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Fox Television Stations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withFox Television Studios.

Fox Television Stations, LLC
Fox Television Stations Group, LLC
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryBroadcast television
Predecessors
FoundedApril 1986;38 years ago(1986-04)
Founders
Headquarters
New York City
,
United States
Area served
  • United States
  • Canada
Key people
Jack Abernethy (CEO)
ParentFox Corporation
Divisions
WebsiteFox Corporation

Fox Television Stations, LLC(stylized asFOX TV STATIONS), also known asFTSandFox Television Stations Group, LLC,is a group oftelevision stationsin the United Statesowned-and-operatedby theFox Broadcasting Company,a subsidiary of theFox Corporation.

It also oversees theMyNetworkTVprogramming service and has a half-interest in theMovies!digital sub-channel network, which is shared withWeigel Broadcasting.

History

[edit]

Foundations

[edit]
The Fox Television Center inNew York Citywas opened byDuMontin 1954 as the DuMont Tele-Centre.

TheFox Broadcasting Company's foundations were laid in March 1985 throughNews Corporation's $255 million purchase of a 50% interest inTCF Holdings,the parent company of the 20th Century Fox film studio. In May 1985, News Corporation, a media company owned byAustralianpublishing magnateRupert Murdochthat had mainly served as anewspaperpublisher at the time of the TCF Holdings deal, agreed to pay $2.55 billion to acquireindependent television stationsin six major U.S. cities from theJohn Kluge-run broadcasting companyMetromedia:WNEW-TV (nowWNYW) inNew York City,WTTGinWashington, D.C.,KTTVinLos Angeles,KRIVinHouston,WFLDinChicago,and KRLD-TV (nowKDAF) inDallas.A seventh station, ABC affiliateWCVB-TVinBoston,was part of the original transaction but was spun off to theHearst Broadcastingsubsidiary of theHearst Corporationin a separate, concurrent deal as part of aright of first refusalrelated to that station's 1982 sale to Metromedia.[1][2][3]

Because Metromedia, originally known as Metropolitan Broadcasting at its founding, was spun off from the failedDuMont Television Network,radio personalityClarke Ingramhas suggested that the Fox network is a revival or at least a linear descendant of DuMont.[4]The former Metromedia stations WNEW-TV (originally known as WABD) and WTTG were two of the three original owned-and-operated stations of the DuMont network, and the former base of DuMont's operations, the DuMont Tele-Centre inManhattan,eventually became the present-day Fox Television Center.

On December 31, 1986, WXNE-TV in Boston (later renamedWFXTon January 19, 1987), became the seventh Fox-owned property,[5]and the first to be acquired separately from News Corporation's 1986 purchase of Metromedia's six television stations. However, as theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) prohibited thecommon ownership of a television station and a newspaper in the same market,News Corporation had to apply for and was granted a temporary waiver in order to retain WFXT and the newspaper it had also published, theBoston Herald.In 1989, Fox placed WFXT in a trust company; the following year, it sold the station to theBoston Celtics' ownership group. News Corporation then later sold theBoston Heraldin February 1994, eliminating the potential regulatory conflict with reacquiring WFXT.[6]On October 5, 1994, Fox announced it would exercise the purchase option;[7]it retook control of WFXT on July 7, 1995.[8]

In 1990, FTS boughtKSTUin Salt Lake City, making it the first network-owned station in Utah.

New World Communications deal

[edit]
See also:1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment
Sign for WAGA-TV in Atlanta
The New World Communications deal affectedWAGA-TVinAtlanta,which switched to Fox after a longtime affiliation withCBS.

FTS gained a bulk of stations through the 1997 purchase ofNew World Communications,succeeding a 1994 business deal between the two companies which led to all of New World's stations switching from other networks to Fox during 1994–95.[9]A significant factor that resulted in Fox's affiliation with, and later purchase of, New World Communications was Fox acquiring TV rights to theNational Football League(NFL), primarily covering games involving teams in theNational Football Conference(NFC).[9]Because NFL games generate high ratings, owning these stations outright allows FTS to also collect the local advertising revenue, as well as use them as leverage during retransmission consent negotiations with cable and satellite providers.[10]

The original 1994 affiliation deal with New World also triggered a chain of affiliation changes across the country and other multi-station affiliation deals for the next couple of years.Renaissance Broadcastinghad previously soldWATLto FTS in 1993 to become a Fox owned-and-operated station, the first network-owned station in Atlanta. FTS was in the planning stages for a news department at the station, and WATL had even gone as far as hiring a news director. However, when the New World affiliation deal was signed, it was agreed that New World's andAtlanta's longtimeCBSaffiliateWAGA-TVswitch to the Fox network. As a result, Fox cancelled the plans for a newscast on WATL and put the station up for sale.

Renaissance Broadcasting had also soldKDVRinDenver,along with its satellite stationKFCTinFort Collins, Colorado,to FTS on November 15, 1994, in exchange for acquiring KDAF inDallas.One of original core stations that FTS acquired from Metromedia, it was set to lose Fox programming to that market's longtime CBS affiliate, New World'sKDFW.[11]

New World was also expanded its own broadcasting holdings in 1994 by buying other stations groups, but its combined purchases ran afoul with the FCC's media ownership rules at the time prohibiting a single company from owning more than twelve television stations nationwide. New World thus established atrust companyin preparation for its sale ofWGHPinHigh Point, North CarolinaandWBRCinBirmingham, Alabama,which it would place the stations into in September and October 1994 respectively.[12][13]Under the arrangement, New World owned the licenses of WBRC and WGHP, while its previous ownerCiticasterscontinued to control their operations underoutsourcing agreements.

In April 1995, Citicasters transferred the operations of WBRC and WGHP to the FTS, which assumed operational control through time brokerage agreements with New World. Both stations were sold directly to Fox three months later on July 22, 1995.[14][15][16]

FTS also acquiredWHBQ-TVinMemphisin an unrelated deal on August 18, 1994.[17]

Among the other affiliation changes, most notable wasWestinghouse Broadcasting's affiliation deal with CBS in 1995. This set off a complex trade of Philadelphia stations between CBS/WestinghouseandNBC;FTS instead independently bought its ownPhiladelphiastation,WTXF-TV.

When New World's sale to Fox closed in 1997, ten stations became Fox owned-and-operated stations:KSAZ-TVinPhoenix;WTVTinTampa, Florida;WAGA-TVin Atlanta;WJBKinDetroit;KTBCinAustin, Texas;KDFWinDallas;WDAF-TVinKansas City, Missouri;KTVIinSt. Louis;WJWinCleveland;andWITIinMilwaukee.

Chris-Craft deal

[edit]
The studios forKRIVandKTXHinHouston,one of the duopolies FTS created after the Chris-Craft acquisition and its subsequent trades

FTS gained stations through the 2000 acquisition of theChris-Craft/Unitedgroup, which gave Fox ownership of several stations then affiliated with theUPNnetwork (which had been a partnership between Chris-Craft andViacom(Paramount's subsidiary) until March 2000 when the latter company bought the former's stake), and also created severalduopolies(two stations in the same market owned by the same company).[18]When the deal was finalized in 2001, this immediately created duopolies (two stations in the same market owned by the same company) between Fox and former Chris-Craft stations in markets such as Phoenix (KSAZ andKUTP), Los Angeles (KTTV andKCOP-TV) and New York City (WNYW andWWOR-TV).

Although former Chris-Craft stationKTVXwould have also created a duopoly with Fox station KSTU in Salt Lake City, FCC regulations at the time prohibited one company from owning two of the four highest-rated stations in a single market. FTS thus traded both KTVX and the former Chris-Craft station KMOL (nowWOAI-TV) in San Antonio toClear Channel Communicationsin 2001 in exchange forWFTCin Minneapolis, creating a duopoly for FTS with former Chris-Craft stationKMSP-TV.Because KMSP had the stronger signal due to being aVHFstation, while WFTC was aUHFstation, FTS decided to switch the affiliations in 2002, with Fox programming going to KMSP and WFTC taking over the UPN affiliation.[19]

FTS then boughtKDFIin Dallas in 2000 andWPWR-TVin Chicago in 2002 to create duopolies with Fox-owned stations, KDFW and WFLD, respectively. FTS also made two other trades in 2002 to create more duopolies. Former Chris-Craft stationKPTVin Portland, Oregon was traded to theMeredith Corporationin exchange forWOFLin Orlando, Florida, creating a duopoly with former Chris-Craft stationWRBW.FTS then traded former Chris-Craft station KBHK (nowKPYX) in San Francisco to Viacom for UPN stationsKTXHin Houston andWDCAin Washington, D.C., creating duopolies with original Fox-owned stations KRIV and WTTG, receptively.WUTBin Baltimore was the only acquired Chris-Craft station during this time that FTS did not trade away or create a duopoly with.

Formation of MyNetworkTV

[edit]
See also:2006 United States broadcast TV realignment
The studios forKDFWandKDFIinDallas

The Fox-owned UPN affiliates were not included in theUPN/WB merger (The CW),which was announced on January 23, 2006. Soon after, these stations removed references to UPN from their on-air branding and websites. On February 22, 2006, FTS announced that all nine of their non-Fox outlets will be charter affiliates of a new service known asMyNetworkTV,which commenced operations on September 5, 2006, with telenovela programming that was original to be syndicated.[20]On May 23, 2016, it was announced that one of the Fox-owned former UPN affiliates that were left out of the initial negotiations for CW affiliation a decade earlier, MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated stationWPWRinChicago,would be taking over the market's affiliation with the network from rivalWGN-TVin September of that year. MyNetworkTV remained on WPWR as a secondary affiliation until 2019, when the CW affiliation transferred toWCIU-TV.

On December 21, 2007, FTS announced that it would sell eight smaller-market stations toLocal TV, LLC,a division ofOak Hill Capital Partners.[21]Six of the stations that were sold were ex-New World stations, including the two stations that were first acquired by FTS directly in 1995 (WGHPin High Point, North Carolina andWBRCin Birmingham, Alabama) and four via the 1997 merger (WDAF-TVinKansas City, Missouri;KTVIin St. Louis;WJWin Cleveland; andWITIin Milwaukee. The other three wereKSTUin Salt Lake City, andKDVRin Denver and with its satellite station KFCT in Fort Collins, Colorado. The transaction was completed in 2008.

In January 2009,NBC Owned Television Stationsand FTS set up the firstLocal News Servicewith their Philadelphia stations after testing since the summer 2008. Fox and NBC then added other markets where they both own stations.[22]

On May 15, 2012, as part of a five-year affiliation agreement extension between Fox andSinclair Broadcast Group's 19 Fox affiliates (including company flagship WBFF) that will run through 2017, Fox included an option for Sinclair to purchase WUTB, exercisable from July 1, 2012, to March 31, 2013. On November 29, 2012, Sinclair exercised its option to purchase WUTB throughDeerfield Media.[23][24]On May 6, 2013, the FCC granted its approval of WUTB to Deerfield Media, which was formally consummated on June 1.[25]

Expansion into more NFL markets

[edit]
Sign for KTVU in the San Francisco Bay Area
Longtime Fox affiliate KTVU in theSan Francisco Bay Areawas one of the several stations in NFL markets that FTS acquired during the 2010s.

On January 28, 2013, FTS announced that 17 of their stations would be affiliating with new subchannel network,Movies!,which is a joint venture between FTS andWeigel Broadcasting,on their subchannels.[26]That same day, the company announced it would be acquiring theCharlotteduopolyofCWaffiliateWJZYandMyNetworkTVaffiliateWMYT-TVfromCapitol Broadcasting Company.[27]The deal was approved by the FCC on March 11[28]and completed on April 17.[29][30]As part of the deal, WJZY became a Fox owned-and-operated station on July 1.[citation needed]The station community believed that the Charlotte station's purchase by FTS is proof that Fox is interested in owning a TV station in NFL markets (specifically those with NFC teams,as Charlotte is) to up the station groups' "bargaining power in retransmission consent negotiations with cable, satellite and telco operators."[10]

As part of the restructuring that stemmed from theNews Corporation/21st Century Fox split, it was announced on July 8, 2013, that20th Television,which was until that time under FTS, will operate under the management of20th Century Fox Television.[31]

On June 24, 2014, FTS announced it would acquire its existingSan Francisco Bay AreaaffiliateKTVU,along with its duopoly sisterindependent stationKICU-TV,fromCox Media Groupin exchange forWFXTin Boston andWHBQ-TVin Memphis.[32][33][34]The station sale/trade was completed on October 8, 2014.[35]Fox's motivation for acquiring KTVU was that it was another NFL market withan NFC team.[32]

In addition to FTS's aforementioned purchases of Charlotte's WJZY in 2013 and the San Francisco Bay Area's KTVU in 2014,Varietyreported that Fox is also interested in acquiring stations in the following other NFL markets:SeattleandSt. Louis(the latter'sKTVIhad previously been owned by Fox, but was included in the 2007 sale to Local TV;[10]with theSt. Louis Ramsrelocating toLos Angelesstarting with the 2016 NFL season, there is no word as to whether or not FTS' pursuit of a station in the St. Louis market has diminished). While discussions with Seattle's Fox affiliateKCPQand its ownerTribune Broadcastingremained ongoing, Fox struck a deal on September 19, 2014, to buyKBCB,a station in nearbyBellingham,for $10 million;[36]the purchase, submitted for FCC approval on October 3,[37][38]was described as a "strategic option" for Fox by an insider.[39]Tribune then agreed on October 17 to extend its affiliation agreement for KCPQ through July 2018, and pay increasedreverse compensationfees to Fox for the broadcasting of the network's programming beginning in January 2015.[40]Fox's application to acquire KBCB was dismissed by the FCC on November 20, 2014.[41]

On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Fox Television Stations would be a charter launch partner forBuzzr,a new digital multicast network fromDebmar-MercuryandFremantleMedia North Americadevoted to classicgame shows,which launched that June.[42]Later in the year, FTS also agreed to carryWeigel Broadcasting'sHeroes & Iconsnetwork on subchannels of 11 major market stations.[43]

On April 30, 2017, it was reported that 21st Century Fox was in talks to purchaseTribune Mediain a joint venture with theBlackstone Group.[44][45]On May 7, 2017, it was reported thatSinclair Broadcast Groupwas nearing a deal to purchase Tribune Media,[46][47]and that 21st Century Fox had dropped its bid for the company.[48][49]The deal was officially announced the next day.[50](However, on August 9, 2018, Tribune canceled the Sinclair deal.)[51]On August 2, 2017, it was reported that 21st Century Fox was in talks to form a similar joint venture withIon Mediain an effort to counter Sinclair and displace Fox affiliations from their stations; analysts felt that the proposed partnership was meant as a bargaining ploy against Sinclair, as it would have to make significant investments into the acquired stations to make them profitable and capable of producing local news programming (Ion stations have historically had few employees or local infrastructure), and that Fox risked losing viewers through these transitions.[52][53][54]

In January 2018, theFinancial Timesreported that FTS was finalizing a deal to acquire as many as 10 Fox affiliates from Sinclair, as part of an effort to reach FCC approval of its proposed acquisition of Tribune Media. The deal would likely include Seattle's KCPQ (as Sinclair already owns ABC affiliateKOMO-TVthere),KOKH-TVin Oklahoma City (Tribune already ownsKFOR-TV),KSTU-TVin Salt Lake City (Sinclair already ownsKUTV),KTVIin St. Louis (Sinclair ownsKDNL) and Tribune's Fox/CW duopoly ofKDVRandKWGNin Denver. This deal would bring several former O&Os previously divested to Local TV, LLC (which was acquired by Tribune) back under Fox ownership.[55][56]

On May 9, 2018, Fox announced it would purchase KCPQ, KDVR, KSTU,KTXLin Sacramento,KSWB-TVin San Diego,WJWin Cleveland andWSFL-TV,the CW affiliate for Miami-Fort Lauderdale. The move would give Fox stations in the home markets for theSeattle Seahawks,Denver Broncos,Cleveland BrownsandMiami Dolphinsas the network takes over theThursday Night Footballpackage fromCBSandNBC.[57][58]After Tribune terminated its merger agreement with Sinclair on August 9, 2018, however, the sale of the seven aforementioned stations to FTS was likewise nullified.

Fox Corporation subsidiary

[edit]

On December 14, 2017, after rumors of such a sale,The Walt Disney Companyannounced that it would purchase FTS's parent company, 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion, plus the assumption of $13.7 billion in debt by Fox, subject to government approval. FTS, along with several other assets was spun off intoFox Corporation,a company owned by the Murdoch family.[59]The deal was completed on March 20, 2019.[60]

With the loss ofTwentieth Televisionin the deal, Fox Stations set up its own syndication arm, Fox First Run,[61]despite some of their syndicated shows being distributed in conjunction withWarner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution.[62]

On November 5, 2019,Nexstar Media Groupannounced an agreement to sellWITIin Milwaukee (effectively a re-purchase) andKCPQandKZJOin Seattle to Fox Television Stations, and would purchase from FoxWJZYandWMYT-TVin Charlotte. This gives Fox additional two bigger NFL team market stations in theGreen Bay PackersandSeattle Seahawkswhile losing theCarolina Panthersmarket.[63]

Streaming

[edit]

On January 13, 2020, FTS launchedFox Soul,afree ad-supported streaming television(FAST) channel targeting the African American community.[64]

Also in 2020, FTS launchedLiveNOW from Fox,a streaming news channel jointly operated by KSAZ, KTTV, and WOFL. The channel carries live coverage of breaking news events throughout the day as directed by a small crew ofdigital journalists,leveraging resources and raw footage from Fox's local news departments. The service originated from aFox 10 News Nowwebcast that had been run by KSAZ; amid theCOVID-19 pandemic,the channel soft launched a national expansion by becoming "CoronavirusNow" (with contributions from the national Fox News andFox Businessnetworks), before adopting its current name later that year.[65][66]

Units

[edit]

Stations

[edit]

Stations are arranged Alpha betically by state andcity of license.

This list is complete and up to date as ofAugust 2022.

Current

[edit]
City of license/Market Station Channel Owned since Network affiliation
Phoenix, AZ KSAZ-TV 10 1997[a] Fox
KUTP 45 2001[b] MyNetworkTV
Los Angeles, CA KTTV 11 1986[c] Fox
KCOP 13 2001[b] MyNetworkTV
Oakland–San Jose–San Francisco, CA KTVU 2 2014[d] Fox
KICU-TV 36 2014[d] Independent
Washington, D.C. WTTG 5 1986[c] Fox
WDCA 20 2002 MyNetworkTV
Ocala–Gainesville, FL WOGX[e] 51 2002[f] Fox
Orlando–Daytona Beach, FL WOFL 35 2002[f] Fox
WRBW 65 2001[b] MyNetworkTV
Tampa–St. Petersburg, FL WTVT 13 1997[a] Fox
Atlanta, GA WAGA-TV 5 1997[a] Fox
Chicago, IL WFLD 32 1986[c] Fox
WPWR-TV 50 2002 MyNetworkTV
Detroit, MI WJBK 2 1997[a] Fox
Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN KMSP-TV 9 2001[b] Fox
WFTC 9.2 2002 MyNetworkTV
KFTC[g] 26 2002 Fox (DT1)
MyNetworkTV (DT2)
New York, NY WNYW 5 1986[c] Fox
WWOR-TV 9 2001[b] MyNetworkTV
Philadelphia, PA WTXF-TV 29 1995 Fox
Austin, TX KTBC 7 1997[a] Fox
Dallas–Fort Worth, TX KDFW 4 1997[a] Fox
KDFI 27 2000 MyNetworkTV
Houston, TX KRIV 26 1986[c] Fox
KTXH 20 2002 MyNetworkTV
Tacoma–Seattle, WA KCPQ 13 2020[h] Fox
KZJO 22 2020[h] MyNetworkTV
Milwaukee, WI WITI 6 2020[a][h][i] Fox

Former

[edit]
City of license / Market Station Channel Years owned Current status
Birmingham, AL WBRC-TV 6 1995–2008 Foxaffiliate owned byGray Television
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA KBHK-TV 44 2001–2002[b] Independent stationKPYX,owned byCBS News and Stations
Denver, CO KDVR 31 1995–2008 Fox affiliate owned byNexstar Media Group
Fort Collins, CO KFCT[j] 22 1995–2008 Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
Atlanta, GA WATL 36 1993–1995 MyNetworkTVaffiliate owned byTegna Inc.
Baltimore, MD WUTB 24 2001–2013[b] TBDaffiliate owned byDeerfield Media[k]
Boston, MA WCVB-TV 5 1986[c][l] ABCaffiliate owned byHearst Television
WFXT 25
  • 1987–1990
  • 1995–2014
 Fox affiliate owned byCox Media Group
Kansas City, MO WDAF-TV 4 1997–2008[a] Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
St. Louis, MO KTVI 2 1997–2008[a] Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
Charlotte, NC WJZY 46 2013–2020 Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
WMYT-TV 55 2013–2020 MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
High Point–Greensboro–Winston-Salem, NC WGHP 8 1995–2008 Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
Cleveland, OH WJW-TV 8 1997–2008[a] Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
Portland, OR KPTV 12 2001–2002[b] Fox affiliate owned by Gray Television
Memphis, TN WHBQ-TV 13 1995–2014 Fox affiliate owned byImagicomm Communications
Austin, TX K13VC 13 1997–2003[a] Defunct
Dallas–Fort Worth, TX KDAF 33 1986–1995[c] The CWowned-and-operated (O&O) station owned by Nexstar Media Group
San Antonio, TX KMOL-TV 4 2001[b] NBCaffiliateWOAI-TV,owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group
Salt Lake City, UT KSTU 13 1990–2008 Fox affiliate owned by theE. W. Scripps Company
KTVX 4 2001[b] ABC affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group
  1. ^abcdefghijkAcquired fromNew World Communications.
  2. ^abcdefghijAcquired fromChris-Craft Industries/BHC Communications.
  3. ^abcdefgOriginal Fox-owned station from the network's inception in 1986.
  4. ^abAcquired fromCox Media Group.
  5. ^Semi-satellite of WOFL.
  6. ^abAcquired fromMeredith Corporation.
  7. ^Satellite of WFTC.
  8. ^abcAcquired as divestitures fromNexstar Media Group's acquisition ofTribune Broadcasting.
  9. ^Previously owned from 1997–2008.
  10. ^Satellite of KDVR.
  11. ^Operated under an LMA bySinclair Broadcast Group.
  12. ^WCVB-TV was included in the original sale of the Metromedia stations to News Corporation, but was spun off in a separate, concurrent deal to theHearst Corporationas part of aright of first refusalrelated to that station's 1982 acquisition by Metromedia.
This list does not includeKHON-TVin Honolulu,WLUK-TVin Green Bay,WVUEin New Orleans, andWALA-TVin Mobile, Alabama, which are owned bySF Broadcasting,a joint venture betweenSavoy Picturesand Fox television network, they acquired from Burnham Broadcasting prior to the foundation of SF Broadcasting by former Fox executive Barry Diller, which also ownsSilver King BroadcastingandHSNowned-and-operated stations during the entire period.

References

[edit]
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    "Another spin for TV's revolving door"(PDF).Broadcasting:40. May 6, 1985 – via American Radio History.[permanent dead link]
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    "Life among the high rollers"(PDF).Broadcasting:38. May 13, 1985 – via American Radio History.[permanent dead link]
    "Life among the high rollers"(PDF).Broadcasting:39. May 13, 1985 – via American Radio History.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^"Hearst's rise in the ownership ranks"(PDF).Broadcasting:38. May 13, 1985 – via American Radio History.[permanent dead link]
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  5. ^"In Brief"(PDF).Broadcasting.January 5, 1987.RetrievedJune 22,2018.
  6. ^"Murdoch sells Boston Herald to publisher Purcell".United Press International.February 4, 1994.RetrievedAugust 20,2018.
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  8. ^Collins, Monica (July 7, 1995)."Murdoch's Fox Television retakes reins at Channel 25".Boston Herald.p. 37.RetrievedAugust 20,2018.(preview of subscription content)
  9. ^abCarter, Bill (May 24, 1994)."FOX WILL SIGN UP 12 NEW STATIONS; TAKES 8 FROM CBS".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 22,2012.
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  19. ^Kamenick, Amy (May 23, 2002)."Channels 9 and 29 swap affiliations".Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.RetrievedJuly 22,2016.
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  24. ^"Sinclair Broadcast to buy 7 TV outlets for $452.5M".MarketWatch.RetrievedJuly 19,2012.
  25. ^"CDBS Print".
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  28. ^http://licensing.fcc.gov/prod/cdbs/pubacc/Auth_Files/1537401.pdf[dead link]
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