Jinghong
Jinghong
Cảnh hồng thị·  เชียงรุ่ง·ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ | |
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 Location of Jinghong City (red) within Xishuangbanna Prefecture (pink) and Yunnan | |
  Jinghong Location of the city centre in Yunnan  Jinghong Jinghong (China) | |
| Coordinates (Xishuangbanna Prefecture government):22°00′32″N100°47′49″E/ 22.009°N 100.797°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Xishuangbanna |
| GB/T 2260 CODE[1] | 532801 |
| Municipal seat | Yunjinghong Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| • Total | 7,133 km2(2,754 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 558 m (1,831 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[2] | |
| • Total | 642,737 |
| • Density | 90/km2(230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| Postal code | 666100[3] |
| Area code | 0691[3] |
| Climate | Cwa |
| Website | www |
| 1Yunnan Statistics Bureau[1] 2Xishuangbanna Gov.[2] 3Yunnan Portal[3] | |
Jinghong(Chinese:CảnhHồng;pinyin:Jǐnghóng;Tai Lü:ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦳᧂᧈ ᦉᦹᧈ;Thai:เชียงรุ่ง,RTGS:Chiang Rung,pronounced[tɕʰīaŋrûŋ];Northern Thai:เจียงฮุ่ง,pronounced[tɕīaŋhûŋ];Lao:ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ,pronounced[síaŋhūŋ];also formerly romanised asChiang Hung,Chengrung,Cheng Hung,Jeng Hung,Jinghung,Keng Hung,Kiang HungandMuangjinghung) is a city in and the seat ofXishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture,in the far south ofChina'sYunnanprovince, and the historic capital of the formerTaikingdom ofSipsongpanna.
History
[edit]The town was founded asChiang Hung(Cheli), by Tai kingPhanya Coengin 1180.
Kingdom ofChiang Hung(Sipsongpanna)
[edit]During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, the Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna began a close and long-lasting relationship toLanna,another historic Tai kingdom that lay south. In 1296, Lanna's capitalChiang Maiwas founded byMangrai,whose maternal grandfather was King Rung Kaen Chai (Thai:รุ่งแก่นชาย) of Jinghong (i.e.: Sipsongpanna).
The kingdoms of Sipsongpanna and Lanna maintained ties through migration and intermarriage.
In 1401, the Sipsongpanna Tai ruler Tau Se Da Xam (pinyin: Dao Xianda) attacked a smaller Tai area to the north unknown as Weiyuan[4]equivalent to modern Jinggu). The Ming administration sought to retaliate but adopted a cautious response of diplomacy and Tau Se Da Xam withdrew his troops. About this period Sipsongpanna began to pay tribute to the Ming.
In 1405 the Sipsongpanna Tai attacked Chiang Mai, in conjunction with Ming Chinese troops.
In 1421 the Chinese attempted to cause a split in Sipsongpanna by backing multiple administrations during a period of civil strife, but their plan failed to succeed.
1448 saw the defeat ofMong Mao,a Tai state in eastern Burma, by a combination of Chinese, Sipsongpanna and allied forces united under the Ming.
In the 1450s another struggle for succession arose in Sipsongpanna, with one faction backed byKengtungand one by Chiang Mai. Despite the Kengtung faction's victory, conflict started with that state shortly afterwards.
The BurmeseToungoostate arose in the 1530s to crush Chiang Mai, and its influence also extended to Kengtung and Sipsongpanna, which like other Tai kingdoms soon began to pay tribute.
Geography and climate
[edit]
Jinghong has a latitude range of 21°27'–22°36' N and a longitude range of 100°25'–101°31' E. It bordersPu'er Cityto the north,Mengla Countyto the east andMenghai Countyto the west, as well asBurma'sShan Stateto the south. The city is limited to the south byHengduan Mountains,and theLancang River(Mekong) passes through Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towardsLaos.
Climatically, Jinghong has ahumid subtropical climate,bordering on atropical wet and dry climate(KöppenCwaborderingAw,respectively). The city has a generally humid climate with strongmonsoonalinfluences. Summer is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such; instead, there is adry season(December thru April) andwet season(May thru October). Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall ranging from 1,100 to 1,700 millimetres (43 to 67 in). The coolest month is December, averaging 18.4 °C (65.1 °F), while the warmest is June, at 27.1 °C (80.8 °F); the annual mean is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). However, high temperatures reach their peak in April before the onset of the monsoon from the Indian Ocean.
| Climate data for Jinghong, elevation 582 m (1,909 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
41.1 (106.0) |
40.1 (104.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.8 (96.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
34.1 (93.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
41.1 (106.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.9 (73.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 20.3 (0.80) |
9.5 (0.37) |
28.4 (1.12) |
56.3 (2.22) |
130.6 (5.14) |
138.0 (5.43) |
232.4 (9.15) |
217.4 (8.56) |
138.9 (5.47) |
104.4 (4.11) |
41.1 (1.62) |
22.9 (0.90) |
1,140.2 (44.89) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.9 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 9.7 | 16.2 | 19.1 | 22.7 | 21.4 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 135.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 77 | 66 | 65 | 68 | 74 | 79 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 77 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 212.5 | 230.5 | 229.9 | 228.3 | 206.0 | 155.5 | 125.0 | 149.7 | 173.3 | 166.9 | 181.5 | 175.9 | 2,235 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 63 | 71 | 62 | 60 | 50 | 39 | 30 | 38 | 47 | 47 | 55 | 53 | 51 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[5][6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[7] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
[edit]Jinghong City has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 ethnic townships.[8]
- 1 subdistrict
- Yunjinghong Subdistrict(Duẫn cảnh hồng đường phố)
- 5 towns
- 3 townships
- 2 ethnic townships
- Jingha Hani(Cảnh ha ha ni tộc)
- Jinuoshan Jinuo(Cơ nặc sơn dân tộc Cơ Nặc hương)
Transport
[edit]
- Xishuangbanna Gasa International Airportis the second largest airport in Yunnan, located just five kilometers from the downtown. Flights toKunming,Shanghai,Chengduand other majorcities in Chinarun regularly. There is one weekly international flight toLuang Prabang(resumes 1 November).
- The city has the largest public transportation center inXishuangbannaand connects travelers to nearby cities, towns and villages.
- China National Highway 214
- China National Highway 213
- Asian Highway NetworkAH3
- Kunming–Bangkok Expressway
- Xishuangbanna railway station
Places of interest
[edit]TheDaiWater Splashing Festivaland nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions. Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near the city, of whichXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardenis the largest and most famous one.
Notes
[edit]- ^"Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà quốc gia thống kê cục >> khu hành chính hoa số hiệu".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-02-21.Retrieved2009-01-29.
- ^"Tây Song Bản Nạp châu thứ bảy thứ cả nước dân cư tổng điều tra chủ yếu số liệu công báo"(in Chinese). Government of Xishuangbanna Prefecture. 2021-05-18.
- ^abArea Code and Postal Code in Yunnan ProvinceArchived2007-11-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^Wade, Geoff."Wei-yuan ( uy xa ): Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource".Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.Retrieved2017-03-25.
- ^1981 năm -2010 năm ( cảnh hồng ) nguyệt bình quân nhiệt độ không khí cùng mưa(in Simplified Chinese). National Meteorological Center of CMA.Retrieved29 November2022.
- ^"Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng"(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved10 April2023.
- ^Cảnh hồng - khí tượng số liệu - Trung Quốc thời tiết võng(in Simplified Chinese). Weather China.Retrieved9 November2022.
- ^"Quốc gia thống kê cục"(in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.Retrieved2021-12-07.
References
[edit]- Turton, Andrew(ed.)Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States.Routledge, 2000. (ISBN0700711732)
- Patterson Giersch, Charles.Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier.Harvard University Press, 2006. (ISBN0674021711)
External links
[edit]
Jinghongtravel guide from Wikivoyage- Jinghong City Official Website
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