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Faith healing

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"Faith healer" redirects here. For other uses, seeFaith healer (disambiguation).
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Faith healingis the practice of prayer and gestures (such aslaying on of hands) that are believed by some to elicitdivine interventionin spiritual and physical healing, especially the Christian practice.[1]Believers assert that the healing of disease and disability can be brought about by religious faith through prayer or other rituals that, according to adherents, can stimulate adivine presenceand power. Religious belief in divine intervention does not depend onempirical evidenceof anevidence-based outcomeachieved via faith healing.[2]Virtually all[a]scientists and philosophers dismiss faith healing aspseudoscience.[3][4][5][6]

Claims that "a myriad of techniques" such asprayer,divine intervention,or the ministrations of an individual healer can cure illness have been popular throughout history.[7]There have been claims that faith can cureblindness,deafness,cancer,HIV/AIDS,developmental disorders,anemia,arthritis,corns,defective speech,multiple sclerosis,skin rashes,total bodyparalysis,and various injuries.[8]Recoveries have been attributed to many techniques commonly classified as faith healing. It can involve prayer, a visit to a religiousshrine,or simply a strong belief in a supreme being.[8]

Many people interpret theBible,especially theNew Testament,as teaching belief in, and the practice of, faith healing. According to a 2004Newsweekpoll, 72 percent of Americans said they believe that praying to God can cure someone, even if science says the person has an incurable disease.[9]Unlike faith healing, advocates ofspiritual healingmake no attempt to seek divine intervention, instead believing indivineenergy. The increased interest inalternative medicineat the end of the 20th century has given rise to a parallel interest among sociologists in the relationship of religion to health.[2]

Faith healing can be classified as aspiritual,supernatural,[10]orparanormaltopic,[11]and, in some cases, belief in faith healing can be classified asmagical thinking.[12]TheAmerican Cancer Societystates "available scientific evidence does not support claims that faith healing can actually cure physical ailments".[8]"Death, disability, and other unwanted outcomes have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses."[8]When parents have practiced faith healing but not medical care, many children have died that otherwise would have been expected to live.[13]Similar results are found in adults.[14]

In various belief systems

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Christianity

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Overview

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Faith healing byFernando Suarez,Philippines

Regarded as a Christian belief that God heals people through the power of theHoly Spirit,faith healing often involves thelaying on of hands.It is also called supernatural healing, divine healing, andmiraclehealing, among other things. Healing in the Bible is often associated with the ministry of specific individuals includingElijah,JesusandPaul.[2]

Christian physician Reginald B. Cherry views faith healing as a pathway of healing in which God uses both the natural and the supernatural to heal.[15]Being healed has been described as a privilege of accepting Christ's redemption on the cross.[16]Pentecostal writer Wilfred Graves Jr. views the healing of the body as a physical expression ofsalvation.[17]Matthew 8:17,after describingJesus exorcising at sunsetand healing all of the sick who were brought to him, quotes these miracles as a fulfillment of the prophecy inIsaiah 53:5:"He took up our infirmities and carried our diseases".

Even those Christian writers who believe in faith healing do not all believe that one's faith presently brings about the desired healing. "[Y]our faith does not effect your healing now. When you are healed rests entirely on what the sovereign purposes of the Healer are."[18]Larry Keefauver cautions against allowing enthusiasm for faith healing to stir up false hopes. "Just believing hard enough, long enough or strong enough will not strengthen you or prompt your healing. Doing mental gymnastics to 'hold on to your miracle' will not cause your healing to manifest now."[18]Those who actively lay hands on others and pray with them to be healed are usually aware that healing may not always follow immediately. Proponents of faith healing say it may come later, and it may not come in this life. "The truth is that your healing may manifest in eternity, not in time".[18]

New Testament

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Parts of the fourcanonical gospelsin theNew Testamentsay thatJesuscured physical ailments well outside the capacity of first-century medicine. Jesus' healing acts are considered miraculous and spectacular due to the results being impossible or statistically improbable.[19]One example is the case of "a woman who had had a discharge of blood for twelve years, and who had suffered much under many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was not better but rather grew worse".[20]After healing her, Jesus tells her "Daughter, your faith has made you well. Go in peace! Be cured from your illness".[21]At least two other times Jesus credited the sufferer's faith as the means of being healed:Mark 10:52andLuke 19:10.

Jesus endorsed the use of the medical assistance of the time (medicines of oil and wine) when he told the parable of theGood Samaritan(Luke 10:25–37), who "bound up [an injured man's] wounds, pouring on oil and wine" (verse 34) as a physician would. Jesus then told the doubting teacher of the law (who had elicited this parable by his self-justifying question, "And who is my neighbor?" in verse 29) to "go, and do likewise" in loving others with whom he would never ordinarily associate (verse 37).[22]

The healing in the gospels is referred to as a "sign"[23]to prove Jesus' divinity and to foster belief in him as the Christ.[24]However, when asked for other types of miracles, Jesus refused some[25]but granted others[26]in consideration of the motive of the request. Some theologians' understanding is that Jesus healedallwho were present every single time.[27]Sometimes he determines whether they had faith that he would heal them.[28]Four of the seven miraculous signs performed in theFourth Gospelthat indicated he was sent from God were acts of healing or resurrection. He heals the Capernaum official's son, heals a paralytic by the pool inBethsaida,healing a man born blind, and resurrectingLazarus of Bethany.[29]

Jesus told his followers to heal the sick[30]and stated that signs such as healing are evidence of faith. Jesus also told his followers to "cure sick people, raise up dead persons, make lepers clean, expel demons. You received free, give free".[31]

Jesus sternly ordered many who received healing from him: "Do not tell anyone!"[32]Jesus did not approve of anyone asking for a sign just for the spectacle of it, describing such as coming from a "wicked and adulterous generation".[33]

The apostle Paul believed healing is one of the special gifts of theHoly Spirit,[34][35]and that the possibility exists that certain persons may possess this gift to an extraordinarily high degree.[36]

In the New TestamentEpistle of James,[37]the faithful are told that to be healed, those who are sick should call upon the elders of the church to pray over [them] and anoint [them] with oil in the name of the Lord.

The New Testament says that during Jesus'ministryand after hisResurrection,theapostleshealed the sick and cast out demons, made lame men walk, raised the dead and performed other miracles. Apostles were holy men who had direct access to God and could channel his power to help and heal people.[38]For example,Saint Peterhealed a disabled man.[39][40]

Jesus used miracles to convince people that he was inaugurating theMessianic Age,as in Mt 12.28. Scholars have described Jesus' miracles as establishing the kingdom during his lifetime.[41]

Early Christian church

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Accounts or references to healing appear in the writings of manyAnte Nicene Fathers,although many of these mentions are very general and do not include specifics.[42]

Catholicism

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See also:Intercession of saints

TheRoman Catholic Churchrecognizes two "not mutually exclusive" kinds of healing,[43]: I,3 [44]: nn2–3 one justified by science and one justified by faith:

  • healing by human "natural means [...] through the practice of medicine" which emphasizes that thetheological virtueof "charitydemands that we not neglect natural means of healing people who are ill "and thecardinal virtueofprudenceforewarns not "to employ a technique that has no scientific support (or even plausibility)"[44]: nn2–3, 6, 10 
  • healing by divine grace "interceded on behalf of the sick through the invocation of the name of the Lord Jesus, asking for healing through the power of the Holy Spirit, whether in the form of the sacramentallaying on of handsandanointing with oilor of simple prayers for healing, which often include anappeal to the saints for their aid"[44]: n2 

In 2000, theCongregation for the Doctrine of the Faithissued "Instruction on prayers for healing" with specific norms about prayer meetings for obtaining healing,[43]which presents the Catholic Church's doctrines of sickness and healing.[45]: 230 [further explanation needed]

It accepts "that there may be means of natural healing that have not yet been understood or recognized by science",[44]: n6 [b]but it rejects superstitious practices which are neither compatible with Christian teaching nor compatible with scientific evidence.[44]: nn11–12 

Faith healing is reported byCatholicsas the result ofintercessory prayerto asaintor to a person with thegift of healing.According toU.S. Catholicmagazine, "Even in this skeptical, postmodern, scientific age – miracles really are possible." According to aNewsweekpoll, three-fourths of American Catholics say they pray for "miracles" of some sort.[47]

According to John Cavadini, when healing is granted, "The miracle is not primarily for the person healed, but for all people, as a sign of God's work in the ultimate healing called 'salvation', or a sign of the kingdom that is coming." Some might view their own healing as a sign they are particularly worthy or holy, while others do not deserve it.[47]

The Catholic Church has a special Congregation dedicated to the careful investigation of the validity of alleged miracles attributed to prospective saints. Pope Francis tightened the rules on money and miracles in the canonization process.[48]Since Catholic Christians believe the lives of canonized saints in the Church will reflect Christ's, many have come to expect healing miracles. While the popular conception of a miracle can be wide-ranging, the Catholic Church has a specific definition for the kind of miracle formally recognized in a canonization process.[49]

According toCatholic Encyclopedia,it is often said that cures atshrinesand duringChristian pilgrimagesare mainly due to psychotherapy – partly to confident trust inDivine providence,and partly to the strong expectancy of cure that comes over suggestible persons at these times and places.[46][c]

Among the best-known accounts by Catholics of faith healings are those attributed to the miraculous intercession of the apparition of theBlessed Virgin Maryknown asOur Lady of Lourdesat theSanctuary of Our Lady of LourdesinFranceand the remissions of life-threatening disease claimed by those who have applied for aid toSaint Jude,who is known as the "patron saintof lost causes ".[failed verification–see discussion][50]

As of 2004,Catholic medics have asserted that there have been 67 miracles and 7,000 unexplainable medical cures at Lourdes since 1858.[51]In a 1908 book, it says these cures were subjected to intense medical scrutiny and were only recognized as authentic spiritual cures after a commission of doctors and scientists, called theLourdes Medical Bureau,had ruled out any physical mechanism for the patient's recovery.[52]

Evangelicalism

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Laying on of hands for healing in Living Streams International Church,Accra,Ghana, 2018

In some Pentecostal and CharismaticEvangelicalchurches, a special place is thus reserved for faith healings withlaying on of handsduringworship servicesor for campaigns evangelization.[53][54]Faith healing or divine healing is considered to be an inheritance ofJesusacquired by his death and resurrection.[55]Biblical inerrancyensures that themiraclesand healings described in theBibleare still relevant and may be present in the life of the believer.[56]

At the beginning of the 20th century, the newPentecostalmovement drew participants from theHoliness movementand other movements in America that already believed in divine healing. By the 1930s, several faith healers drew large crowds and established worldwide followings.

The first Pentecostals in the modern sense appeared inTopeka, Kansas,in a Bible school conducted byCharles Fox Parham,a holiness teacher and formerMethodistpastor. Pentecostalism achieved worldwide attention in 1906 through theAzusa Street RevivalinLos Angelesled byWilliam Joseph Seymour.[57]

Smith Wigglesworthwas also a well-known figure in the early part of the 20th century. A former English plumber turnedevangelistwho lived simply and read nothing but the Bible from the time his wife taught him to read, Wigglesworth traveled around the world preaching about Jesus and performing faith healings. Wigglesworth claimed to raise several people from the dead in Jesus' name in his meetings.[58]

During the 1920s and 1930s,Aimee Semple McPhersonwas a controversial faith healer of growing popularity during theGreat Depression.Subsequently,William M. Branhamhas been credited as the initiator of the post-World War IIhealing revivals.[59]: 58 [60]: 25 The healing revival he began led many to emulate his style and spawned a generation of faith healers. Because of this, Branham has been recognized as the "father of modern faith healers".[61]According to writer and researcher Patsy Sims, "the power of a Branham service and his stage presence remains a legend unparalleled in the history of the Charismatic movement".[62]By the late 1940s,Oral Roberts,who was associated with and promoted by Branham'sVoice of Healingmagazine also became well known, and he continued with faith healing until the 1980s.[63]Roberts discounted faith healing in the late 1950s, stating, "I never was a faith healer and I was never raised that way. My parents believed very strongly in medical science and we have a doctor who takes care of our children when they get sick. I cannot heal anyone – God does that."[64]A friend of Roberts wasKathryn Kuhlman,another popular faith healer, who gained fame in the 1950s and had a television program onCBS.Also in this era,Jack Coe[65][66]andA. A. Allen[67]were faith healers who traveled with large tents for large open-air crusades.

Oral Roberts's successful use of television as a medium to gain a wider audience led others to follow suit. His former pilot,Kenneth Copeland,started a healing ministry.Pat Robertson,Benny Hinn,andPeter Popoffbecame well-knowntelevangelistswho claimed to heal the sick.[68]Richard Rossiis known for advertising his healing clinics throughseculartelevision and radio. Kuhlman influenced Benny Hinn, who adopted some of her techniques and wrote a book about her.[69]

Christian Science

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Christian Scienceclaims that healing is possible through prayer based on an understanding of God and the underlying spiritual perfection of God's creation.[7][70]The material world as humanly perceived is believed to not be the spiritual reality. Christian Scientists believe that healing through prayer is possible insofar as it succeeds in bringing the spiritual reality of health into human experience.[71]Prayer does not change the spiritual creation but gives a clearer view of it, and the result appears in the human scene as healing: the human picture adjusts to coincide more nearly with the divine reality.[72]Therefore, Christian Scientists do not consider themselves to be faith healers since faith or belief in Christian Science is not required on the part of the patient, and because they consider healings reliable and provable rather than random.[73][74]

Although there is no hierarchy in Christian Science, practitioners devote full time to prayer for others on a professional basis, and advertise in an online directory published by the church.[75][76]Christian Scientists sometimes tell their stories of healing at weekly testimony meetings at local Christian Science churches, or publish them in the church's magazines includingThe Christian Science Journalprinted monthly since 1883, theChristian Science Sentinelprinted weekly since 1898, andThe Herald of Christian Sciencea foreign language magazine beginning with a German edition in 1903 and later expanding to Spanish, French, and Portuguese editions.Christian Science Reading Roomsoften have archives of such healing accounts.[77][76]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS) has had a long history of faith healings. Many members of the LDS Church have told their stories of healing within the LDS publication, theEnsign.[78][79][80][81]The church believes healings come most often as a result ofpriesthood blessingsgiven by the laying on of hands; however, prayer often accompanied with fasting is also thought to cause healings. Healing is always attributed to be God's power. Latter-day Saints believe that the Priesthood of God, held by prophets (such as Moses) and worthy disciples of the Savior, was restored via heavenly messengers to the first prophet of this dispensation,Joseph Smith.[82][83]

According to LDS doctrine, even though members may have the restoredpriesthood authorityto heal in the name of Jesus Christ, all efforts should be made to seek the appropriate medical help.Brigham Youngstated this effectively, while also noting that the ultimate outcome is still dependent on the will of God.[84]

If we are sick, and ask the Lord to heal us, and to do all for us that is necessary to be done, according to my understanding of the Gospel of salvation, I might as well ask the Lord to cause my wheat and corn to grow, without my plowing the ground and casting in the seed. It appears consistent to me to apply every remedy that comes within the range of my knowledge, and to ask my Father in Heaven, in the name of Jesus Christ, to sanctify that application to the healing of my body.[85]

But suppose we were traveling in the mountains,... and one or two were taken sick, without anything in the world in the shape of healing medicine within our reach, what should we do? According to my faith, ask the Lord Almighty to... heal the sick. This is our privilege, when so situated that we cannot get anything to help ourselves. Then the Lord and his servants can do all. But it is my duty to do, when I have it in my power.[85]

We lay hands on the sick and wish them to be healed, and pray the Lord to heal them, but we cannot always say that he will.[86]

Islam

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A number of healing traditions exist among Muslims. Some healers are particularly focused on diagnosing cases of possession byjinnor demons.[87]

Buddhism

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Chinese-born Australian businessmanJun Hong Luwas a prominent proponent of the "Guan YinCitta Dharma Door ", claiming that practicing the three" golden practices "of reciting texts and mantras, liberation of beings, and making vows, laid a solid foundation for improved physical, mental, and psychological well-being, with many followers publicly attesting to have been healed through practice.[88]

Scientology

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Some critics ofScientologyhave referred to some of its practices as being similar to faith healing, based on claims made byL. Ron HubbardinDianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Healthand other writings.[89]

Scientific investigation

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See also:Studies on intercessory prayer

Nearly all[a]scientists dismiss faith healing as pseudoscience.[3][4][5][6]Believers assert that faith healing makes no scientific claims and thus should be treated as a matter of faith that is not testable by science.[90]Critics reply that claims of medical cures should be tested scientifically because, although faith in the supernatural is not in itself usually considered to be the purview of science,[91][92][d]claims of reproducible effects are nevertheless subject to scientific investigation.[4][90]

Scientists and doctors generally find that faith healing lacksbiological plausibilityorepistemicwarrant,[3]: 30–31 which is one of the criteria used to judge whether clinical research is ethical and financially justified.[94]ACochrane reviewof intercessory prayer found "although some of the results of individual studies suggest a positive effect of intercessory prayer, the majority do not".[95]The authors concluded: "We are not convinced that further trials of this intervention should be undertaken and would prefer to see any resources available for such a trial used to investigate other questions in health care".[95]

A review in 1954 investigatedspiritual healing,therapeutic touchand faith healing. Of the hundred cases reviewed, none revealed that the healer's intervention alone resulted in any improvement or cure of a measurable organic disability.[96]

In addition, at least one study has suggested that adult Christian Scientists, who generally use prayer rather than medical care, have a higher death rate than other people of the same age.[8]

The Global Medical Research Institute (GMRI) was created in 2012 to start collecting medical records of patients who claim to have received a supernatural healing miracle as a result of Christian Spiritual Healing practices. The organization has a panel of medical doctors who review the patient's records looking at entries prior to the claimed miracles and entries after the miracle was claimed to have taken place. "The overall goal of GMRI is to promote an empirically grounded understanding of the physiological, emotional, and sociological effects of Christian Spiritual Healing practices".[97]This is accomplished by applying the same rigorous standards used in other forms of medical and scientific research.

A 2011 article in the New Scientist magazine cited positive physical results from meditation, positive thinking and spiritual faith[98]

Criticism

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I have visited Lourdes in France and Fatima in Portugal, healing shrines of the Christian Virgin Mary. I have also visited Epidaurus in Greece and Pergamum in Turkey, healing shrines of the pagan god Asklepios. The miraculous healings recorded in both places were remarkably the same. There are, for example, many crutches hanging in the grotto of Lourdes, mute witness to those who arrived lame and left whole. There are, however, no prosthetic limbs among them, no witnesses to paraplegics whose lost limbs were restored.

— John Dominic Crossan[99]

Skeptics of faith healing offer primarily two explanations for anecdotes of cures or improvements, relieving any need to appeal to the supernatural.[e][101]The first ispost hoc ergo propter hoc,meaning that a genuine improvement orspontaneous remissionmay have been experienced coincidental with but independent from anything the faith healer or patient did or said. These patients would have improved just as well even had they done nothing. The second is theplaceboeffect, through which a person may experience genuine pain relief and other symptomatic alleviation. In this case, the patient genuinely has been helped by the faith healer or faith-based remedy, not through any mysterious or numinous function, but by the power of their own belief that they would be healed.[102][f][103]In both cases the patient may experience a real reduction in symptoms, though in neither case has anything miraculous or inexplicable occurred. Both cases, however, are strictly limited to the body's natural abilities.

According to theAmerican Cancer Society:[8]

... available scientific evidence does not support claims that faith healing can actually cure physical ailments... One review published in 1998 looked at 172 cases of deaths among children treated by faith healing instead of conventional methods. These researchers estimated that if conventional treatment had been given, the survival rate for most of these children would have been more than 90 percent, with the remainder of the children also having a good chance of survival. A more recent study found that more than 200 children had died of treatable illnesses in the United States over the past thirty years because their parents relied on spiritual healing rather than conventional medical treatment.

TheAmerican Medical Associationconsiders that prayer as therapy should not be a medically reimbursable or deductible expense.[104]

BelgianphilosopherandskepticEtienne Vermeerschcoined the termLourdes effectas a criticism of themagical thinkingandplacebo effectpossibilities for the claimed miraculous cures as there are no documented events where a severed arm has been reattached through faith healing at Lourdes. Vermeersch identifies ambiguity and equivocal nature of the miraculous cures as a key feature of miraculous events.[105][106][107]

Negative impact on public health

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Reliance on faith healing to the exclusion of other forms of treatment can have a public health impact when it reduces or eliminates access to modern medical techniques.[g][h][i]This is evident in both higher mortality rates for children[13]and in reduced life expectancy for adults.[14]Critics have also made note of serious injury that has resulted from falsely labelled "healings", where patients erroneously consider themselves cured and cease or withdraw from treatment.[7][j]For example, at least six people have died after faith healing by their church and being told they had been healed of HIV and could stop taking their medications.[110]It is the stated position of the AMA that "prayer as therapy should not delay access to traditional medical care".[104]Choosing faith healing while rejectingmodern medicinecan and does cause people to die needlessly.[111]

Christian theological criticism of faith healing

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Christian theological criticism of faith healing broadly falls into two distinct levels of disagreement.

The first is widely termed the "open-but-cautious" view of the miraculous in the church today. This term is deliberately used byRobert L. Saucyin the bookAre Miraculous Gifts for Today?.[112]Don Carsonis another example of a Christian teacher who has put forward what has been described as an "open-but-cautious" view.[113]In dealing with the claims ofWarfield,particularly "Warfield's insistence that miracles ceased",[114]Carson asserts, "But this argument stands up only if such miraculous gifts are theologically tied exclusively to a role of attestation; and that is demonstrably not so."[114]However, while affirming that he does not expect healing to happen today, Carson is critical of aspects of the faith healing movement, "Another issue is that of immense abuses in healing practises.... The most common form of abuse is the view that since all illness is directly or indirectly attributable to the devil and his works, and since Christ by his cross has defeated the devil, and by his Spirit has given us the power to overcome him, healing is the inheritance right of all true Christians who call upon the Lord with genuine faith."[115]

The second level of theological disagreement with Christian faith healing goes further. Commonly referred to ascessationism,its adherents either claim that faith healing will not happen today at all, or may happen today, but it would be unusual.Richard Gaffinargues for a form of cessationism in an essay alongside Saucy's in the bookAre Miraculous Gifts for Today?In his bookPerspectives on Pentecost[116]Gaffin states of healing and related gifts that "the conclusion to be drawn is that as listed in 1 Corinthians 12(vv. 9f., 29f.) and encountered throughout the narrative in Acts, these gifts, particularly when exercised regularly by a given individual, are part of the foundational structure of the church... and so have passed out of the life of the church."[117]Gaffin qualifies this, however, by saying "At the same time, however, the sovereign will and power of God today to heal the sick, particularly in response to prayer (see e.g. James 5:14, 15), ought to be acknowledged and insisted on."[118]

According to the Catholic apologist Trent Horn, while the Bible teaches believers to pray when they are sick, this is not to be viewed as an exclusion of medical care, citingSirach38:9,12-14:

"when you are sick do not be negligent, but pray to the Lord, and he will heal you...And give the physician his place, for the Lord created him; let him not leave you, for there is need of him. There is a time when success lies in the hands of physicians, for they too will pray to the Lord, that he should grant them success in diagnosis and in healing, for the sake of preserving life."[119]

Fraud

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Skeptics of faith healers point to fraudulent practices either in the healings themselves (such as plants in the audience with fake illnesses), or concurrent with the healing work supposedly taking place and claim that faith healing is aquackpractice in which the "healers" use well known non-supernatural illusions to exploit credulous people in order to obtain their gratitude, confidence and money.[68]James Randi'sThe Faith Healersinvestigates Christian evangelists such asPeter Popoff,who claimed to heal sick people on stage in front of an audience. Popoff pretended to know private details about participants' lives by receiving radio transmissions from his wife who was off-stage and had gathered information from audience members prior to the show.[68]According to this book, many of the leading modern evangelistic healers have engaged in deception and fraud.[120]The book also questioned how faith healers use funds that were sent to them for specific purposes.[k]PhysicistRobert L. Park[102]and doctor and consumer advocateStephen Barrett[7]have called into question the ethics of some exorbitant fees.

There have also been legal controversies. For example, in 1955 at aJack Coerevival service inMiami,Florida, Coe told the parents of a three-year-old boy that he healed their son who had polio.[121][122]Coe then told the parents to remove the boy'sleg braces.[121][122]However, their son was not cured of polio and removing the braces left the boy in constant pain.[121][122][123]As a result, through the efforts ofJoseph L. Lewis,Coe was arrested and charged on February 6, 1956, with practicing medicine without a license, a felony in the state of Florida.[124]A FloridaJustice of the Peacedismissed the case on grounds that Florida exempts divine healing from the law.[66][125][126]Later that year Coe was diagnosed withbulbar polio,and died a few weeks later at Dallas'Parkland Hospitalon December 17, 1956.[121][127][128][129]

Miracles for sale

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TV personalityDerren Brownproduced a show on faith healing entitledMiracles for Salewhich arguably exposed the art of faith healing as a scam. In this show, Derren trained a scuba diver trainer picked from the general public to be a faith healer and took him to Texas to successfully deliver a faith healing session to a congregation.[130]

United States law

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The 1974Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act(CAPTA) required states to grant religious exemptions tochild neglectandchild abuselaws in order to receive federal money.[131]The CAPTA amendments of 199642 U.S.C.§ 5106istate:

(a) In General. – Nothing in this Act shall be construed –

"(1) as establishing a Federal requirement that a parent or legal guardian provide a child any medical service or treatment against the religious beliefs of the parent or legal guardian; and" (2) to require that a State find, or to prohibit a State from finding, abuse or neglect in cases in which a parent or legal guardian relies solely or partially upon spiritual means rather than medical treatment, in accordance with the religious beliefs of the parent or legal guardian.

"(b) State Requirement. – Notwithstanding subsection (a), a State shall, at a minimum, have in place authority under State law to permit the child protective services system of the State to pursue any legal remedies, including the authority to initiate legal proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction, to provide medical care or treatment for a child when such care or treatment is necessary to prevent or remedy serious harm to the child, or to prevent the withholding of medically indicated treatment from children with life threatening conditions. Except with respect to the withholding of medically indicated treatments from disabled infants with life threatening conditions, case by case determinations concerning the exercise of the authority of this subsection shall be within the sole discretion of the State.

Thirty-one states have child-abuse religious exemptions. These are Alabama, Alaska, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming.[132]In six of these states, Arkansas, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Ohio and Virginia, the exemptions extend to murder and manslaughter. Of these, Idaho is the only state accused of having a large number of deaths due to the legislation in recent times.[133][134]In February 2015, controversy was sparked in Idaho over a bill believed to further reinforce parental rights to deny their children medical care.[135]

Reckless homicide convictions

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Parents have been convicted of child abuse and felony reckless negligent homicide and found responsible for killing their children when they withheld lifesaving medical care and chose only prayers.[136]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ab"Despite the lack of generally accepted demarcation criteria, we find remarkable agreement among virtually all philosophers and scientists that fields like astrology, creationism, homeopathy, dowsing, psychokinesis, faith healing, clairvoyance, or ufology are either pseudosciences or at least lack the epistemic warrant to be taken seriously." Martin Mahner, 2013.[3]: 30–31 
  2. ^According to aCatholic Encyclopediaarticle aboutpsychotherapyfrom 1911, the application of scientific principles has probably been the responsible cause of more faith cures than anything else. Faith in ascientific discoveryacts through the mind of a patient to bring about an improvement of symptoms, if not a cure of the disease. The patients who are cured usually suffer fromchronic conditions,they either have only apersuasionthat they are ill or have some physical ailment, but the patients inhibit throughsolicitudeand worry the natural forces that would bring about a cure. This inhibition cannot be lifted until the mind is relieved by confidence in a remedy or scientific discovery that gives them a conviction of cure.[46]
  3. ^A pre-1911 analysis of the records of cures shows that the majority of accepted cures have been in patients suffering from demonstrable physical conditions.[46]
  4. ^"The" faith "in faith healing refers to an irrational belief, unsupported by evidence, that mysterious supernatural powers can eradicate disease. Science deals with evidence, not faith." Bruce Flamm, 2004.[93]
  5. ^"Benefits may result because of the natural progression of the illness, rarely but regularly occurring spontaneous remission or through the placebo effect."UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center[100]
  6. ^"Patients who seek the assistance of a faith healer must believe strongly in the healer's divine gifts and ability to focus them on the ill."UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center[100]
  7. ^"Faith healing can cause patients to shun effective medical care". Bruce Flamm[108]
  8. ^"It is often claimed that faith healing may not work but at least does no harm. In fact, reliance on faith healing can cause serious harm and even death." Bruce Flamm[93]
  9. ^"Faith-healers take from their subjects any hope of managing on their own. And they may very well take them away from legitimate treatments that could really help them."James Randi[109]
  10. ^"These [discarded medications] are substances without which those people might well die."James Randi[109]
  11. ^"[Some] faith-healers have been less than careful in their use of funds sent to them for specific purposes."James Randi[109]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Faith healing".thearda.University Park, PA: Association of Religion Data Archives.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-01-01.Retrieved2015-10-24.CitingSmith, Jonathan; Green, William Scott, eds. (1995).The HarperCollins Dictionary of Religion.San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins. p. 355.
  2. ^abcVillage, Andrew (2005). "Dimensions of belief about miraculous healing".Mental Health, Religion & Culture.8(2): 97–107.doi:10.1080/1367467042000240374.S2CID15727398.
  3. ^abcdMahner, Martin (2013). Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (eds.).Philosophy of pseudoscience reconsidering the demarcation problem(Online-Ausg. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 30.ISBN978-0226051826.Retrieved18 April2018.
  4. ^abcHassani, Sadri (2010).From Atoms to Galaxies: A Conceptual Physics Approach to Scientific Awareness.CRC Press. p. 641.ISBN978-1439882849.Retrieved18 April2018.There are also activities that, although not classified (or claimed) as science, have implications that trespass into the scientific territories. Examples of this category of activities are the claim that we have been visited by aliens riding unidentified flying objects, all psychic phenomena, and faith healing. We study the nature of all these activities under the general heading of pseudoscience.…
  5. ^abErzinclioglu, Zakaria (2000).Every Contact Leaves a Trace: Scientific Detection in the Twentieth Century.Carlton Books. p. 60.ISBN978-1842221617.For example, most scientists dismiss the notion of faith-healing, a phenomenon for which there is a certain amount of evidence.
  6. ^abSee also:

    Pitt, Joseph C.; Pera, Marcello (2012).Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning.Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN978-9400937796.Retrieved18 April2018.Such examples of pseudoscience as the theory of biorhythms, astrology, dianetics, creationism, faith healing may seem too obvious examples of pseudoscience for academic readers.

    Zerbe, Michael J. (2007).Composition and the Rhetoric of Science: Engaging the Dominant Discourse.SIU Press. p. 86.ISBN978-0809327409.[T]he authors of the 2002 National Science FoundationScience and Engineering Indicatorsdevoted and entire section of their report to the concern that the public is increasingly trusting in pseudoscience such as astrology, UFOs and alien abduction, extrasensory perception, channeling the dead, faith healing, and psychic hotlines.

    Robert Cogan (1998).Critical Thinking: Step by Step.University Press of America. p.217.ISBN978-0761810674.Faith healing is probably the most dangerous pseudoscience.

    Leonard, Bill J.;Crainshaw, Jill Y.(2013).Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States: A–L.ABC-CLIO.ISBN978-1598848670.Retrieved18 April2018.Certain approaches to faith healing are also widely considered to be pseudoscientific, including those of Christian Science, voodoo, and Spiritualism.
  7. ^abcdBarrett, Stephen(December 27, 2009)."Some Thoughts about Faith Healing".Quackwatch.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-02-09.Retrieved2014-01-23.
  8. ^abcdef"Faith Healing".American Cancer Society.2013-01-17. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-27.
  9. ^Kalb, Claudia (2003-11-09)."Faith & Healing".Newsweek.142(19): 44–50, 53–54, 56.PMID16124185.
  10. ^Walker, Barbara; McClenon, James (1995)."6".Out of the Ordinary: Folklore and the supernatural.Utah State University Press. pp. 107–121.ISBN978-0874211962.RetrievedMay 19,2015.Supernatural experiences provide a foundation for spiritual healing. The concept supernatural is culturally specific, since some societies regard all perceptions as natural; yet certain events-such as apparitions, out-of-body and near-death experiences, extrasensory perceptions, precognitive dreams, and contact with the dead-promote faith in extraordinary forces. Supernatural experiences can be defined as those sensations directly supporting occult beliefs. Supernatural experiences are important because they provide an impetus for ideologies supporting occult healing practices, the primary means of medical treatment throughout antiquity.
  11. ^Martin, M (1994)."Pseudoscience, the paranormal, and science education"(PDF).Science and Education.3(4): 357–371.Bibcode:1994Sc&Ed...3..357M.doi:10.1007/BF00488452.S2CID22730647.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2019-07-13.Retrieved2014-09-24.Cures allegedly brought about by religious faith are, in turn, considered to be paranormal phenomena but the related religious practices and beliefs are not pseudoscientific since they usually have no scientific pretensions.
  12. ^Lesser, R; Paisner, M (March–April 1985). "Magical thinking in Formal Operational adults".Human Development.28(2): 57–70.doi:10.1159/000272942.
  13. ^abAsser, Seth M.; Swan, Rita (April 1998)."Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect"(PDF).Pediatrics.101(4): 625–629.doi:10.1542/peds.101.4.625.PMID9521945.S2CID169037.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2012-04-17.Retrieved2007-11-19.
  14. ^abSimpson, William F. (1989). "Comparative longevity in a college cohort of Christian Scientists".JAMA.262(12): 1657–1658.doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430120111031.PMID2769921.
  15. ^Cherry, Reginald B. (1999) [1998].The Bible Cure(reprint ed.). HarperOne.ISBN978-0062516152.[page needed]Citing:John 9:1–7andMark 10:46–52.
  16. ^Bosworth 2001,p. 32.
  17. ^Graves, Wilfred Jr.(2011).In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person.Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image. p. 52.ISBN978-0768437942.
  18. ^abcKeefauver, Larry (June 17, 2009)."The myths of faith healing".Charisma.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-05-11.
  19. ^Ehrman, B. D. (2016).The New Testament: a historical introduction to the early Christian writings(6th ed.) New York: Oxford University Press. 251–253.[ISBN missing]
  20. ^Mark 5:26–27
  21. ^Mark 5:34
  22. ^Booth, Craig W. (December 16, 2003)."Faith Healing – God's Compassion, God's Power, and God's Sovereignty: Is a Christian permitted to seek medical assistance and to use medicine?".thefaithfulword.org.Retrieved2007-05-01.
  23. ^John 6:2
  24. ^John 4:48
  25. ^Matthew 12:38–42
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  27. ^Bosworth 2001,p. 61.
  28. ^Bosworth 2001,[page needed].
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  33. ^Matthew 12:38–39
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  40. ^Luke 3:1–10
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  50. ^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Bertrin, Georges (1910)."Notre-Dame de Lourdes".In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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  85. ^abYoung, Brigham 1997,Ch, 34.pp. 251–259Citing:Young, Brigham 1941,p. 163
  86. ^Young, Brigham 1997,Ch, 34.pp. 251–259Citing:Young, Brigham 1941,p. 162
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Bibliography

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