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Life of Galileo

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Life of Galileo
1971 Berliner Ensemble production
Written byBertolt Brecht
Characters
  • Galileo
  • Andrea Sarti
  • Mrs Sarti
  • Ludovico Marsili
  • Virginia
  • Sagredo
  • Federzoni
  • Mr Priuli
  • Cosimo de Medici
  • Father Christopher Clavius
  • Cardinal Barberini
  • Fillipo Mucius
  • Mr Gaffone
  • Vanni
  • Senator
  • 1st Monk
  • Puppeteer
  • Rector
Date premiered1943
Original languageGerman
SubjectSocial responsibility of scientists
GenreEpic theatre[1]
SettingRenaissance Italy

Life of Galileo(German:Leben des Galilei), also known asGalileo,is aplayby the 20th centuryGermandramatistBertolt Brechtand collaboratorMargarete Steffinwithincidental musicbyHanns Eisler.The play was written in 1938 and received its first theatrical production (in German) at theZurich Schauspielhaus,opening on the 9th of September1943.This production was directed byLeonard Steckel,withset-designbyTeo Otto.The cast included Steckel himself (as Galileo),Karl ParylaandWolfgang Langhoff.

The second (or "American" ) version was written in English between 1945–1947 in collaboration withCharles Laughton,and opened at theCoronet TheatreinLos Angeleson 30 July 1947.[2]It was directed byJoseph Loseyand Brecht, with musical direction bySerge Hoveyand set-design byRobert Davison.Laughton played Galileo, withRusty Laneas Barberini andJoan McCrackenas Virginia.[3]This production opened at theMaxine Elliott's TheatreinNew Yorkon 7 December of the same year.[3]

In 1955 Brecht prepared a third version. A production, by theBerliner EnsemblewithErnst Buschin the title role, opened in January 1957 at theTheater am Schiffbauerdammand was directed byErich Engel,with set-design byCaspar Neher.[4]The play was first published in 1940.[citation needed]

The action of the play follows the career of the greatItaliannatural philosopherGalileo Galileiand theGalileo affair,in which he was tried by theRoman Catholic Churchfor the promulgation of his scientific discoveries. The play embraces such themes as the conflict betweendogmatismandscientific evidence,as well as interrogating the values of constancy in the face of oppression.

Versions of the play

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After immigrating to theUnited StatesfromHitler's Germany(with stopovers in various other countries in between, among them theUSSR), Brecht translated and re-worked the first version of his play in collaboration with the actorCharles Laughton.[5]The result of their efforts was the second, "American version" of the play, entitled simplyGalileo,which to this day remains the most widely staged version in the English-speaking world.[citation needed]This version differed in tone from the original, as Brecht felt that the optimistic portrait of the scientific project present in the first version required revision in a post-Hiroshimaworld, where science's harmful potential had become more apparent.[6]This second version formed the basis for Losey's 1975 film adaptation forAmerican Film Theatreunder the titleGalileowithTopolin the title role.

In September 1947, Brecht was subpoenaed in the US by theHouse Un-American Activities Committeefor allegedcommunistconnections. He testified before HUAC on 30 October 1947, and flew to Europe on 31 October. He chose to return toEast Germanyand continued to work on the play, now once again in the German language. The final German version premiered atColognein April 1955.[citation needed]

Matej Danter offers a readily-accessible and detailed comparison of the early, the American, and the final German versions.[7]

AScottish Theatre Companyproduction of the Laughton translation, directed byPeter Dews,toured Scottish theatres in the autumn of 1985, withTom Flemingin the title role.[8][9]

In 2013 theRoyal Shakespeare Companyperformed a new version of the play based on a "pared down" translation byMark Ravenhill;theSwan Theatreproduction received a favorable review from the veteran theater criticMichael Billington.[10]

Synopsis

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Portrait of Galileo Galilei byGiusto Sustermans,c. 1640

Galileo, an eminent professor and scientist inPadua,a city in the 17th century Venetian Republic, is short of money. A prospective student, named Ludovico Marsali, tells him about a novel invention, the telescope ( "a queer tube thing" ), that is being sold in Amsterdam. Afterwards, the procurator ofPadua Universityenters and informs Galileo that he cannot approve his application for a raise unless Galileo can produce inventions with practical applications. When Galileo protests that he will be unable to pursue his theoretical research into astronomy if he focuses on business pursuits, the procurator points out that his research into astronomy would be deemed heretical in other parts of Italy and that Venice provides greater academic freedom to scientists because Venetian merchants and industrialists seek to profit from the scientific advances.

Galileo realizes that he must appease his sponsors, replicates the Dutch telescope invention, and presents it to the leaders of Venice as his own creation. Galileo's daughter, Virginia, and Ludovico congratulate Galileo on his "invention" which Galileo claims is much improved from the Dutch version and Ludovico wryly responds that Galileo's is red rather than green. After presenting the telescope, Galileo receives an increase in his salary from the University and the procurator tells Galileo that the financial incentive was necessary to elicit inventions, but within a short time, the procurator discovers Galileo's ruse and is upset to have been publicly made a fool.

Galileo then uses the telescope for careful observations of the Moon and the planets, and he discovers the moons orbiting Jupiter. He makes plans to seek the sponsorship of theMedici CourtinFlorencewhere he hopes to be able to focus more on his writing and research, but his close friend and colleague, Sagredo, pleads with him not to leave Venice since the rest of Italy is dominated by clerics. His astronomical observations strongly supportNicolaus Copernicus'heliocentric modelof theSolar System,which is counter to popular belief,Aristotelian physicsand the established doctrine of theRoman Catholic Church.When doubters quote scripture and Aristotle to him, Galileo pleads with them to look in his telescope and trust the observations of their eyes; they refuse.

Virginia's years long engagement to Ludovico Marsali, a wealthy young man whom she genuinely loves, is broken because of Galileo's reluctance to distance himself from his unorthodox teachings. He furthermore publishes his views invernacularItalian, rather than traditional scientificLatin,thus making his work and conclusions more accessible to the common people, enraging the Church. Galileo is brought to the Vatican in Rome for interrogation by theInquisition.Upon being threatened with torture, he recants his teachings. His students are shocked by his surrender in the face of pressure from the church authorities.

Galileo, old and broken, now living under house arrest with a priest monitoring his activities, is visited by one of his former pupils, Andrea. Galileo gives him a book (Two New Sciences) containing all his scientific discoveries, asking him to smuggle it out of Italy for dissemination abroad. Andrea now believes Galileo's actions were heroic and that he just recanted to fool the ecclesiastical authorities. However, Galileo insists his actions had nothing to do with heroism but were merely the result of self-interest.

Historical background

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The play stays generally faithful to Galileo's science and timeline thereof, but takes significant liberties with his personal life. Galileo did in fact use a telescope, observe the moons of Jupiter, advocate for the heliocentric model, observesunspots,investigate buoyancy, and write on physics, and did visit the Vatican twice to defend his work, the second time being made to recant his views, and being confined to house arrest thereafter.

One significant liberty that is taken is the treatment of Galileo's daughter Virginia Gamba (SisterMaria Celeste), who, rather than becoming engaged, was considered unmarriageable by her father and confined to a convent from the age of thirteen (the bulk of the play), and, further, died of dysentery shortly after her father's recantation. However, Galileo was close with Virginia, and they corresponded extensively.

Allusions

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There are a number of allusions to Galileo's science and toMarxismwhich are not further elaborated in the play; some of these are noted below.

The discussion ofpriceversusvaluewas a major point of debate in 19th century economics, under the termsexchange valueversususe value.WithinMarxian economicsthis is discussed under thelabor theory of value.

More subtly, Marx is sometimes interpreted as advocatingtechnological determinism(technological progress determines social change), which is reflected in the telescope (a technological change) being the root of the scientific progress and hence social unrest.

Questions about motivations for academic pursuits are often raised, with Galileo seeking knowledge for knowledge's sake and his supporters focused on monetizing his discoveries throughstar chartsand industry applications. There is a tension between Galileo's pure love of science and his sponsors who only fund and protect his research because they wish to profit from it.

The mention of tides refers to Galileo's theory that the motion of the Earth caused the tides, which would give the desired physical proof of the Earth's movement, and which is discussed in hisDialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,whose working title wasDialogue on the Tides.In actuality Galileo was wrong. Kepler correctly believed that the Moon's gravity caused the tides.

The bent wooden rail in scene 13 and the discussion that the quickest distance between two points need not be a straight line (though a straight line offers theshortestpath, the fastest descent of a rolling ball in fact follows a curve) alludes to Galileo's investigation of thebrachistochrone(in the context of the quickest descent from a point to a wall), which he incorrectly believed to be given by a quarter circle. Instead, the brachistochrone is a halfcycloid,which was only proven much later with the development ofcalculus.

In performance

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Notes

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  1. ^Birch, Dinah(2009). "Brecht, Bertolt".The Oxford Companion to English Literature(7th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 152–153.
  2. ^Schuetze-Coburn, Marje."Bertolt Brecht'sGalileoat the Coronet Theatre, February 1998 ".Feuchtwanger Memorial Library at the University of Southern California. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-03.
  3. ^abAtkinson, Brooks (December 8, 1947). "At the Theatre".New York Times.New York, New York. p. 32 – viaNYTimes.
  4. ^Willett (1959, 46–47).
  5. ^McNeil (2005: 45–47)
  6. ^McNeil (2005: 63; 111–113)
  7. ^Danter (2001)
  8. ^Advertisement for the Scottish Theatre Company production ofLife of Galileo,The List,Issue 2, 18 - 31 October 1985, p. 8
  9. ^review ofLife of Galileoby Julie Ash,The List,Issue 3, 1 - 14 November 1985, p. 17
  10. ^Billington, Michael (February 13, 2013)."A Life of Galileo – review".The Guardian.

References

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