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Leaves of Grass

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Leaves of Grass
Thissteel engravingof Whitman served as thefrontispieceto the first edition ofLeaves of Grass,published on July 4, 1855
AuthorWalt Whitman
LanguageEnglish
GenrePoetry
PublisherSelf
Publication date
July 4, 1855
Publication placeUnited States
TextLeaves of GrassatWikisource

Leaves of Grassis a poetry collection byAmerican poetWalt Whitman.Though it was first published in 1855, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing, rewriting, and expandingLeaves of Grass[1]until his death in 1892. Six or nine individual editions ofLeaves of Grasswere produced, depending on how they are distinguished.[2]This resulted in vastly different editions over four decades. The first edition was a small book of twelve poems, and the last was a compilation of over 400.

The collection of loosely connected poems represents the celebration of his philosophy of life and humanity and praises nature and the individual human's role in it. Rather than focusing on religious or spiritual matters,Leaves of Grassfocuses primarily on the body and the material world. Its poems do not rhyme or follow standard rules formeterandline length.

Leaves of Grassis regarded by many scholars as a completelydo-it-yourselfproject. Whitman chose his idealized self as the subject of the book, created the style in which it was written and worked hard and intelligently to perfect the style over a period of six or seven years, creating the personality of theproletarianbard,the supposed writer of the poems.

Leaves of Grassis also notable for its discussion of delight in sensual pleasures during a time when such candid displays were considered immoral. The book was highly controversial during its time for its explicit sexual imagery, and Whitman was subject to derision by many contemporary critics. Over time, however, the collection has infiltrated popular culture and became recognized as one of the central works of American poetry.

Among the works in this collection are "Song of Myself","I Sing the Body Electric",and"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking".Later editions would include Whitman'selegyto theassassinatedPresidentAbraham Lincoln,"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd".

Publication history and origin

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Initial publication, 1855

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The first edition ofLeaves of Grasswas published on July 4, 1855. The poem has its beginnings in anessaybyRalph Waldo Emersoncalled "The Poet"(1844), which expressed the need for the United States to have its own new and unique poet to write about the new country's virtues and vices.[3]This concept, along with the call to abandon strict rhyme andmeter,were explored more fully in earlier works byJohn Neal:novelsRandolph(1823) andRachel Dyer(1828). Whitman, likely having read all three, consciously set out to answer their call.[4][5]He thus began working on the first edition ofLeaves of Grass.Whitman later commented on Emerson's influence, stating, "I was simmering, simmering, simmering; Emerson brought me to a boil."[3]

On May 15, 1855, Whitman registered the titleLeaves of Grasswith the clerk of theUnited States District Court,Southern District of New Jersey, and received its copyright.[6]The title is apun,asgrasswas a term given by publishers to works of minor value, andleavesis another name for the pages on which they were printed.[7]The first edition was published inBrooklynat the printing shop of two Scottish immigrants, James and Andrew Rome, whom Whitman had known since the 1840s.[8]The shop was located atFulton Street(nowCadman PlazaWest) and Cranberry Street, now the site of apartment buildings that bear Whitman's name.[9][10]Whitman paid for and did much of thetypesettingfor the first edition himself.

A calculated feature of the first edition was that the book included neither the author nor the publisher's name (both the author and publisher being Whitman). Instead, the cover included an engraving by Samuel Hollyer depicting Whitman himself—in work clothes and a jaunty hat, arms at his side.[11]This figure was meant to represent the devil-may-care American working man of the time, one who might be taken as an almost idealized figure in any crowd. The engraver, later commenting on his depiction, described the character with "a rakish kind of slant, like the mast of a schooner".

The first edition contained no table of contents, and none of the poems had a title. Early advertisements appealed to "lovers of literary curiosities" as anoddity.[12]Sales of the book were few, but Whitman was not discouraged.

One paper-bound copy was sent to Emerson, who had initially inspired its creation. Emerson responded with a letter of heartfelt thanks, writing, "I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom America has yet contributed." He went on, "I am very happy in reading it, as great power makes us happy."[13]The letter was printed in theNew York Tribune—without the writer's permission—and caused an uproar among prominent New England men of letters, includingHenry David ThoreauandAmos Bronson Alcott,who were some of the fewTranscendentalistswho agreed with Emerson's letter and his statements regardingLeaves of Grass.

Dear Sir,

I am not blind to the worth of the wonderful gift ofLeaves of Grass.I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit & wisdom that America has yet contributed. I am very happy in reading it, as great power makes us happy. It meets the demand I am always making of what seemed the sterile & stingy Nature, as if too much handiwork or too much lymph in the temperament were making our western wits fat & mean. I give you joy of your free & brave thought. I have great joy in it. I find incomparable things said incomparably well, as they must be. I find the courage of treatment, which so delights us, & which large perception only can inspire. I greet you at the beginning of a great career, which yet must have had a long foreground somewhere, for such a start. I rubbed my eyes a little to see if this sunbeam were no illusion; but the solid sense of the book is a sober certainty. It had the best merits, namely, of fortifying & encouraging.

I did not know until I, last night, saw the book advertised in a newspaper, that I could trust the name as real & available for a post-office. I wish to see my benefactor, & have felt much like striking my tasks, & visiting New York to pay you my respects.

R. W. Emerson

Letter to Walter Whitman July 21, 1855

The first edition was very small and collected only twelve unnamed poems in 95 pages.[7]Whitman once said he intended the book to be small enough to be carried in a pocket. "That would tend to induce people to take me along with them and read me in the open air: I am nearly always successful with the reader in the open air", he explained.[14]About 800 copies were printed,[15]though only 200 were bound in its trademark green cloth cover.[6]The only American library known to have purchased a copy of the first edition was inPhiladelphia.[16]The poems of the first edition, which were given titles in later issues, included:

Republications, 1856–1889

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Frontispieceof the 1883 edition

There have been held to be either six or nine editions ofLeaves of Grass,the count depending on how they are distinguished: scholars who hold that an edition is an entirely new set of type will count the 1855, 1856, 1860, 1867, 1871–72, and 1881 printings; whereas others will include the 1876, 1888–1889, and 1891–1892 (the "deathbed edition" )[2]releases.

The editions were of varying length, each one larger and augmented from the previous version—the final edition reached over 400 poems. The first 1855 edition is particularly notable for its inclusion of the poems "Song of Myself"and" The Sleepers ".

1856–1860

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It was Emerson's positive response to the first edition that inspired Whitman to quickly produce a much-expanded second edition in 1856.[13]This new edition contained 384 pages and had a cover price of one dollar.[14]It also included a phrase from Emerson's letter, printed ingold leaf:"I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career."[14]Recognized as a "first" for U.S. book publishing and marketing techniques, Whitman has been cited as "inventing" the use of the bookblurb.Laura Dassow Walls,Professor of English at theUniversity of Notre Dame,noted, "In one stroke, Whitman had given birth to the modern cover blurb, quite without Emerson's permission."[17]Emerson later took offense that this letter was made public<[18]and became more critical of his work.[19]This edition included "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry"—a notable poem.

The publishers of the 1860 edition,Thayer & Eldridge,declaredbankruptcyshortly after its publication, and were almost unable to pay Whitman. "In regard to money matters", they wrote, "we are very short ourselves and it is quite impossible to send the sum." Whitman received only $250, and the original plates made their way to Boston publisher Horace Wentworth.[20]When the 456-page book was finally issued, Whitman said, "It is quite 'odd', of course", referring to its appearance: it was bound in orange cloth with symbols like a rising sun with nine spokes of light and a butterfly perched on a hand.[21]Whitman claimed that the butterfly was real in order to foster his image as being "one with nature". In fact, the butterfly was made of cloth and was attached to his finger with wire.[22]The major poems added to this edition were "A Word Out of the Sea"and" As I Ebb'd With the Ocean of Life ".

1867–1889

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The 1867 edition was intended to be, according to Whitman, "a new & much better edition ofLeaves of Grasscomplete — thatunkillablework! "[23]He assumed it would be the final edition.[24]The edition, which included theDrum-Tapssection, itsSequel,and the newSongs before Parting,was delayed when the binder went bankrupt and its distributing firm failed. When it was finally printed, it was a simple edition and the first to omit a picture of the poet.[25]

In 1879, Richard Worthington purchased theelectrotype platesand began printing and marketing unauthorized copies.

The 1889 (eighth) edition was little changed from the 1881 version, but it was more embellished and featured several portraits of Whitman. The biggest change was the addition of an "Annex" of miscellaneous additional poems.[26]

Sections

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By its later editions,Leaves of Grasshad grown to 14 sections.

Earlier editions contained a section called "Chants Democratic"; later editions omitted some of the poems from this section, publishing others in Calamus and other sections.

Deathbed edition, 1892

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As 1891 came to a close, Whitman prepared a final edition ofLeaves of Grass,writing to a friend upon its completion, "L. of G.at last complete— after 33 y'rs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old. "[28]This last version ofLeaves of Grasswas published in 1892 and is referred to as the 'deathbed edition'.[29]In January 1892, two months before Whitman's death, an announcement was published in theNew York Herald:

Walt Whitman wishes respectfully to notify the public that the bookLeaves of Grass,which he has been working on at great intervals and partially issued for the past thirty-five or forty years, is now completed, so to call it, and he would like this new 1892 edition to absolutely supersede all previous ones. Faulty as it is, he decides it as by far his special and entire self-chosen poetic utterance.[30]

By the time this last edition was completed,Leaves of Grasshad grown from a small book of 12 poems to a hefty tome of almost 400 poems.[2]As the volume changed, so did the pictures that Whitman used to illustrate them—the last edition depicts an older Whitman with a full beard and jacket.

Translations

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In 1995,Dail Glaswellt,theWelsh languagetranslation was published.[31]

Analysis

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Whitman's collection of poems inLeaves of Grassis usually interpreted according to the individual poems contained within its individual editions. Discussion is often focused upon the major editions typically associated with the early respective versions of 1855 and 1856, to the 1860 edition, and finally to editions late into Whitman's life. These latter editions would include the poem "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd",Whitman'selegyto Abraham Lincoln after his death.

While Whitman has famously proclaimed (in "Song of Myself") his poetry to be" Nature without check with original energy ", scholars have discovered that Whitman borrowed from a number of sources for hisLeaves of Grass.For hisDrum-Taps,for instance, he lifted phrases from popular newspapers dealing with Civil War battles.[32]He also condensed a chapter from a popular science book into his poem "The World Below the Brine".[33]

In a constantly changing culture, Whitman's literature has an element of timelessness that appeals to the American notion of democracy and equality, producing the same experience and feelings within people living centuries apart.[34]Originally written at a time of significanturbanizationin America,Leaves of Grassalso responds to the impact such has on the masses.[35]The title metaphor of grass, however, indicates apastoralvision of rural idealism.

Particularly in "Song of Myself", Whitman emphasizes an all-powerful "I" who serves as narrator. The "I" attempts to relieve both social and private problems by using powerful affirmative cultural images;[36]the emphasis on American culture in particular helped reach Whitman's intention of creating a distinctly Americanepic poemcomparable to the works ofHomer.[37]

As a believer inphrenology,Whitman, in the 1855 preface toLeaves of Grass,includes the phrenologist among those he describes as "the lawgivers of poets". Borrowing from the discipline, Whitman uses the phrenological concept ofadhesivenessin reference to one's propensity for friendship and camaraderie.[38]

Thematic changes

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Whitman edited, revised, and republishedLeaves of Grassmany times before his death, and over the years his focus and ideas were not static. One critic has identified three major "thematic drifts" inLeaves of Grass:the period from 1855 to 1859, from 1859 to 1865, and from 1866 to his death.

In the first period, 1855 to 1859, his major work is "Song of Myself", which exemplifies his prevailing love for freedom. "Freedom in nature, nature which is perfect in time and place and freedom in expression, leading to the expression of love in its sensuous form."[39]The second period, from 1859 to 1865, paints the picture of a more melancholic, sober poet. In poems like "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"and"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd",the prevailing themes are of love and of death.

From 1866 to his death, the ideas Whitman presented in his second period had experienced an evolution: his focus on death had grown to a focus on immortality, the major theme of this period. Whitman became more conservative in his old age, and had come to believe that the importance of law exceeded the importance of freedom. His materialistic view of the world became far more spiritual, believing that life had no meaning outside of the context ofGod's plan.[39]

Critical response and controversy

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Leaves of Grass(Boston: Thayer & Eldridge, year 85 of the States, 1860–61) (New York Public Library)

When the book was first published, Whitman was fired from his job at theDepartment of the InteriorafterSecretary of the InteriorJames Harlanread it and said he found it offensive.[29]An early review of the first publication focused on the persona of the anonymous poet, calling him a loafer "with a certain air of mild defiance, and an expression of pensive insolence on his face".[11]Another reviewer viewed the work as an odd attempt at reviving oldTranscendentalthoughts, "the speculations of that school of thought which culminated at Boston fifteen or eighteen years ago".[40]Emerson approved of the work in part because he considered it a means of reviving Transcendentalism,[41]though even he urged Whitman to tone down the sexual imagery in 1860.[42]

PoetJohn Greenleaf Whittierwas said to have thrown his 1855 edition into the fire.[13]Thomas Wentworth Higginsonwrote, "It is no discredit to Walt Whitman that he wroteLeaves of Grass,only that he did not burn it afterwards. "[43]The Saturday Pressprinted a thrashing review that advised its author to commit suicide.[44]

CriticRufus Wilmot GriswoldreviewedLeaves of Grassin the November 10, 1855 issue ofThe Criterion,calling it "a mass of stupid filth",[45]and categorized its author as a filthyfree lover.[46]Griswold also suggested, in Latin, that Whitman was guilty of "that horrible sin not to be mentioned among Christians", one of the earliest public accusations of Whitman's homosexuality.[40]Griswold's intensely negative review almost caused the publication of the second edition to be suspended.[47]Whitman incorporated the full review, including the innuendo, in a later edition ofLeaves of Grass.[45]

Not all responses were negative, however. CriticWilliam Michael RossetticonsideredLeaves of Grassa classic along the lines of the works ofWilliam ShakespeareandDante Alighieri.[48]A woman from Connecticut named Susan Garnet Smith wrote to Whitman to profess her love for him after readingLeaves of Grassand even offered him her womb should he want a child.[49]Although he found much of the language "reckless and indecent", critic and editorGeorge Ripleybelieved "isolated portions" ofLeaves of Grassradiated "vigor and quaint beauty".[50]

Whitman firmly believed he would be accepted and embraced by the populace, especially the working class. Years later, he regretted not having toured the country to deliver his poetry directly by lecturing:[51]

If I had gone directly to the people, read my poems, faced the crowds, got into immediate touch with Tom, Dick, and Harry instead of waiting to be interpreted, I'd have had my audience at once.

Censorship in the United States

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On March 1, 1882,Bostondistrict attorneyOliver Stevenswrote to Whitman's publisher,James R. Osgood,thatLeaves of Grassconstituted "obscene literature". Urged by theNew England Society for the Suppression of Vice,his letter said:

We are of the opinion that this book is such a book as brings it within the provisions of the Public Statutes respecting obscene literature and suggest the propriety of withdrawing the same from circulation and suppressing the editions thereof.

Stevens demanded the removal of the poems "A Woman Waits for Me" and "To a Common Prostitute", as well as changes to "Song of Myself","From Pent-Up Aching Rivers ","I Sing the Body Electric","Spontaneous Me "," Native Moments "," The Dalliance of the Eagles "," By Blue Ontario's Shore "," Unfolded Out of the Folds "," The Sleepers ", and" Faces ".[52]

Whitman rejected the censorship, writing to Osgood, "The list whole & several is rejected by me, & will not be thought of under any circumstances." Osgood refused to republish the book and returned the plates to Whitman when his suggested changes and deletions were ignored.[29]The poet found a new publisher, Rees Welsh & Company, which released a new edition of the book in 1882.[53]Whitman believed the controversy would increase sales, which proved true. Itsbanning in Boston,for example, became a major scandal and it generated much publicity for Whitman and his work.[54]Though it was also banned by retailers likeWanamaker'sinPhiladelphia,this version went through five editions of 1,000 copies each.[55]Its first printing, released on July 18, sold out in a day.[56]

Legacy

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A 1913 illustrated edition ofLeaves of Grass

Its status as one of the more important collections of American poetry has meant that over time various groups and movements have usedLeaves of Grass,and Whitman's work in general, to advance their own political and social purposes. For example:

  • In the first half of the 20th century, the popularLittle Blue Bookseries introduced Whitman's work to a wider audience than ever before. A series that backed socialist and progressive viewpoints, the publication connected the poet's focus on the common man to the empowerment of the working class.
  • DuringWorld War II,the American government distributed for free much of Whitman's poetry to their soldiers, in the belief that his celebrations of the American Way would inspire the people tasked with protecting it.[citation needed]
  • Whitman's work has been claimed in the name of racial equality. In a preface to the 1946 anthologyI Hear the People Singing: Selected Poems of Walt Whitman,Langston Hugheswrote that Whitman's "all-embracing words lock arms with workers and farmers, Negroes and whites, Asiatics and Europeans, serfs, and free men, beaming democracy to all."[57]
  • Similarly, a 1970 volume of Whitman's poetry published by theUnited States Information Agencydescribes Whitman as a man who will "mix indiscriminately" with the people. The volume, which was presented for an international audience, attempted to present Whitman as representative of an America that accepts people of all groups.[57]

Nevertheless, Whitman has been criticized for thenationalismexpressed inLeaves of Grassand other works. In a 2009 essay regarding Whitman's nationalism in the first edition, Nathanael O'Reilly claims that "Whitman's imagined America is arrogant,expansionist,hierarchical, racist and exclusive; such an America is unacceptable to Native Americans, African-Americans, immigrants, the disabled, the infertile, and all those who value equal rights. "[58]

"America"
An 1890 recording, thought to be of Walt Whitman, reading the opening four lines of his poem "America", which is included inLeaves of Grass.
Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.
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Film and television

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  • "The Untold Want" features prominently in the Academy Award-winning 1942 filmNow, Voyager,starringClaude Rains,Bette Davis,andPaul Henreid.[59]
  • Dead Poets Society(1989) makes repeated references to the poem "O Captain! My Captain!",along with other references to Whitman.[60]
  • Leaves of Grassplays a prominent role in the American television seriesBreaking Bad.Episode eight of season five ( "Gliding Over All",after poem 271 ofLeaves of Grass) pulls together many of the series' references toLeaves of Grass,such as the fact that protagonistWalter Whitehas the same initials (and almost the same name) as Walt Whitman (as noted in episode four of season four, "Bullet Points",and made more salient in" Gliding Over All "), that leadsDEAagentHank Schraderto gradually realize Walter is the notorious drug dealer Heisenberg. Numerous reviewers have analyzed and discussed the various connections among Walt Whitman/Leaves of Grass/ "Gliding Over All", Walter White, and the show.[61][62][63]
  • InPeace, Love & Misunderstanding(2011),Leaves of Grassis read byJane FondaandElizabeth Olsen's characters.[64]
  • In season 3, episode 8 of theBYU TVseriesGranite Flats,Timothy gives Madeline a first-edition copy ofLeaves of Grassas a Christmas gift.[65]
  • American singerLana Del Reyquotes some verses from Whitman's "I Sing the Body Electric"in her short filmTropico(2013).[66]
  • In season 1, episode 3 ofRatched(2020) Lily Cartwright is seen readingLeaves of Grasswhile on psychiatric admission for "sodomy".
  • InBull Durham(1988),Susan Sarandon's character Annie Savoy readsTim Robbins's character, Ebby Calvin "Nuke" Laloosh, excerpts from Whitman's "I Sing the Body Electric". When Nuke asks Annie who Walt Whitman plays for, she responds "He sort of pitches for the Cosmic All-Stars".
  • In season 3, episode 5 ofDr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,Joe Lando's character, Byron Sully, reads an excerpt from section 22 of "Song of Myself" to Dr. Mike. She becomes uneasy at the innuendos suggested in the poem.
  • In season 4, episode 1 ofBoJack Horseman(2014), the character of Mr. Peanutbutter is given a copy ofLeaves of Grassby his ski instructor Professor Thistlethorpe, however it is attributed to "Walt Whitmantis" instead of Walt Whitman.

Literature

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Music

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References

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  1. ^Miller 1962,p. 57.
  2. ^abc"Leaves of Grass".World Digital Library.1855.RetrievedAugust 3,2013.
  3. ^abReynolds 1995,p. 82
  4. ^Reynolds 1995,pp. 41–42, 82.
  5. ^Rubin, Joseph Jay (1941). "John Neal's Poetics as an influence on Whitman and Poe".The New England Quarterly.14(2): 359–362.doi:10.2307/360926.JSTOR360926.
  6. ^abKaplan 1979,p. 198
  7. ^abLoving 1999,p. 179
  8. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 310.
  9. ^"A Gesture in Cranberry Street".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.June 1, 1931. p. 18.RetrievedOctober 27,2015– viaNewspapers.
  10. ^"MTA Neighborhood Maps: neighborhood".Metropolitan Transportation Authority.2018.RetrievedOctober 1,2018.
  11. ^abCallow 1992,p. 227
  12. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 305.
  13. ^abcMiller 1962,p. 27
  14. ^abcReynolds 1995,p. 352
  15. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 311.
  16. ^Nelson, Randy F. (1981).The Almanac of American Letters.Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc. p.144.ISBN0-86576-008-X.
  17. ^Walls, Laura DassowHenry David Thoreau – A Life,394. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2017.ISBN978-0-226-59937-3
  18. ^Callow 1992,p. 236.
  19. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 343.
  20. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 405.
  21. ^Kaplan 1979,p. 250.
  22. ^"Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass".The Library of Congress Exhibitions: American Treasures.
  23. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 474.
  24. ^Loving 1999,p. 314.
  25. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 475.
  26. ^Miller 1962,p. 55.
  27. ^"A Guide to Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass".
  28. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 586.
  29. ^abcMiller 1962,p. 36
  30. ^Kaplan 1979,p. 51.
  31. ^Dail Glaswellt(Leaves of Grass,1855) gan Walt Whitman. Cyfieithwyd gan M Wyn Thomas. Cyfres Barddoniaeth Pwyllgor Cyfieithiadau'r Academi Gymreig – Cyfrol X [Welsh Academy Translations Committee Poetry Series – Volume X]Cardiff,1995.ISBN978-0906906163
  32. ^Genoways, Ted."Civil War Poems in 'Drum-Taps' and 'Memories of President Lincoln'&thnisp;",A Companion to Walt Whitman,ed.Donald D. Kummings.Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2006: 522–538.
  33. ^""The Ever-Changing Nature of the Sea": Whitman's Absorption of Maximilian Schele de Vere ".Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 30 (2013), 57–77.Archived fromthe originalon November 25, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 1,2016.
  34. ^Fisher, Philip (1999).Still the New World: American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction.Harvard University Press. p. 66.
  35. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 332.
  36. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 324.
  37. ^Miller 1962,p. 155.
  38. ^Mackey, Nathaniel. 1997."Phrenological Whitman".Conjunctions29(Fall). Archived from theoriginalon February 2, 2016.
  39. ^abBora, Indu."A study of thematic drift in Whitman's Leaves of Grass".academia.edu.RetrievedNovember 13,2015.
  40. ^abLoving 1999,p. 185
  41. ^Loving 1999,p. 186.
  42. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 194.
  43. ^Broaddus, Dorothy C. (1999).Genteel Rhetoric: Writing High Culture in Nineteenth-Century Boston.Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p.76.ISBN1-57003-244-0.
  44. ^"Loving Whitman".The New York Times.
  45. ^abLoving 1999,p. 184
  46. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 347.
  47. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 348.
  48. ^Loving 1999,p. 317.
  49. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 404.
  50. ^Crowe, Charles (1967).George Ripley: Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist.Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p. 246.
  51. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 339.
  52. ^Loving 1999,p. 414.
  53. ^"Rare Books and Special Collections".University of South Carolina Libraries.RetrievedJuly 5,2016.
  54. ^"The Walt Whitman Controversy: A Lost Document".VQR Online.RetrievedJuly 5,2016.
  55. ^Loving 1999,p. 416.
  56. ^Reynolds 1995,p. 543.
  57. ^ab"Whitman in Selected Anthologies: The Politics of His Afterlife".VQR Online.RetrievedNovember 30,2015.
  58. ^O'Reilly, Nathanael."Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition ofLeaves of Grass".Irish Journal of American Studies
  59. ^Kenneth M. Price (2005).To Walt Whitman, America.University of North Carolina Press. p. 120.ISBN9780807876114.
  60. ^Michael C. Cohen (2015).The Social Lives of Poems in Nineteenth-Century America.University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 163.ISBN9780812291315.
  61. ^Ryan, Maureen (September 3, 2012)."'Breaking Bad' Finale: Poetic Justice ".The Huffington Post.RetrievedMay 25,2017.
  62. ^Caldwell, Stephanie."'Breaking Bad' Takes Mid-Season Break ".StarPulse.RetrievedJuly 5,2016.
  63. ^Thier, Dave (September 12, 2012)."Breaking Bad"Gliding Over All:" There's No Redemption for Walter White ".Forbes.RetrievedSeptember 10,2012.
  64. ^Andrew Lapin (June 7, 2012)."Movie Review: Back To Woodstock, And To The Spirit Of The '60s".NPR.RetrievedJuly 2,2020.
  65. ^"All Truths Wait in All Things".BYU TV. April 4, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2016.RetrievedJuly 5,2016.
  66. ^Duncan Cooper (December 6, 2013)."Why Did Lana Del Rey Make a 30-Minute Video About God, and What Does It Mean for Me?".The Fader.
  67. ^Donald D. Kummings(2009).A Companion to Walt Whitman.John Wiley & Sons. p. 349.ISBN9781405195515.
  68. ^Weinert-kendt, Rob (January 6, 2016)."Lauren Gunderson on 'I and You,' a Play With an Explosive Twist".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedOctober 31,2016.
  69. ^Jane M. Lindskold (1993).Roger Zelazny.Twayne Publishers.
  70. ^Allie Funk (July 24, 2015). "How 'Paper Towns' Walt Whitman Book Plays A Major Part In Solving The Mystery of Margo".Bustle.
  71. ^"Vaughan Williams: Symphony No.1, 'A Sea Symphony'".Classic FM.
  72. ^"The World of Classics & Progressives".Billboard.Vol. 84, no. 32. August 5, 1972. p. 21.
  73. ^Folsom, Ed. "In Memorium: Robert Strasburg 1915–2003".Walt Whitman Quarterly Review.University of Iowa Press, Volume #21, November 3, 2004: 189–191
  74. ^"Shades of Cool: 12 of Lana Del Rey's Biggest Influences".Rolling Stone.July 16, 2014.
  75. ^Drei Hymnen, Op. 14 (Hindemith):Scores at theInternational Music Score Library Project
  76. ^"The Prologue".Unitarian Universalist Church of Bloomington, Indiana. October 5, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 14,2024.... we will highlight a musical composition entitled "Weave In, My Hardy Life" by composer Aaron Travers...

Sources

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