Lipan language
Lipan | |
---|---|
Ndé miizaa | |
Native to | Mexico,United States |
Region | Chihuahua,Coahuila,New Mexico,Texas |
Ethnicity | Lipan Apache people |
Native speakers | 110 (in Mexico)[1] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Regulated by | Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | apl |
Glottolog | lipa1241 |
ELP | Lipan |
Lipan(ndé miizaa) is an EasternSouthern Athabaskan languagespoken by theLipan Apachein the states ofCoahuilaandChihuahuain northernMexico,some reservations ofNew Mexicoand parts of southern Texas. Lipan belongs to theNa-Dene languagesfamily and it is closely related to theJicarilla language,which is also part of the Eastern Southern Athabaskan languages.
History
[edit]In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.[2]
On March 22, 2023, a speech in Lipan was given in the tribune of theChamber of Deputiesof Mexico.[3]
On July 22, 2023, theInstituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenaspresented and validated an official Alpha bet for Lipan in the Assembly Hall ofCasas Grandes, Chihuahua.
Distribution
[edit]In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states ofCoahuilaandChihuahua:In Coahuila it was mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas inArteaga Municipality,El Remolino and Zaragoza inZaragoza Municipality,Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz inMúzquiz Municipalityand the cities ofSabinasandSaltillo.In Chihuahua it is mainly spoken inCiudad Juarez,the city ofChihuahuaand other native towns.[4]
Lipan was spoken in New Mexico in theMescalero Reservationand in Texas near theMexico-U.S. border.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]There are 30 consonants in Lipan Apache:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | lateral | ||||||
Nasal | m⟨m⟩ | n⟨n⟩ | ||||||
Stop | prenasal | ⁿd⟨nd⟩ | ||||||
voiceless | p⟨b⟩ | t⟨d⟩ | ts⟨dz⟩ | tɬ⟨dl⟩ | tʃ⟨j⟩ | k⟨g⟩ | ʔ⟨'⟩ | |
aspirated | tʰ⟨t⟩ | tsʰ⟨ts⟩ | tɬʰ⟨tł⟩ | tʃʰ⟨ch⟩ | kʰ⟨k⟩ | |||
ejective | tʼ⟨t'⟩ | tsʼ⟨ts'⟩ | tɬʼ⟨tł'⟩ | tʃʼ⟨ch'⟩ | kʼ⟨k'⟩ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | s⟨s⟩ | ɬ⟨ł⟩ | ʃ⟨sh⟩ | x⟨x⟩ | h⟨h⟩ | ||
voiced | z⟨z⟩ | ʒ⟨zh⟩ | ɣ⟨gh⟩ | |||||
Approximant | l⟨l⟩ | j⟨y⟩ |
Vowels
[edit]There are 16 vowels in Lipan Apache:
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
Close | oral | i⟨i⟩ | iː⟨ii⟩ | ||||
nasal | ĩ⟨į⟩ | ĩː⟨įį⟩ | |||||
Mid | oral | e⟨e⟩ | eː⟨ee⟩ | o⟨o⟩ | oː⟨oo⟩ | ||
nasal | ẽ⟨ę⟩ | ẽː⟨ęę⟩ | õ⟨ǫ⟩ | õː⟨ǫǫ⟩ | |||
Open | oral | a⟨a⟩ | aː⟨aa⟩ | ||||
nasal | ã⟨ą⟩ | ãː⟨ąą⟩ |
Tone
[edit]Tones are represented as high[V́],low[V̀],falling[V́V̀],and rising[V̀V́].Rising and falling tones only occur on long vowels.
Toponymy
[edit]The Lipan people preserve their own toponymic names to name important places within their history and culture that are part of theNdé Bikéyaa( "Ndé land" in Lipan):[5]
Mexico | Mehigu |
Chihuahua City | Ją’éłąyá |
Ciudad Juárez | Tsé Tahu’aya / Yaa tu enéé |
Coahuila | Nacika |
Bibliography
[edit]- Breuninger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; Lathan, Ellen Ann; & Rushforth, Scott. (1982).Mescalero Apache dictionary.Mescalero, NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe.
- Gatschet, Albert S. [1884]. Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
- Gatschet, Albert S. [1885]. Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
- Goddard, Pliny E. [1906]. Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.)
- Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes handwritten transcription and typed versions, 4 texts, one text published as Hoijer 1975).
- Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages.American Anthropologist,40(1), 75–87.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages.Language,18(3), 218–220.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes.International Journal of American Linguistics,11(4), 193–203.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense.International Journal of American Linguistics,12(1), 1–13.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers.International Journal of American Linguistics,12(2), 51–59.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change.Language,24(4), 335–345.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems.American Anthropologist,58(2), 309–333.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1956).The chronology of the Athapaskan languages.International Journal of American Linguistics,22(4), 219–232.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua.Linguistics: An international review,161,5-37.
- Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." InThe Athabaskan Languages.(Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92–100.
- Opler, Morris E. (1936).The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes.American Anthropologist,38,620–633.
- Opler, Morris E. (2001).Lipan Apache.In Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Plains, 941-952. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Webster, Anthony. (1999). "Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions."American Indian Quarterly.23(1): 1-24.