J. D. Salinger
J. D. Salinger | |
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![]() Salinger in 1950 | |
Born | Jerome David Salinger January 1, 1919 New York City,U.S. |
Died | January 27, 2010 Cornish, New Hampshire,U.S. | (aged 91)
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Education | |
Notable works | |
Spouse |
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Children | 2, includingMatt |
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Jerome David Salinger(/ˈsælɪndʒər/SAL-in-jər;January 1, 1919 – January 27, 2010) was an American author best known for his 1951 novelThe Catcher in the Rye.Salinger published several short stories inStorymagazine in 1940, before serving inWorld War II.[1]In 1948, his critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"appeared inThe New Yorker,which published much of his later work.[2][3]
The Catcher in the Rye(1951) was an immediate popular success; Salinger's depiction of adolescentalienationandloss of innocencewas influential, especially amongadolescent readers.[4]The novel was widely read and controversial,[a]and its success led to public attention and scrutiny. Salinger becamereclusive,publishing less frequently. He followedCatcherwith a short story collection,Nine Stories(1953);Franny and Zooey(1961), a volume containing a novella and a short story; and a volume containing two novellas,Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction(1963). Salinger's last published work, the novellaHapworth 16, 1924,appeared inThe New Yorkeron June 19, 1965.
Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographerIan Hamiltonand the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him:Joyce Maynard,an ex-lover; and his daughter, Margaret Salinger.
Early life
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Jerome David Salinger was born inManhattan,New York, on January 1, 1919.[5]His father, Sol Salinger, traded inKoshercheese, and was from a family ofLithuanian-Jewishdescent.[6]Sol's father was the rabbi forAdath Jeshurun CongregationinLouisville, Kentucky.[7]
Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born inAtlantic, Iowa,of German, Irish, and Scottish descent,[8][9][10]"but changed her first name to Miriam to appease her in-laws"[11]and considered herself Jewish after marrying Salinger's father.[12]Salinger did not learn that his mother was not of Jewish ancestry until just after he celebrated hisBar Mitzvah.[13]He had one sibling, an older sister, Doris (1912–2001).[14]
In his youth, Salinger attended public schools on theWest Side of Manhattan.In 1932, the family moved toPark Avenue,and Salinger enrolled at theMcBurney School,a nearby private school.[10]Salinger had trouble fitting in there and took measures to conform, such as calling himself Jerry.[15]His family called him Sonny.[16]At McBurney, he managed the fencing team, wrote for the school newspaper and appeared in plays.[10]He "showed an innate talent for drama," though his father opposed the idea of his becoming an actor.[17]His parents then enrolled him atValley Forge Military AcademyinWayne, Pennsylvania.[10]Salinger began writing stories "under the covers [at night], with the aid of a flashlight".[18]He was the literary editor of the class yearbook,Crossed Sabres,and participated in the glee club, aviation club, French club, and theNon-Commissioned OfficersClub.[15]
Salinger's Valley Forge201 filesays he was a "mediocre" student, and his recordedIQbetween 111 and 115 was slightly above average.[19][20]He graduated in 1936. Salinger started his freshman year atNew York Universityin 1936. He considered studyingspecial education[21]but dropped out the following spring. That fall, his father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business, and he went to work at a company inViennaandBydgoszcz,Poland.[22]Salinger was disgusted by the slaughterhouses and decided to pursue a different career. This disgust and his rejection of his father likely influenced his vegetarianism as an adult.[23]He left Austria one month before it wasannexed by Nazi Germanyon March 12, 1938.[citation needed]
In the fall of 1938, Salinger attendedUrsinus CollegeinCollegeville, Pennsylvania,and wrote a column called "skipped diploma," which included movie reviews.[24]He dropped out after one semester.[10][16]In 1939, Salinger attended theColumbia University School of General Studiesin Manhattan, where he took a writing class taught byWhit Burnett,longtime editor ofStorymagazine. According to Burnett, Salinger did not distinguish himself until a few weeks before the end of the second semester, at which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories.[25]Burnett told Salinger that his stories were skillful and accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," avignetteabout several aimless youths, for publication inStory.[25]Salinger's debut short story was published in the magazine's March–April 1940 issue. Burnett became Salinger's mentor, and they corresponded for several years.[15][26]
World War II
[edit]In 1942, Salinger started datingOona O'Neill,daughter of the playwrightEugene O'Neill.Despite finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to a friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love with little Oona" ), he called her often and wrote her long letters.[27]Their relationship ended when Oona began seeingCharlie Chaplin,whom she eventually married.[28]In late 1941, Salinger briefly worked on aCaribbeancruise ship,serving as an activity director and possibly a performer.[29]
The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories toThe New Yorker.The magazine rejected seven of his stories that year, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler." But in December 1941, it accepted "Slight Rebellion off Madison,"a Manhattan-set story about a disaffected teenager namedHolden Caulfieldwith "pre-war jitters".[30]When Japan carried out theattack on Pearl Harborthat month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was devastated. The story appeared inThe New Yorkerin 1946, after the war ended.[30]
In the spring of 1942, several months after the U.S. enteredWorld War II,Salinger was drafted into the army, where he saw combat with the12th Infantry Regiment,4th Infantry Division.[29]He was present atUtah BeachonD-Day,in theBattle of the Bulge,and theBattle of Hürtgen Forest.[31][15]
During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged to meet withErnest Hemingway,a writer who had influenced him and was then working as a war correspondent in Paris.[32]Salinger was impressed with Hemingway's friendliness and modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona.[33]Hemingway was impressed by Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."[4]The two began corresponding; Salinger wrote to Hemingway in July 1946 that their talks were among his few positive memories of the war,[33]and added that he was working on a play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.[33]
Salinger was assigned to acounter-intelligenceunit also known as theRitchie Boys,in which he used his proficiency in French and German to interrogateprisoners of war.[34]In April 1945 he enteredKaufering IVconcentration camp, a subcamp ofDachau.Salinger earned the rank of Staff Sergeant[35]and served in five campaigns.[36]His war experiences affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks forcombat stress reactionafter Germany was defeated,[37][38]and later told his daughter: "You never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live."[34]Both his biographers speculate that Salinger drew upon his wartime experiences in several stories,[39]such as "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor",which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Salinger continued to write while serving in the army, publishing several stories inslick magazinessuch asCollier'sandThe Saturday Evening Post.He also continued to submit stories toThe New Yorker,but with little success; it rejected all of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, including a group of 15 poems in 1945.[30]
Postwar years
[edit]After Germany's defeat, Salinger signed up for a six-month period of "Denazification"duty in Germany[40]for theCounterintelligence Corps.He lived inWeißenburgand, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her to the United States in April 1946, but the marriage fell apart after eight months and Sylvia returned to Germany.[41]In 1972, Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he received a letter from Sylvia. He looked at the envelope, and, without reading it, tore it apart. It was the first time he had heard from her since the breakup, but as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with a person, he was through with them."[42]
In 1946,Whit Burnettagreed to help Salinger publish a collection of his short stories throughStoryPress'sLippincott Imprint.[43]The collection,The Young Folks,was to consist of 20 stories—ten, like the title story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and ten previously unpublished.[43]Though Burnett implied the book would be published and even negotiated Salinger a $1,000 advance, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book.[43]Salinger blamed Burnett for the book's failure to see print, and the two became estranged.[44]
By the late 1940s, Salinger had become an avid follower ofZen Buddhism,to the point that he "gave reading lists on the subject to his dates"[4]and arranged a meeting with Buddhist scholarD. T. Suzuki.[citation needed]
In 1947, Salinger submitted a short story, "The Bananafish", toThe New Yorker.William Maxwell,the magazine's fiction editor, was impressed enough with "the singular quality of the story" that the magazine asked Salinger to continue revising it. He spent a year reworking it withNew Yorkereditors and the magazine published it, now titled "A Perfect Day for Bananafish",in the January 31, 1948, issue. The magazine thereon offered Salinger a" first-look "contract that allowed itright of first refusalon any future stories.[45]The critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" coupled with problems Salinger had with stories being altered by the "slicks" led him to publish almost exclusively inThe New Yorker.[46]"Bananafish" was also the first of Salinger's published stories to feature theGlasses,a fictional family consisting of two retiredvaudevilleperformers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Buddy, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, and Franny.[47]Salinger published seven stories about the Glasses, developing a detailed family history and focusing particularly on Seymour, the brilliant but troubled eldest child.[47]
In the early 1940s, Salinger confided in a letter to Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories to achieve financial security.[48]According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when "rumblings from Hollywood" over his 1943 short story "The Varioni Brothers"came to nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producerSamuel Goldwynoffered to buy the film rights to his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut."[48]Though Salinger sold the story with the hope—in the words of his agent Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a good movie",[49]critics lambasted the film upon its release in 1949.[50]RenamedMy Foolish Heartand starringDana AndrewsandSusan Hayward,the film departed to such an extent from Salinger's story that Goldwyn biographerA. Scott Bergcalled it a "bastardization."[50]As a result of this experience, Salinger never again permittedfilm adaptationsof his work.[51]WhenBrigitte Bardotwanted to buy the rights to "A Perfect Day for Bananafish",Salinger refused, but told his friendLillian Ross,longtime staff writer forThe New Yorker,"She's a cute, talented, lostenfante,and I'm tempted to accommodate her,pour le sport."[52]
The Catcher in the Rye
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In the 1940s, Salinger told several people that he was working on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist of his short story "Slight Rebellion off Madison",[53]andLittle, Brown and CompanypublishedThe Catcher in the Ryeon July 16, 1951.[54]The novel's plot is straightforward,[55]detailing 16-year-old Holden's experiences in New York City after his fourth expulsion and departure from an elitecollege preparatory school.[56]The book is more notable for the persona and testimonial voice of itsfirst-person narrator,Holden.[57]He serves as an insightful butunreliable narratorwho expounds on the importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" of adulthood, and his own duplicity.[57]In a 1953 interview with a high school newspaper, Salinger admitted that the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much the same as that of the boy in the book, and it was a great relief telling people about it."[58]
Initial reactions to the book were mixed, ranging fromThe New York TimeshailingCatcheras "an unusually brilliant first novel"[59]to denigrations of the book's monotonous language and Holden's "immorality and perversion"[60](he uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual sex and prostitution).[61]The novel was a popular success; within two months of its publication, it had been reprinted eight times. It spent 30 weeks on theNew York TimesBestseller list.[55]The book's initial success was followed by a brief lull in popularity, but by the late 1950s, according to Salinger's biographerIan Hamilton,it had "become the book all brooding adolescents had to buy, the indispensable manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed."[62]It has been compared withMark Twain'sThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[63]Newspapers began publishing articles about the "Catcher Cult",[62]and the novel was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter and whatCatholic Worldreviewer Riley Hughes called an "excessive use of amateur swearing and coarse language".[64]According to one angry parent's tabulation, 237 instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident offlatulenceconstituted what was wrong with Salinger's book.[64]
In the 1970s, several U.S. high school teachers who assigned the book were fired or forced to resign. A 1979 study of censorship noted thatThe Catcher in the Rye"had the dubious distinction of being at once the most frequently censored book across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public high schools" (afterJohn Steinbeck'sOf Mice and Men).[65][66]The book remains widely read; as of 2004, it was selling about 250,000 copies per year, "with total worldwide sales over 10 million copies".[67]
Mark David Chapman,who shot singer-songwriterJohn Lennonin December 1980, was obsessed with the book.[68][69]
In the wake of its 1950s success, Salinger received (and rejected) numerous offers to adaptThe Catcher in the Ryefor the screen, including one fromSamuel Goldwyn.[50]Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in the novel among filmmakers, withBilly Wilder,[70]Harvey Weinstein,andSteven Spielberg[71]among those seeking to secure the rights. In the 1970s Salinger said, "Jerry Lewistried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden. "[72]Salinger repeatedly refused, and in 1999 his ex-loverJoyce Maynardconcluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."[72]
Writing in the 1950s and move to Cornish
[edit]In a July 1951 profile inBook of the Month Club News,Salinger's friend andNew YorkereditorWilliam Maxwellasked Salinger about his literary influences. He replied, "A writer, when he's asked to discuss his craft, ought to get up and call out in a loud voice just the names of the writers he loves. I loveKafka,Flaubert,Tolstoy,Chekhov,Dostoevsky,Proust,O'Casey,Rilke,Lorca,Keats,Rimbaud,Burns,E. Brontë,Jane Austen,Henry James,Blake,Coleridge.I won't name any living writers. I don't think it's right "(although O'Casey was in fact alive at the time).[73]In letters from the 1940s, Salinger expressed his admiration of three living, or recently deceased, writers:Sherwood Anderson,Ring Lardner,andF. Scott Fitzgerald;[74]Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor".[75]Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"has an ending similar to that of Fitzgerald's story"May Day."[76]
Salinger wrote friends of a momentous change in his life in 1952, after several years of practicing Zen Buddhism, while readingThe Gospel of Sri RamakrishnaaboutHindureligious teacherSri Ramakrishna.[77]He became an adherent of Ramakrishna'sAdvaita VedantaHinduism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment from human responsibilities such as family.[78][79]Salinger's religious studies were reflected in some of his writing. The story "Teddy"features a ten-year-old child who expressesVedanticinsights.[80]He also studiedthe writingsof Ramakrishna's discipleVivekananda;in "Hapworth 16, 1924",Seymour Glass calls him" one of the most exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century. "[78]
In 1953, Salinger published a collection of seven stories fromThe New Yorker(including "Bananafish" ), as well as two the magazine had rejected. The collection was published asNine Storiesin the United States, and "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor"in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories.[81]The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success— "remarkably so for a volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.[82]Nine Storiesspent three months on theNew York TimesBestseller list.[82]Already tightening his grip on publicity, Salinger refused to allow publishers of the collection to depict his characters in dust jacket illustrations, lest readers form preconceived notions of them.[citation needed]
AsThe Catcher in the Rye's notability grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. In 1953, he moved from an apartment at300 East 57th Street,[83]New York, toCornish, New Hampshire.Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor High School. Salinger invited them to his house frequently to play records and talk about problems at school.[84]One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to be interviewed for the high school page ofThe Daily Eagle,the city paper. After the interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's editorial section, Salinger cut off all contact with the high schoolers without explanation.[84]He was also seen less frequently around town, meeting only one close friend—juristLearned Hand—with any regularity.[85]He also began to publish less often. AfterNine Stories,he published only four stories in the rest of the decade, two in 1955 and one each in 1957 and 1959.[citation needed]
Second marriage, family, and spiritual beliefs
[edit]In February 1955, at age 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas (b. 1933), aRadcliffestudent who was art criticRobert Langton Douglas's daughter. They had two children, Margaret Salinger (also known as Peggy – born December 10, 1955) andMatthew "Matt" Salinger(born February 13, 1960). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoirDream Catcherthat she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, had her father not read the teachings ofLahiri Mahasaya,a guru ofParamahansa Yogananda,which brought the possibility of enlightenment to those following the path of the "householder" (a married person with children).[86]After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path ofKriya yogain a small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1955.[87]They received a mantra and breathing exercise to practice for ten minutes twice a day.[87]
Salinger also insisted that Claire drop out of school and live with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did. Certain elements of the story "Franny," published in January 1955, are based on his relationship with Claire, including her ownership of the bookThe Way of the Pilgrim.[88]Because of their isolated location in Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other people for long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious beliefs. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Salinger chronically left Cornish to work on a story "for several weeks only to return with the piece he was supposed to be finishing all undone or destroyed and some new 'ism' we had to follow."[89]Claire believed "it was to cover the fact that Jerry had just destroyed or junked or couldn't face the quality of, or couldn't face publishing, what he had created."[89]
After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger triedDianetics(the forerunner ofScientology), even meeting its founderL. Ron Hubbard,but according to Claire was quickly disenchanted with it.[89][90]This was followed by an adherence to a number of spiritual, medical, and nutritional belief systems, includingChristian Science,Edgar Cayce,homeopathy,acupuncture,macrobiotics,[91]and, like a number of other writers in the 1960s,Sufism.[92]
Salinger's family life was further marked by discord after his first child was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire felt that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections.[93]The infant Margaret was sick much of the time, but Salinger, having embraced Christian Science, refused to take her to a doctor.[94]According to Margaret, her mother admitted to her years later that she went "over the edge" in the winter of 1957 and had made plans to murder her and then commit suicide. Claire had supposedly intended to do it during a trip to New York City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a sudden impulse to take Margaret from the hotel and run away. After a few months, Salinger persuaded her to return to Cornish.[94]
The Salingers divorced in 1967, with Claire getting custody of the children.[95]Salinger remained close to his family.[96]He built a new house for himself across the road and visited frequently;[96]he continued to live there until his death in 2010.
Last publications and Maynard relationship
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Salinger publishedFranny and Zooeyin 1961 andRaise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introductionin 1963. Each book contained two short stories or novellas published inThe New Yorkerbetween 1955 and 1959, and were the only stories Salinger had published sinceNine Stories.On the dust jacket ofFranny and Zooey,Salinger wrote, in reference to his interest in privacy: "It is my rather subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are the second most valuable property on loan to him during his working years."[97]
On September 15, 1961,Timemagazine devoted its cover to Salinger. In an article that profiled his "life of recluse", the magazine reported that the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion... Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy."[4]But Salinger published only one other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, 1924",a novella in the form of a long letter by seven-year-old Seymour Glass to his parents from summer camp. His first new work in six years, the novella took up most of the June 19, 1965, issue ofThe New Yorker,and was universally panned by critics. Around this time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words— "a virtual prisoner".[89]Claire separated from him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on October 3, 1967.[98]
In 1972, at age 53, Salinger had a relationship with 18-year-oldJoyce Maynardthat lasted for nine months. Maynard was already an experienced writer forSeventeenmagazine.The New York Timeshad asked her to write an article that, when published as "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, 1972,[99]made her a celebrity. Salinger wrote her a letter warning about living with fame. After exchanging 25 letters, Maynard moved in with Salinger the summer after her freshman year atYale University.[100]She did not return to Yale that fall, and spent ten months as a guest in Salinger's house. The relationship ended, he told Margaret at a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he felt he was too old.[101]In her autobiography, Maynard paints a different picture, saying Salinger abruptly ended the relationship, sent her away and refused to take her back. She had dropped out of Yale to be with him, even forgoing a scholarship. Maynard came to find out that Salinger had begun several relationships with young women by exchanging letters. One of them was his last wife, a nurse who was already engaged to be married to someone else when she met him.[102]In a 2021Vanity Fairarticle, Maynard wrote,
I was groomed to be the sexual partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life [...] [in] the years that followed, I heard from well over a dozen women who had a similar set of treasured letters from Salinger in their possession, written to them when they were teenagers. It appeared that in the case of one girl, Salinger was writing letters to her while I sat in the next room, believing he was my soul mate and partner for life.[103]
While living with Maynard, Salinger continued to write in a disciplined fashion, a few hours every morning. According to Maynard, by 1972 he had completed two new novels.[104][105]In a 1974 interview withThe New York Times,he said, "There is a marvelous peace in not publishing... I like to write. I love to write. But I write just for myself and my own pleasure."[106]According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption".[107]In her memoir, Margaret Salinger describes the detailed filing system her father had for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if I die before I finish my work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but edit first, and so on."[108]A neighbor said that Salinger told him that he had written 15 unpublished novels.[109]
Salinger's final interview was in June 1980 with Betty Eppes ofThe Baton Rouge Advocate,which has been represented somewhat differently, depending on the secondary source. By one account, Eppes was an attractive young woman who misrepresented herself as an aspiring novelist, and managed to record audio of the interview as well as take several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or consent.[110]In a separate account, emphasis is placed on her contact by letter writing from the local post office, and Salinger's personal initiative to cross the bridge to meet Eppes, who during the interview made clear she was a reporter and did, at the close, take pictures of Salinger as he departed. According to the first account, the interview ended "disastrously" when a passerby from Cornish attempted to shake Salinger's hand, at which point Salinger became enraged.[111]A further account of the interview published inThe Paris Review,purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by her and separately ascribed as a derived work ofRevieweditorGeorge Plimpton.[112][113][114][self-published source?][115]In an interview published in August 2021, Eppes said that she did record her conversation with Salinger without his knowledge but that she was plagued by guilt over it. She said that she had turned down several lucrative offers for the tape, the only known recording of Salinger's voice, and that she had changed her will to stipulate that it be placed along with her body in the crematorium.[116]
Salinger was romantically involved with television actressElaine Joycefor several years in the 1980s.[100]The relationship ended when he met Colleen O'Neill, a nurse and quiltmaker, whom he married around 1988.[117]O'Neill, 40 years his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to have a child.[118]They did not succeed.
Legal conflicts
[edit]Although Salinger tried to escape public exposure as much as possible, he struggled with unwanted attention from the media and the public.[119]Readers of his work and students from nearbyDartmouth Collegeoften came to Cornish in groups, hoping to catch a glimpse of him.[120]In May 1986 Salinger learned that the British writerIan Hamiltonintended to publish a biography that made extensive use of letters Salinger had written to other authors and friends. Salinger sued to stop the book's publication and inSalinger v. Random House,the court ruled that Hamilton's extensive use of the letters, including quotation and paraphrasing, was not acceptable since the author's right to control publication overrode the right of fair use.[121]Hamilton publishedIn Search of J.D. Salinger: A Writing Life (1935–65)about his experience in tracking down information and the copyright fights over the planned biography.[122]
An unintended consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's private life, including that he had spent the last 20 years writing, in his words, "Just a work of fiction... That's all" became public in the form of court transcripts.[51]Excerpts from his letters were also widely disseminated, most notably a bitter remark written in response toOona O'Neill's marriage toCharlie Chaplin:
I can see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and nude, atop hischiffonier,swinging histhyroidaround his head by his bamboo cane, like a dead rat. Oona in an aquamarine gown, applauding madly from the bathroom.[28][121]
In 1995,Iranian directorDariush Mehrjuireleased the filmPari,an unauthorized loose adaptation ofFranny and Zooey.The film could be distributed legally in Iran since it has no copyright relations with the United States, but Salinger had his lawyers block a planned 1998 screening of it atLincoln Center.[123][124]Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange".[124]
In 1996, Salinger gave a small publisher, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, 1924".[125]It was to be published that year and listings for it appeared atAmazonand other booksellers. After a flurry of articles and critical reviews of the story appeared in the press, the publication date was pushed back repeatedly before apparently being canceled altogether. Amazon anticipated that Orchises would publish the story in January 2009, but at the time of his death, it was still listed as "unavailable".[126][127][128]
In June 2009, Salinger consulted lawyers about the forthcoming U.S. publication of an unauthorized sequel toThe Catcher in the Rye,60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye,by Swedish book publisherFredrik Coltingunder the pseudonym J. D. California. The book appears to continue the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering the streets of New York after being expelled from private school; the California book features a 76-year-old man, "Mr. C", musing on having escaped his nursing home. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg told Britain'sSunday Telegraph,"The matter has been turned over to a lawyer". The fact that little was known about Colting and the book was set to be published by a new publishing imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave rise to speculation in literary circles that the whole thing might be a hoax.[129]District court judgeDeborah Battsissued aninjunctionthat prevented the book from being published in the U.S.[130][131]Colting filed an appeal on July 23, 2009; it was heard in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on September 3, 2009.[132][133]The case was settled in 2011 when Colting agreed not to publish or otherwise distribute the book, e-book, or any other editions of60 Years Laterin the U.S. or Canada untilThe Catcher in the Ryeenters the public domain, and to refrain from using the titleComing through the Rye,dedicating the book to Salinger, or referring toThe Catcher in the Rye.Colting remains free to sell the book in the rest of the world.[134]
Later publicity
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Dream_Catcher_%28memoir%29.jpg/220px-Dream_Catcher_%28memoir%29.jpg)
On October 23, 1992,The New York Timesreported, "Not even a fire that consumed at least half his home on Tuesday could smoke out the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of the classic novel of adolescent rebellion,The Catcher in the Rye.Mr. Salinger is almost equally famous for having elevated privacy to an art form. "[135]
In 1999, 25 years after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a series of letters Salinger had written her. Her memoirAt Home in the Worldwas published the same year. The book describes how Maynard's mother had consulted with her on how to appeal to Salinger by dressing in a childlike manner, and describes Maynard's relationship with him at length. In the ensuing controversy over the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction the letters for financial reasons; she would have preferred to donate them to theBeinecke LibraryatYale.Software developerPeter Nortonbought the letters for $156,500 and announced that he would return them to Salinger.[136]
A year later, Margaret Salinger publishedDream Catcher: A Memoir.In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger had over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger myths established by Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience withpost-traumatic stress disorderleft him psychologically scarred. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived throughBloody Mortain",a battle in which her father fought," were left with much to sicken them, body and soul ",[34]but she also painted her father as a man immensely proud of his service record, maintaining his military haircut and service jacket, and moving about his compound (and town) in an oldJeep.
Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard characterized Salinger as a film buff. According to Margaret, his favorite movies includedGigi(1958),The Lady Vanishes(1938),The 39 Steps(1935; Phoebe's favorite movie inThe Catcher in the Rye), and the comedies ofW.C. Fields,Laurel and Hardy,and theMarx Brothers.[137]Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive collection of classic movies from the 1940s in 16 mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films",[138]and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers arePuerto Ricanwasherwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie. "[91]Lillian Ross,a staff writer forThe New Yorkerand longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote after his death, "Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He lovedAnne Bancroft,hatedAudrey Hepburn,and said that he had seenGrand Illusionten times.) "[52]
Margaret also offered many insights into other Salinger myths, including her father's supposed longtime interest inmacrobioticsand involvement with alternative medicine and Eastern philosophies. A few weeks afterDream Catcherwas published, Margaret's brotherMattdiscredited the memoir in a letter toThe New York Observer.He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" and wrote, "I can't say with any authority that she is consciously making anything up. I just know that I grew up in a very different house, with two very different parents from those my sister describes."[139]
Death
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/J-D-Salinger-Illustration-TIME-1961.jpg/220px-J-D-Salinger-Illustration-TIME-1961.jpg)
Salinger died from natural causes at his home inNew Hampshireon January 27, 2010. He was 91.[141]His literary representative toldThe New York Timesthat Salinger had broken his hip in May 2009, but that "his health had been excellent until a rather sudden decline after the new year."[11]His third wife and widow, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Matt became theexecutorsof hisestate.[11]
Posthumous publications
[edit]Salinger wrote all his life. His widow and son began preparing this work for publication after his death, announcing in 2019 that "all of what he wrote will at some point be shared" but that it was a major undertaking and not yet ready.[142][143]In 2023, his son estimated that he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes in "a year or two", and reiterated that "all the unpublished material will be published, but it is a complicated task."[144][145]
Literary style and themes
[edit]In a contributor's note Salinger gave toHarper's Magazinein 1946, he wrote, "I almost always write about very young people", a statement that has been called hiscredo.[146]Adolescents are featured or appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first published story, "The Young Folks"(1940), toThe Catcher in the Ryeand hisGlass familystories. In 1961, the criticAlfred Kazinexplained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his appeal to young readers, but another was "a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtuallytothem, in a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that capture their most secret judgments of the world. "[147]For this reason,Norman Maileronce remarked that Salinger was "the greatest mind ever to stay in prep school."[148]Salinger's language, especially his energetic, realistically sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time his first stories were published and was seen by several critics as "the most distinguishing thing" about his work.[149]
Salinger identified closely with his characters,[107]and used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, and extended telephone calls to display his gift for dialogue.
Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the "corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large",[150]the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults,[150]and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children.[39]
Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews each of his three post-Catcherstory collections received.[139][151]Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took the standards ofThe New Yorkereditors, among themWilliam Shawn,to refine his writing into the "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" qualities of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"(1948),The Catcher in the Rye,and his stories of the early 1950s.[152]By the late 1950s, as Salinger became more reclusive and involved in religious study, Hamilton notes that his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and increasingly filled withdigressionand parenthetical remarks.[153]Louis Menandagrees, writing inThe New Yorkerthat Salinger "stopped writing stories, in the conventional sense... He seemed to lose interest in fiction as an art form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control."[39]In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Storiesworks by Salinger; in 2001,Janet Malcolmwrote inThe New York Review of Booksthat "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece... Rereading it and its companion piece 'Franny' is no less rewarding than rereadingThe Great Gatsby."[139]
Influence
[edit]Salinger's writing has influenced several prominent writers, promptingHarold Brodkey(anO. Henry Award-winning author) to say in 1991, "His is the most influential body of work in English prose by anyone since Hemingway."[154]Of the writers in Salinger's generation,Pulitzer Prize-winning novelistJohn Updike,attested that "the short stories of J. D. Salinger really opened my eyes as to how you can weave fiction out of a set of events that seem almost unconnected, or very lightly connected... [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind as really having moved me a step up, as it were, toward knowing how to handle my own material."[155]Menand has observed that the early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winnerPhilip Rothwere affected by "Salinger's voice and comic timing".[39]
National Book AwardfinalistRichard YatestoldThe New York Timesin 1977 that reading Salinger's stories for the first time was a landmark experience, and that "nothing quite like it has happened to me since".[156]Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if it were pure energy beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what he was doing in every silence as well as in every word."Gordon Lish'sO. Henry Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (1977, collected inWhat I Know So Far,1984) is a play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor".[157][158]
In 2001, Menand wrote inThe New Yorkerthat "Catcher in the Ryerewrites "among each new generation had become" a literary genre all its own ".[39]He classed among themSylvia Plath'sThe Bell Jar(1963),Hunter S. Thompson'sFear and Loathing in Las Vegas(1971),Jay McInerney'sBright Lights, Big City(1984), andDave Eggers'sA Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius(2000). WriterAimee Benderwas struggling with her first short stories when a friend gave her a copy ofNine Stories;inspired, she later described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wroteThe Catcher in the Ryein a day, and that incredible feeling of ease inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit of voice. Not his voice. My voice. Your voice. "[159]Authors such asStephen Chbosky,[160]Jonathan Safran Foer,[161]Carl Hiaasen,Susan Minot,[162]Haruki Murakami,Gwendoline Riley,[163]Tom Robbins,Louis Sachar,[164]Joel Stein,[165]Leonardo Padura,andJohn Greenhave cited Salinger as an influence. MusicianTomas KalnokyofStreetlight Manifestoalso cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's to Life".Biographer Paul Alexander called Salinger" theGreta Garboof literature ".[166]
List of works
[edit]Books
[edit]- The Catcher in the Rye(1951)
- Nine Stories(1953)
- "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"(1948)
- "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut"(1948)
- "Just Before the War with the Eskimos"(1948)[167]
- "The Laughing Man"(1949)[168]
- "Down at the Dinghy"(1949)[168]
- "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor"(1950)
- "Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes"(1951)[169]
- "De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period"(1952)[170]
- "Teddy"(1953)[170]
- Franny and Zooey(1961), reworked from "Ivanoff, the Terrible" (1956)[171]
- "Franny" (1955)
- "Zooey" (1957)[172]
- Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction(1963)
- "Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters" (1955)
- "Seymour: An Introduction" (1959)[173]
Collected short stories
[edit]- Three Early Stories(2014)
- "The Young Folks"(1940)
- "Go See Eddie"(1940)
- "Once a Week Won't Kill You"(1944)
- The Complete Uncollected Short Stories of J. D. Salinger, Vol. 1 & 2(1974) (Unauthorized Pirated (Bootleg) edition)
Published stories (uncollected)
[edit]- "The Hang of It"(1941, republished inThe Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines,1943)
- "The Heart of a Broken Story"(1941)
- "Personal Notes of an Infantryman"(1942)
- "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett"(1942, republished inStories: The Fiction of the Forties,ed. Whit Burnett, 1949)
- "The Varioni Brothers"(1943)
- "Both Parties Concerned"(1944)
- "Soft-Boiled Sergeant"(1944)
- "Last Day of the Last Furlough"(1944)
- "Elaine"(1945)
- "The Stranger"(1945)
- "I'm Crazy"(1945)
- "A Boy in France"(1945, republished inPost Stories 1942–45,ed. Ben Hibbs, 1946 and July/August 2010 issue ofSaturday Evening Postmagazine), reworked from "What Babe Saw, or Ooh-La-La!" (1944)
- "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise"(1945, republished inThe Armchair Esquire,ed. L. Rust Hills, 1959)
- "Slight Rebellion off Madison"(1946, republished inWonderful Town: New York Stories from The New Yorker,ed. David Remnick, 2000)
- "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All"(1947)
- "The Inverted Forest"(1947)
- "Blue Melody"(1948)
- "A Girl I Knew"(1948, republished inBest American Short Stories 1949,ed. Martha Foley, 1949)
- "Hapworth 16, 1924"(1965)
Unpublished stories
[edit]- "The Survivors" (1939)
- "The long hotel story" (1940)
- "The Fishermen" (1941)
- "Lunch for Three" (1941)
- "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler" (1941)
- "Monologue for a Watery Highball" (1941)
- "The Lovely Dead Girl at Table Six" (1941)
- "Mrs. Hincher"(1942), also known as" Paula "
- "The Kissless Life of Reilly" (1942)
- "The Last and Best of the Peter Pans"(1942)
- "Holden On the Bus" (1942)
- "Men Without Hemingway" (1942)
- "Over the Sea Let’s Go, Twentieth Century Fox" (1942)
- "The Broken Children" (1943)
- "Paris" (1943)
- "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" (1943)
- "Bitsey" (1943)
- "What Got Into Curtis in the Woodshed" (1944)
- "The Children's Echelon"(1944), also known as" Total War Diary "
- "Boy Standing in Tennessee" (1944)
- "The Magic Foxhole"(1944)
- "Two Lonely Men"(1944)
- "A Young Man in a Stuffed Shirt" (1944)
- "The Daughter of the Late, Great Man" (1945)
- "The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls"(1947)
- "Birthday Boy"(1946), also known as" The Male Goodbye "[174]
- "The Boy in the People Shooting Hat" (1948)
- "A Summer Accident" (1949)
- "Requiem for the Phantom of the Opera" (1950)
Media portrayals and references
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(June 2021) |
- InW. P. Kinsella's 1982 novel,Shoeless Joe,the main character "kidnaps" the reclusive Salinger to take him to a baseball game. When the novel was adapted for cinema asField of Dreams,Salinger's character was replaced by the fictional Terence Mann (played byJames Earl Jones), amid fears that Salinger might sue.[175]
- Sean Conneryclaimed that Salinger was the inspiration for his role as William Forrester in the 2000 filmFinding Forrester.[176]
- In the 2002 filmThe Good Girl,the character of Holden (played byJake Gyllenhaal) adopts the name because of his admiration ofThe Catcher in the Rye.
- The anime TV seriesGhost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complexheavily references J. D. Salinger works includingCatcher in the Rye,The Laughing ManandA Perfect Day for Banana Fish.
- Salinger's name is mentioned in the title forThe Wonder Yearssong "You're Not Salinger. Get Over It."
- The Catcher in the Ryeplays a major part in theSouth Parkepisode "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs",as the boys are inspired to write their own book when they feel Salinger's book does not live up to its controversial reputation.
- In the filmMan at Bath(2010), the character Dustin Segura-Suarez holdsFranny and Zooeyin his hands while taking a bath.
- Salingeris a 2013 documentary film that tells the story of Salinger's life through interviews with friends, historians, and journalists.
- In the book and TV showYoubyCaroline Kepnes,one of the characters, Peach, is named as being a relative of Salinger.
- Salinger is portrayed byChris CooperinJames Steven Sadwith's 2015 filmComing Through the Rye.[177]
- Salinger appears as a character (voiced byAlan Arkin) in several 2015–2016 episodes ofBoJack Horseman(season 2 episodes 6, 7, 8, 10 and season 3 episode 1), where he is said to have faked his own death to escape public attention and ironically pursue a career in television production. He quotes numerous lines from his works, bemoaning howThe Catcher in the Ryehas become his only recognizable work. In humorous contrast to his real-life beliefs, this rendition of Salinger loves Hollywood and ends up managing agame show,which he aptly namesHollywoo Stars and Celebrities: What Do They Know? Do They Know Things? Let's Find Out.
- Salinger was portrayed byNicholas Houltin the 2017 filmRebel in the Rye.[178]
- My Salinger Yearis a film directed by Philippe Falardeau released in 2021, based on the 2014 memoir byJoanna Rakoff.
- Sergeant Salinger[179]is a novel by the writerJerome Charyn,published in 2021 (Bellevue Literary Press), in which the author imagines a fictionalized biography of the young soldier J. D. Salinger in Europe during World War II.
Notes
[edit]- ^See Beidler'sA Reader's Companion to J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.
Citations
[edit]- ^"J. D. Salinger". EXPLORING Novels. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Web. November 9, 2010.[verification needed]
- ^"A Perfect Day For Bananafish".The New Yorker.January 24, 1948.RetrievedMay 15,2022.
- ^"J.D. Salinger".Biography.May 4, 2021.RetrievedMay 15,2022.
- ^abcdSkow, John (September 15, 1961)."Sonny: An Introduction".Time.Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2007.RetrievedApril 12,2007.
- ^"JD Salinger | Timeline of Major Events | American Masters | PBS".American Masters.January 16, 2014.RetrievedDecember 29,2019.
- ^"The Genealogy of Richard L. Aronoff".Aronoff. Archived fromthe originalon April 26, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 5,2014.
- ^Fiene, Donald M. (1963). "J. D. Salinger: A Bibliography".Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature.4(1): 109–149.doi:10.2307/1207189.JSTOR1207189.
- ^Skow, John (September 15, 1961)."Sonny: An Introduction".Time.Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2007.RetrievedApril 12,2007.
- ^Slawenski, Kenneth (February 10, 2011)."'J. D. Salinger: A Life'".The New York Times.
- ^abcde"J. D. Salinger". LitFinder Contemporary Collection. Gale, 2007. Web. November 9, 2010.[verification needed]
- ^abcMcGrath, Charles (January 28, 2010)."J. D. Salinger, Literary Recluse, Dies at 91".The New York Times.
- ^"J.D. Salinger and the Holocaust".Algemeiner. April 17, 2014.RetrievedAugust 13,2014.
- ^"J.D. Salinger".Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. January 1, 1919.RetrievedJanuary 30,2010.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 32.
- ^abcdLutz 2002,p.[page needed].
- ^abHathcock, Barrett. "J.D. Salinger"[full citation needed][verification needed]
- ^Lutz 2002,p. 10.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 42.
- ^French 1988,p. 22.
- ^Reiff, Raychel Haugrud (2008).J.D. Salinger.Marshall Cavendish.ISBN9780761425946.
- ^Fiene, Donald M.ArchivedJanuary 9, 2008, at theWayback Machine"A Bibliographical Study of J. D. Salinger: Life, Work, and Reputation", M.A. Thesis,University of Louisville,1962.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 39.
- ^A Brief Biography of J. D. Salinger © April 2002, February 2006, by Sarah Morrill
- ^French 1988,p. xiii.
- ^abAlexander 1999,pp. 55–58.
- ^Alexander 1999,pp. 55, 63–65.
- ^Scovell, Jane (1998).Oona Living in the Shadows: A Biography of Oona O'Neill Chaplin.New York: Warner. p.87.ISBN0-446-51730-5.
- ^abSheppard, R.Z (March 23, 1988)."Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted:In Search of J.D. Salingerby Ian Hamilton ".Time.Archived fromthe originalon September 30, 2007.RetrievedApril 14,2007.
- ^abLutz 2002,p. 18.
- ^abcYagoda, Ben(2000).About Town: The New Yorker and the World It Made.New York: Scribner. pp.233.ISBN0-684-81605-9.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 58.
- ^Lamb, Robert Paul (Winter 1996)."Hemingway and the creation of twentieth-century dialogue – American author Ernest Hemingway".Twentieth Century Literature. Archived fromthe original(reprint)on July 9, 2012.RetrievedJuly 10,2007.
- ^abcBaker, Carlos(1969).Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story.New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.420, 646.ISBN0-02-001690-5.
- ^abcMargaret Salinger 2000,p. 55.
- ^"J.D. Salinger". Contemporary Authors Online. 2011.n.pag.Gale. Web. October 20, 2011.[verification needed]
- ^Slawenski, K. (2011).J. D. Salinger: A Life.Random House, p. 100.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 89.
- ^Lutz 2002,p. 7.
- ^abcdeMenand, Louis(October 1, 2001)."Holden at Fifty:The Catcher in the Ryeand what it spawned "(PDF).The New Yorker.Archived fromthe original(reprint)on August 7, 2007.RetrievedJuly 10,2007.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 67.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 113.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 359.
- ^abcAlexander 1999,pp. 118–20.
- ^Alexander 1999,pp. 120, 164, 204–5.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 124.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 130.
- ^abCrawford 2006,pp. 97–99.
- ^abHamilton 1988,p. 75.
- ^Fosburgh, Lacey (November 21, 1976)."Why More Top Novelists Don't Go Hollywood".The New York Times.
- ^abcBerg, A. Scott.Goldwyn: A Biography.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.ISBN1-57322-723-4.p. 446.
- ^ab"Depositions Yield J. D. Salinger Details".The New York Times.December 12, 1986.
- ^abRoss, Lillian (2010). "The Talk of the Town: Remembrance Bearable".The New Yorker.No. February 8, 2010. pp. 22–23.
- ^Alexander 1999,p. 142.
- ^Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1951. hi Print.[page needed]
- ^abWhitfield 1997,p. 77.
- ^Blackstock, Alan (January 1, 1992)."J.D. Salinger".Magill's Survey of American Literature:1798–1809.
- ^abNandel, Alan. "The Significance of Holden Caulfield's Testimony." Reprinted in Bloom, Harold, ed.Modern Critical Interpretations: J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000. pp. 75–89.
- ^Crawford 2006,p. 4.
- ^Burger, Nash K. (July 16, 1951)."Books of The Times".The New York Times.
- ^Whitfield, Stephen J."Raise High the Bookshelves, Censors!"(book review),The Virginia Quarterly Review,Spring 2002. Retrieved November 27, 2007. In a review of the book inThe Christian Science Monitor,the reviewer found the book unfit "for children to read," writing that they would be influenced by Holden, "as too easily happens when immorality and perversion are recounted by writers of talent whose work is countenanced in the name of art or good intention."
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 117.
- ^abHamilton 1988,p. 155.
- ^"J. D. Salinger". Encyclopædia Britannica Online School ed. 2011. Web.
- ^abWhitfield 1997,p. 97.
- ^Whitfield 1997,pp. 82, 78.
- ^"Banned from the classroom: Censorship and The Catcher in the Rye".blogs.bl.uk.RetrievedSeptember 6,2021.
- ^Yardley, Jonathan(October 19, 2004)."J.D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly".The Washington Post.RetrievedNovember 13,2011.
- ^McGunagle, Fred."Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon, Chapter 6 To the Brink and Back".Crime Library.Court TV. Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2004.
- ^Gaines, James R. (March 9, 1987)."Mark Chapman Part III: the Killer Takes His Fall".People Magazine.Vol. 27, no. 10. Archived fromthe originalon August 13, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 14,2020.
- ^Crowe, Cameron,ed.Conversations with Wilder.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.ISBN0-375-40660-3.p. 299.
- ^"PAGE SIX; Inside Salinger's Own World".New York Post.December 4, 2003.RetrievedJanuary 18,2007.
- ^abMaynard 1998,p. 93.
- ^Silverman, Al, ed.The Book of the Month: Sixty Years of Books in American Life.Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.ISBN0-316-10119-2.pp. 129–130.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 53.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 64.
- ^Smith, Dominic (2003). "Salinger's Nine Stories: Fifty Years Later".The Antioch Review.61(4): 639–649.doi:10.2307/4614550.JSTOR4614550.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 127.
- ^abHamilton 1988,p. 129.
- ^Ranchan, Som P. (1989).An Adventure in Vedanta: J. D. Salinger's The Glass Family.Delhi: Ajanta.ISBN81-202-0245-7.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 12.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 92.
- ^abHamilton 1988,pp. 136–7.
- ^Leigh, Alison (January 3, 2010)."300 East 57th Street, Salinger's Last Known Manhattan Home".The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary 30,2010.
- ^abCrawford 2006,pp. 12–14.
- ^Lutz 2002,p. 30.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 89.
- ^abMargaret Salinger 2000,p. 90.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 84.
- ^abcdMargaret Salinger 2000,pp. 94–5.
- ^Smith, Dinitia (August 30, 2000)."Salinger's Daughter's Truths as Mesmerizing as His Fiction".The New York Times.
- ^abMargaret Salinger 2000,p. 195.
- ^Webster, Jason (October 23, 2014)."Sufism: 'a natural antidote to fanaticism'".The Guardian.RetrievedOctober 23,2014.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 115.
- ^abMargaret Salinger 2000,pp. 115–116.
- ^"Names in the News".The Vancouver Sun.Vol. LXXXII, no. 38. November 17, 1967. p. 19 – viaNewspapers.
- ^abClarkson, Michael (November 17, 1979)."J. D. Salinger: The Catcher in the Rye grows old in solitude".The Weekend Herald.Vol. 97, no. 270. pp. C1, C6 – viaNewspapers.
- ^"People",Time,August 4, 1961. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^Lutz 2002,p. 35.
- ^"An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life".The New York Times.Archived from the original on December 14, 2000.RetrievedApril 14,2007.
{{cite web}}
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- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,pp. 361–2.
- ^Maynard 1998,p.[page needed].
- ^Maynard, Joyce (April 1, 2021).""Predatory Men With a Taste for Teenagers" Joyce Maynard on the Chilling Parallels Between Woody Allen and J.D. Salinger ".Vanity Fair.RetrievedJune 17,2021.
- ^Maynard 1998,p. 158.
- ^Pollitt, Katha(September 13, 1998)."With Love and Squalor".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 14,2007.
- ^Fosburgh, Lacey(November 3, 1974)."J. D. Salinger Speaks About His Silence".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 12,2007.
- ^abMaynard 1998,p. 97.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 307.
- ^"JD Salinger's death sparks speculation over unpublished manuscripts",The Telegraph,January 29, 2010
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- ^French 1988,p. 15.
- ^Shane Salerno (2014)."Interview of B. Eppes, in documentary" Salinger "".PBS.RetrievedJanuary 21,2014.
- ^Eppes, Betty (1981)."What I Did Last Summer".The Paris Review.23(80).
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- ^Alexander, Paul (February 9, 1998)."J. D. Salinger's Women".New York.RetrievedApril 12,2007.The 1998 article mentions that "the couple has been 'married for about ten years'".
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- ^Lutz 2002,p. 33.
- ^Crawford 2006,p. 79.
- ^abLubasch, Arnold H. (January 30, 1987)."Salinger Biography Is Blocked".The New York Times.
- ^Sableman, Mark (November 21, 1997).More Speech, Not Less: Communications Law in the Information Age.SIU Press. p. 265.ISBN978-0-8093-2135-3.
- ^[1]ArchivedMarch 28, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- ^abMcKinley, Jesse (November 21, 1998)."Iranian Film Is Canceled After Protest By Salinger".The New York Times.
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- ^Salinger, Jerome David (2009).Hapworth 16, 1924.Orchises.ISBN978-0-914061-65-6.[page needed]
- ^"Hapworth 16, 1924 (June 19, 1965The New Yorker) (Paperback) ".The New Yorker.January 1965.RetrievedJanuary 29,2010.
- ^Sherwell, Philip (May 30, 2009)."JD Salinger considers legal action to stop The Catcher in the Rye sequel".The Daily Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on January 11, 2022.
- ^Chan, Sewell (July 1, 2009)."Judge Rules for J.D. Salinger in 'Catcher' Copyright Suit".The New York Times.
- ^"Salinger v. Colting / Salinger v. Colting: Too Much Borrowing, Not Enough Transforming to Constitute Fair Use / Article / Copyright Law Updates / Copyright Legal Updates".Lawupdates. Archived fromthe originalon May 13, 2010.RetrievedApril 4,2010.
- ^"Appeal Filed to Overturn Ban in Salinger Case".Publishers Weekly. July 24, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon August 7, 2009.RetrievedAugust 28,2009.
- ^"Judge gives Salinger spinoff 'dismal' review | Books | guardian.co.uk".The Guardian.London. Associated Press. September 4, 2009.RetrievedApril 4,2010.
- ^Albanese, Andrew (January 11, 2011)."J.D. Salinger Estate, Swedish Author Settle Copyright Suit".Publishers Weekly.RetrievedDecember 30,2012.
- ^Honan, William H. (October 24, 1992)."Fire Fails To Shake Salinger's Seclusion".The New York Times.
- ^"Salinger letters bring $156,500 at auction".CNN. June 22, 1999.RetrievedApril 12,2007.
- ^Margaret Salinger 2000,p. 7.
- ^Maynard 1998,p. 94.
- ^abcMalcolm, Janet (June 21, 2001)."Justice to J. D. Salinger".The New York Review of Books.Archived fromthe originalon November 15, 2006.
- ^"J. D. Salinger, 1919–2010".National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonia Institution. February 1, 2010.RetrievedJune 30,2017.
- ^Italie, Hillel (January 28, 2010)."'Catcher in the Rye' Author J.D. Salinger Dies ".ABC News.RetrievedJanuary 28,2010.
- ^Alison Flood (February 1, 2019)."JD Salinger's unseen writings to be published, family confirms".The Guardian.RetrievedFebruary 1,2019.
- ^Meilan Solly (February 6, 2019)."J.D. Salinger's Unpublished Works Will Be Released to the Public Over the Next Decade".SmithsonianSMARTNEWS.RetrievedFebruary 7,2019.
The author produced a trove of unseen writings over a nearly 50-year period prior to his death in 2010
- ^Peñacoba, Adrián G. (October 25, 2023)."El hijo de Salinger trabaja en las obras inéditas de su padre: «Todavía quedan dos años»".Diario ABC(in Spanish).RetrievedJanuary 22,2024.
- ^Higueras, Laura García (October 25, 2023)."El hijo de J.D. Salinger publicará en dos años los manuscritos que su padre ocultó en vida".elDiario.es(in Spanish).RetrievedJanuary 22,2024.
- ^Whitfield 1997,p. 96.
- ^Kazin, Alfred."J.D. Salinger: 'Everybody's Favorite,'"The Atlantic Monthly208.2, August 1961. Rpt. inBloom, Harold,ed.Harold Bloom, ed. (2001).Bloom's BioCritiques: J. D. Salinger.Philadelphia: Chelsea House.ISBN0-7910-6175-2.pp. 67–75.
- ^"'Catcher in the Rye' Author J.D. Salinger Dies ".Fox News.RetrievedFebruary 5,2014.
- ^Shuman, R. Baird, ed.Great American Writers: Twentieth Century.Vol. 13. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002. 14 vols. p. 1308.
- ^abMondloch, Helen. "Squalor and Redemption: The Age of Salinger,"The World & I.SIRS Knowledge Source: SIRS Renaissance. November 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2004.
- ^Lutz 2002,p. 34.
- ^Hamilton 1988,pp. 105–6.
- ^Hamilton 1988,p. 188.
- ^Brozan, Nadine (April 27, 1991)."CHRONICLE".The New York Times.
- ^Osen, Diane."Interview with John Updike"ArchivedJuly 3, 2018, at theWayback Machine,The National Book Foundation. 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^Burgess, Anthony (December 4, 1977)."WRITERS'".The New York Times.
- ^Drabelle, Dennis (May 20, 1984)."Playing the Game Of 'What If... '".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedJune 20,2017.
- ^Howard, Gerald (October 31, 2007)."I Was Gordon Lish's Editor".Slate.ISSN1091-2339.RetrievedJune 20,2017.
- ^Bender, Aimee."Holden Schmolden". Kotzen, Kip, and Thomas Beller, ed.With Love and Squalor: 14 Writers Respond to the Work of J.D. Salinger.New York: Broadway, 2001.ISBN978-0-7679-0799-6.pp. 162–9.
- ^Beisch, Ann."Interview with Stephen Chbosky, author of The Perks of Being a Wallflower"ArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine,LA Youth,November–December 2001. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^Epstein, Jennifer."Creative writing program produces aspiring writers"ArchivedJanuary 13, 2008, at theWayback Machine,The Daily Princetonian,December 6, 2004. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
- ^"What Authors Influenced You?"ArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine,Authorsontheweb. Retrieved July 10, 2007. Both Hiaasen and Minot cite him as an influence here.
- ^"You have to trawl the depths",The Guardian,April 25, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
- ^"Author Bio"ArchivedSeptember 10, 2015, at theWayback Machine,Louis Sachar's Official Web Site, 2002. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
- ^Stein, Joel."The Yips". Kotzen, Kip, and Thomas Beller, ed.With Love and The Squalor: 14 Writers Respond to the Work of J. D. Salinger.New York: Broadway, 2001.ISBN978-0-7679-0799-6.pp. 170–6.
- ^Beam, A. (2006) "J.D. Salinger, Failed Recluse", inIf you Really Want to Hear About It: Writers on J.D. Salinger and His Work.Catherine Crawford (ed.) Thunder's Mouth Press
- ^Bryan, James E. (1961). "J. D. Salinger: The Fat Lady and the Chicken Sandwich".College English.23(3): 226–229.doi:10.2307/373014.JSTOR373014.
- ^abSlawenski, Kenneth (January 25, 2011).J. D. Salinger: A Life.Random House Publishing Group. p. 177.ISBN978-0-679-60479-2.
- ^Reiff 2008,p. 131.
- ^abPrigozy, Ruth (2009). Bloom, Harold (ed.).J. D. Salinger.Bloom's Literary Criticism. p. 90.ISBN978-1-4381-1317-3.
- ^"Library exhibit offers glimpse into Salinger's life and work".ABC News.October 18, 2019.RetrievedApril 4,2022.
- ^Thalheimer, Anne N. (2009). Werlock, Abby H. P. (ed.).Companion to Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story.Infobase Publishing. p. 258.ISBN978-1-4381-2743-9.
- ^Miller, James E. (December 3, 1965).J.D. Salinger.University of Minnesota Press. p. 42.ISBN978-1-4529-1042-0.
- ^Romano, Andrew (November 30, 2013)."What the Leaked J.D. Salinger Stories Reveal About the Author".The Daily Beast.RetrievedApril 7,2022.
- ^Geddes, John (January 29, 2010)."W.P. on J.D.: Kinsella talks about writing Salinger into 'Shoeless Joe'".Maclean's.RetrievedSeptember 14,2016.
- ^Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 29, 2010)."Secret J.D. Salinger Documentary & Book, Now Revealed (Mike Has Seen The Film)".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedApril 23,2015.
- ^Lee, Ashley (October 14, 2016)."Chris Cooper Is J.D. Salinger in 'Coming Through the Rye' Clip (Exclusive Video)".The Hollywood Reporter.RetrievedOctober 18,2016.
- ^Child, Ben (September 1, 2015)."Nicholas Hoult to play JD Salinger in new biopic".The Guardian.RetrievedJanuary 9,2017.
- ^Charyn, Jerome (January 5, 2021).Sergeant Salinger.Bellevue Literary Press.ISBN978-1-942658-74-0.
References
[edit]- Alexander, Paul (1999).Salinger: A Biography.Los Angeles: Renaissance.ISBN1-58063-080-4.
- Crawford, Catherine, ed. (2006).If You Really Want to Hear About It: Writers on J. D. Salinger and His Work.New York: Thunder's Mouth.ISBN1-56025-880-2.
- Grunwald, Henry Anatole, ed. (1962).Salinger, the Classic Critical and Personal Portrait.New York: Harper Perennial, Harper & Row.ISBN0-06185-250-3.
- French, Warren (1988).J. D. Salinger, Revisted.Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers.ISBN0-8057-7522-6.
- Hamilton, Ian(1988).In Search of J. D. Salinger.New York: Random House.ISBN0-394-53468-9.
- Kubica, Chris; Hochman, Will (2002).Letters to J. D. Salinger.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN0-299-17800-5.
- Lutz, Norma Jean (2002). "Biography of J. D. Salinger". InBloom, Harold(ed.).J. D. Salinger.Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia:Chelsea House.pp. 3–44.ISBN0-7910-6175-2.OCLC48473975.
- Maynard, Joyce(1998).At Home in the World.New York: Picador.ISBN0-312-19556-7.
- Mueller, Bruce F.; Hochman, Will (2011).Critical Companion to J. D. Salinger: a Literary Reference to His Life and Work.New York: Facts on File.ISBN978-0816065974.
- Salinger, Margaret (2000).Dream Catcher: A Memoir.New York: Washington Square Press.ISBN0-671-04281-5.
- Slawenski, Kenneth (2010).J. D. Salinger: A Life Raised High,London, Pomona Books.ISBN978-1-904590-23-1
- Whitfield, Stephen (December 1997)."Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Social History ofThe Catcher in the Rye"(PDF).The New England Quarterly.70(4): 567–600.doi:10.2307/366646.JSTOR366646.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 12, 2012.RetrievedNovember 2,2012.
- Reprinted inBloom, Harold,ed. (2001).J. D. Salinger.Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia:Chelsea House.pp. 77–105.ISBN0-7910-6175-2.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- McGrath, Charles (January 28, 2010)."J. D. Salinger, Literary Recluse, Dies at 91".The New York Times.
- The Reclusive Writer Inspired a Generation,Baltimore Sun,January 29, 2010
- JD Salinger–Daily Telegraphobituary
- Obituary: JD Salinger,BBC News, January 28, 2010
- J.D. Salinger (1919–2010): An appreciationWorld Socialist Web Site. February 2, 2010.
- Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting
- Dead Caulfields – The Life and Work of J.D. Salinger
- Catching Salinger– Serialized documentary about the search for J.D. Salinger
- J.D. SalingerArchivedJune 1, 2019, at theWayback Machinebiography, quotes, multimedia, teacher resources
- On J.D. SalingerbyMichael GreenbergfromThe New York Review of Books
- Essay on Salinger's life from Haaretz
- Works by J. D. SalingeratOpen Library
- J.D. Salinger – Hartog Letters, University of East Anglia
- Salinger and 'Catcher in the Rye'ArchivedJanuary 24, 2012, at theWayback Machine— slideshow byLife magazine
- The Man in the Glass House— Ron Rosenbaum's 1997 profile forEsquire
- J. D. SalingeratIMDb
- J. D. SalingeratLibrary of Congress,with 18 library catalog records
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