General election
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A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of an elected body, typically alegislature.[inconsistent]They are distinct fromby-elections,which fill a seat that has become vacant between general elections. In most systems, a general election is aregularly scheduledelection, typically including members of a legislature, and sometimes other officers such as adirectly elected president.[citation needed]General elections may also take place at the same time aslocal,state/autonomous region,European Parliament,and other elections, where applicable.[1]For example, on 25 May 2014,Belgian voterselectedtheir national parliament,21 members of the European Parliament,andregional parliaments.
Inthe United States,"general election" has a slightly different, but related meaning: the ordinary electoral competition following the selection of candidates in theprimary election.[citation needed]
United Kingdom
[edit]The termgeneral electionin the United Kingdom often refers to the elections held on the same day in all constituencies of theirmembers of Parliament(MPs) to theHouse of Commons.[citation needed]
Historically, English and later British general elections took place over a period of several weeks, with individual constituencies holding polling on different days. TheParliament Act 1911introduced the requirement that elections in all parliamentary constituencies be held on the same day. There has been a convention since the 1930s that general elections in Britain should take place on a Thursday; the last general election to take place on any other weekday was that of1931.[citation needed]
Under the terms of theFixed-term Parliaments Act 2011,in force until March 2022, the period between one general election and the next was fixed at five years, unless the House of Commons passed one of the following:
- A motion of no confidence in the Government sooner than that, and did not pass a motion of confidence in a new Government within fourteen days[2]
- A motion, approved by two-thirds of its members, resolving that a general election should take place sooner[2]
- Aproposalfrom the prime minister to reschedule an election mandated by the Act to no later than two months after the original date[2]
Although not provided for in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, an early election could also be brought about by an act of parliament specifically calling for a general election, which (unlike the second option above) only required a simple majority.[citation needed]This was the mechanism used to precipitate theDecember 2019 election,when theEarly Parliamentary General Election Act 2019was enacted.[3]
The Fixed-term Parliaments Act was repealed by theDissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.[4]
The termgeneral electionis also used in the United Kingdom to refer to elections to any democratically elected body in which all members are up for election.[citation needed]Section 2 of theScotland Act 1998,for example, specifically refers to ordinary elections to the Scottish Parliament as general elections.[5][need quotation to verify]
United States
[edit]In U.S. politics, general elections are elections held at any level (e.g. city, county, congressional district, state) that typically involve competition between at least two parties. General elections occur every two to six years (depending on the positions being filled, with most positions good for four years) and include the presidential election.[citation needed]"General election" does not refer tospecial elections,which fill out positions prematurely vacated by the previous office holder.[6]
Major general elections are as follows:[7][8]
- The President and Vice President are elected once every four years (2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, etc.)
- Representatives in the House of Representatives serve two-year terms, and so there are elections for representatives every two years (midterm elections, and during the same year as the Presidency: 2020, 2022, 2024, 2026, etc.)[failed verification]
- Senators serve six-year terms, but their terms are staggered. Throughout the US, a third of the senate will be up for election every midterm and during the Presidential election year.[failed verification]
The termgeneral electionis distinguished from primaries or caucuses, which are intra-party elections meant to select a party's official candidate for a particular race. Thus, if a primary is meant to elect a party's candidate for the position-in-question, a general election is meant to elect who occupies the position itself.[citation needed]Presidentialprimarieshappen several months before the general election, thoughnot all states hold primaries.[9]
In theLouisianathe expressiongeneral electionmeans therunoff electionwhich occurs between the two highest candidates as determined by thejungle primary.[10][failed verification]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"What Is a General Election?".BBC Newsround.April 7, 2015.Retrieved2023-03-29.
- ^abc"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 as enacted".legislation.gov.uk.
- ^Pichetal, Rob (29 October 2019)."Britain set for December 12 election after MPs approve snap poll".Cable News Network.Retrieved31 July2022.
- ^Merrick, Rob (11 May 2021)."Boris Johnson Grabs Back Power to Call Snap General Election By Scrapping Fixed Five-Year Terms".The Independent.Retrieved31 July2022.
- ^"Scotland Act 1998".
- ^"general election".LII / Legal Information Institute.Retrieved2023-12-31.
- ^"Congressional elections and midterm elections | USAGov".usa.gov.Retrieved2023-12-31.
- ^"Presidential general election | USAGov".usa.gov.Retrieved2023-12-31.
- ^"Presidential primaries and caucuses | USAGov".usa.gov.Retrieved2023-12-31.
- ^Chapter 5 of theLouisiana Election Code,incorporating Section 18:401 of theLouisiana Revised Statutes.