jahaj~jahɛː | dahɛː | jahɛː | |
| 2pl | jokow | dokow | jokow | |
| 3pl | joloʔ | dioloʔ | joloʔ | |
| Gloss | Emphatic | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | yoku | oku | ku | doho |
| 1du | yato/iyahai | kito/iyahai/ikoi | dato/dahai | |
| 1pl | yotokou | tokou | dotokou | |
| 2sg | ika/ia' | ko/ika/ia' | nu | dia'/dika |
| 2pl | ikoyu | kou | dikoyu | |
| 3sg.m | isio | disido/dau | ||
| 3sg.f | isido | dosido/dau | ||
| 3pl | yolo | diolo | ||
"The" emphatic "pronouns are used alone or preposedly, either as answers or to stress the pronoun.[10]
Ika
You(emph)
i
[personal]
Kinomulok?
Kinomulok
Are you Kinomulok?
I
[personal]
Kinomulok
Kinomulok
oku
I
I am Kinomulok.
Isai
Who
ko?
you(non-emph)
Who are you?
I
[personal]
Tolimu
Batholomew
oku
I
I am Bartholomew.
Ika
You
mongoi.
go
You go.
Sentence structure
[edit]A typical Dusun sentence isVSO.[11]
Poposidang
dry
oku
I
parai.
rice
I dry rice.
It is, however, possible for a grammatically correct Dusun sentence to beSVO.
Oinsanan
all
tangaanak
children
sikul
school
nonuan
given
do uniform.
uniform
All students have been given uniforms.
Vocabulary
[edit]| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| one | iso |
| two | duo |
| three | tolu |
| four | apat |
| five | limo |
| six | onom |
| seven | turu |
| eight | walu |
| nine | siam |
| ten | hopod |
| hundred | hatus |
| thousand | soriong |
To form numbers such as fifty or sixty, a multiplier is combined with a positional unit (tens, hundreds, thousands etc.), usingno.
tolu
three
no
already
hopod
ten
thirty
Separate units are combined withom.
soriong
1000
om
and
turu
seven
no
already
hatus
100
om
and
duo
two
no
already
hopod
ten
om
and
siam
nine
one thousand, seven hundred and twenty nine
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| January | Milatok |
| February | Mansak |
| March | Gomot |
| April | Ngiop |
| May | Mikat |
| June | Lumahas |
| July | Madas |
| August | Magus |
| September | Manom |
| October | Gumas |
| November | Milau |
| December | Momuhau |
The Dusun name of the months derive from the traditional cycle of paddy harvesting.
| English | Dusun | |
|---|---|---|
| Dusun name | Numerical[citation needed] | |
| Monday | Tontolu | Tadau koiso |
| Tuesday | Mirod | Tadau koduo |
| Wednesday | Madsa | Tadau kotolu |
| Thursday | Tadtaru | Tadau kaapat |
| Friday | Kurudu | Tadau kolimo |
| Saturday | Kukuak | Tadau koonom |
| Sunday | Tiwang | Tadau koturu/minggu |
The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers.[citation needed]The names of Dusun days as part of the seven-day week derive from the life cycle of a butterfly.
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| what | nunu/onu |
| who | isai |
| where | hombo/nonggo |
| when | soira |
| why | okuro |
| how | poingkuro |
| how many | piro/songkuro |
Dialects[citation needed]
[edit]Central Dusun language survived by three main dialect groups.
Liwanic: Liwan, Inobong Dusun
Bunduic: Tindal, Bundu, Sinulihan, Tagahas-Tibabar, Gobukon-Luba
Ulu Sugut Dusun: Tinagas, Talantang, Tuhawon
All Central Dusun dialects are 100% mutually intelligible when conversing.
Examples
[edit]11Tontok di timpuun i' om wonsoyo' no dii Kinorohingan do tawan om pomogunan.2Aiso' po suang do pomogunan, om aiso' o poimpasi; om noolitan di rahat dot opuhod, om odondom o kotuongo'. Nga' mintongkopi' Rusod do Kinorohingan do hiri'd soibau di waig.3Om pimboros noh Kinorohingan do poingkaa, "Nawau no," ka – om haro noddi o tanawau.4Om kokito noh Kinorohingan dot osonong i tanawau, om potongkiado' no dau i tanawau do mantad id totuong.5Om pungaranai noh Kinorohingan do "Dangadau" i tanawau, om "Dongotuong" i totuong. Om korikot no sosodopon om korikot nogiddi kosuabon – iri no tadau do koiso'.[14]
Citations
[edit]- ^"Demographic Statistics, First Quarter 2024".Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived fromthe originalon 22 June 2024.Retrieved22 June2024.
- ^Central DusunatEthnologue(25th ed., 2022)
- ^Bating, Henry (2008).Bahasa Kadazandusun dan Pembakuan[The Kadazandusun Language and Standardization]. Kursus Pemantapan Profesionalisme Bahasa Kadazandusun (in Malay). IPG Keningau. pp. 1–11.
- ^Lent, John A. (1974). "Malaysia's guided media".Index on Censorship.3(4): 66.doi:10.1080/03064227408532375.
- ^"Official Language & Dialects".Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah.Retrieved2 June2021.
- ^Lasimbang, Rita; Kinajil, Trixie (2004). "Building Terminology in the Kadazandusun Language".Current Issues in Language Planning.5(2): 131–141.doi:10.1080/13683500408668253.
- ^Miller, Carolyn (1993). "Kadazan/Dusun Phonology Revisited". In Boutin, Michael E.; Pekkanen, Inka (eds.).Phonological Descriptions of Sabah Languages: Studies from Ten Languages: Bonggi, Ida'an, Kadazan/Dusun, Kalabuan, Kimaragang, Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan, Lotud, Tagal, Tatana', Tombonuwo.Sabah Museum Monograph, Vol. 4. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah State Museum. pp. 1–14.
- ^Robinson, Laura C. (2005).A Sketch Grammar of Tindal Dusun(PDF).Working Papers in Linguistics, 36(5). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 October 2020.Retrieved31 December2021.
- ^abKementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2008).Puralan Boros Kadazandusun id Sikul(in Central Dusun). Putrajaya: Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
- ^Komoiboros Dusun Kadazan[Duzunkadazan Dictionary]. Malaysia: Mongulud Boros Dusun Kadazan. 1994. pp. 29–30.
- ^Minah Sintian (2019).Struktur Binaan Ayat Bahasa Kadazandusun dan Bahasa Melayu: Satu Pengenalan[Kadazandusun and Malay Language Structural Sentence Construction: An Introduction]. Paper presented at the Seminar Antarabangsa Susastera, Bahasa dan Budaya Nusantara (SUTERA) 2019, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pusat Penyelidikan Langkawi UKM, 1–2 August 2019 (in Malay) – via ResearchGate.
- ^abPrice, Daniel Charles (2007).Bundu Dusun Sketch Grammar(in English and Central Dusun). Crawley: University of Western Australia.
- ^abJoseph Yabai, @ Jausip (18 August 2016)."Ondomo do tikid tadauwulan tulun Kadazandusun"[Memorize the calendar of the Kadazandusun].Utusan Borneo(in Central Dusun).Retrieved22 December2021– via PressReader.
- ^Buuk do Kinorohingan: Habar dot Osonong(in Central Dusun). Petaling Jaya: Pertubuhan Bible Malaysia. 2007.ISBN978-983-030-117-4.
Bibliography
[edit]Tangit, Trixie M. (May 2005),Planning Kadazandusun (Sabah, Malaysia): Labels, Identity and Language,Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Robinson, Laura C. (2005),"A sketch grammar of Tindal Dusun",University of Hawaiʻi Working Papers in Linguistics,vol. 36, no. 5, Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, pp. 1–31
Further reading
[edit]- Kershaw, Eva Maria (1994).Dusun Folktales: Eighty-eight Folktales in the Dusun Language of Brunei with English translations.Southeast Asia Paper No. 39. Centre for Southeast Asian Studies School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.
External links
[edit]
