Leiopelma
| Leiopelma Temporal range:
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| Hochstetter's frog (Leiopelma hochstetteri) | |
Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Suborder: | Archaeobatrachia |
| Family: | Leiopelmatidae Mivart,1869 |
| Genus: | Leiopelma Fitzinger,1861 |
| Species | |
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See text | |
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| Distribution of Leiopelmatidae (in black) | |
Leiopelmais a genus ofNew Zealand primitive frogs,belonging to thesuborderArchaeobatrachia.It is the only genus in the monotypic familyLeiopelmatidae.The leiopelmatids' relatively basal form indicates they have an ancient lineage.[1]While some taxonomists have suggested combining the North American frogs of the genusAscaphusin the familyAscaphidaewith the New Zealand frogs of the genusLeiopelmain the family Leiopelmatidae, the current consensus is that these two groups constitute two separate families.[2][3]The three extant species of Leiopelmatidae are only found inNew Zealand.[4]
Overview
[edit]The New Zealand primitive frogs' defining characteristics are their extravertebrae(for a total of nine) and the remains of the tailmuscles(the tail itself is absent in adults, although it is present in the younger frogs, which need the extra skin surface until their lungs are fully developed). The family Ascaphidae (found only in North America), of the same suborder, shares these primitive characteristics, hence the two have often been described as related, or even part of the same family.
Late jump recovery is unique in Leiopelmatidae. When leiopelmatid species jump, they land in a "belly flop" fashion, repositioning their limbs for takeoff for the next jump only after hitting the ground with the ventral surface of their torsos. The appearance of early jump recovery in more advanced taxa is akey innovationin anuran evolution.[5]
They are unusually small frogs, only 5 cm (2.0 in) in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or vegetation. After hatching, thetadpolesnest in the male's back, all without the need for standing or flowing water. However,Hochstetter's froglays its eggs in shallow ponds and has free-living tadpoles, although they do not swim far from the place of hatching, or even feed, before metamorphosing into adult frogs.[6]Lifespansmay be long (more than 30 years) for such small organisms.[7]
Introduced fauna are thought to have had a negative impact on these native frogs, with 93% of all reported predation events on native frogs being attributed to introduced fauna,[8]primarilyship rats.
Taxonomy & systematics
[edit]Species
[edit]FamilyLeiopelmatidae
- GenusLeiopelma
- Archey's frog,Leiopelma archeyiTurbott, 1942
- Hamilton's frog,Leiopelma hamiltoniMcCulloch, 1919
- Hochstetter's frog,Leiopelma hochstetteriFitzinger,1861
Extinct species
[edit]Three extinct species are known bysubfossilremains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.[9]
- †Aurora frog,Leiopelma auroraensis
- †Markham's frog,Leiopelma markhami[10]
- †Waitomo frog,Leiopelma waitomoensis[11]
One species from the latePlioceneperiod has recently been described.[12]
- †Leiopelma bishopiEaston, Tennyson and Rawlence, 2021
Two species are known fromMiocenedeposits of theSaint Bathans fauna,with indeterminate remains possibly representing additional species[13][14]
Evolutionary history
[edit]DNA analysis indicates that Leiopelmatidae share a distant common ancestry withAscaphidaeto the exclusion of all other frogs, and Leiopelmatidae and Ascaphidae diverged from all other frogs around 200 million years ago.[15]L. archeyiandL. hochstetteriare thought to have diverged from each other between 40 and 50 million years ago, based on genomic divergence estimates. Fossils of the genus are known from the earlyMiocene(19-16 million years ago) agedSt Bathans Faunaof New Zealand.[13]
| Anura | |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^
- Roelants, Kim; Franky Bossuyt (February 2005)."Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and Pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs".Systematic Biology.54(1): 111–126.doi:10.1080/10635150590905894.PMID15805014.
- San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005)."Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"(PDF).American Naturalist.165(5): 590–599.doi:10.1086/429523.JSTOR10.1086/429523.PMID15795855.S2CID17021360.
- ^Frost, Darrel R. (2015)."Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869".Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0.American Museum of Natural History.Retrieved1 September2015.
- ^
- J.M. Conlon et al. / Peptides 30 (2009) 1069–1073
- Cannatella, David (2008)."Leiopelmatidae. Leiopelma".The Tree of Life Web Project.Retrieved1 September2015.
- ^"DOC: Photo-stage and Archey's Frog".Retrieved2005-12-05.
- ^Essner, RL Jr; Suffian, DJ; Bishop, PJ; Reilly, SM (2010). "Landing in basal frogs: evidence of saltational patterns in the evolution of anuran locomotion".Naturwissenschaften.97(10): 935–9.Bibcode:2010NW.....97..935E.doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0697-4.PMID20625697.S2CID18602582.
- ^Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians.San Diego: Academic Press. p. 85.ISBN978-0-12-178560-4.
- ^Bell, Ben D.; et al. (2004). "The fate of a population of the endemic frogLeiopelma pakeka(Anura: Leiopelmatidae) translocated to restored habitat on Maud Island, New Zealand ".New Zealand Journal of Zoology.31(2): 123–131.doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518366.
- ^Egeter, Bastian; Robertson, Bruce C.; Bishop, Phillip J. (2015)."A Synthesis of Direct Evidence of Predation on Amphibians in New Zealand, in the Context of Global Invasion Biology".Herpetological Review.46:512–519.
- ^*Worthy, Trevor H. (1987). "Osteology ofLeiopelma(Amphibia: Leiopelmatidae) and descriptions of three new subfossilLeiopelmaspecies ".Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand.17(3): 201–251.doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10418160.
- Worthy, Trevor H. (1987)."Palaeoecological information concerning members of the frog genusLeiopelma:Leiopelmatidae in New Zealand ".Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand.17(4): 409–420.doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482.
- Nadia Webster (2004)."Native frog captive husbandry manual"(PDF).Department of Conservation. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved29 January2015.
- ^"Holotype ofLeiopelma markhami".Collections Online.Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.Retrieved17 July2010.
- ^"Holotype ofLeiopelma waitomoensis".Collections Online.Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.Retrieved17 July2010.
- ^Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Rawlence, Nicolas J. (2021-10-12)."A new species of Leiopelma frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from the late Pliocene of New Zealand".New Zealand Journal of Zoology.49(3): 215–224.doi:10.1080/03014223.2021.1979053.ISSN0301-4223.S2CID243120256.
- ^abWorthy, Th; Tennyson, Ajd; Scofield, Rp; Hand, Sj (December 2013)."Early Miocene fossil frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand".Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand.43(4): 211–230.doi:10.1080/03036758.2013.825300.hdl:2328/35958.ISSN0303-6758.S2CID84562226.
- ^Updating The Record from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna, Central Otago and its Significance for Documenting the Assembly of New Zealand’s Terrestrial Biota, Conference Paper · July 2014
- ^Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18)."Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.114(29): E5864–E5870.doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114.ISSN0027-8424.PMC5530686.PMID28673970.
Further reading
[edit]- D.G. Newman (1996)."Native frog (Leiopelmassp.) recovery plan "(PDF).Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.Retrieved2007-11-07.
External links
[edit]
- New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology- research on New Zealand frog biology
| Authority control databases:National |
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