Epic of Manas
Epic of Manas | |
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![]() Statue of Manas inBishkek,Kyrgyzstan | |
Original title | Манас дастаны |
Written | 18th century |
Language | Kyrgyz |
Subject(s) | The interactions of a Kyrgyz warrior and his progeny with neighboring Turkic, Mongolic, and Chinese people |
Genre(s) | Epic poem |
Lines | Approximately 553,500 |
TheEpic of Manas(Kyrgyz:Манас дастаны,romanized:Manas dastanı,ماناس دستانی) is a very long and traditionalepic poemof theKyrgyz peopleof Central Asia. Versions of the poem which date to the 19th century and contain historical events of the 18th century, though Kyrgyz tradition holds it to be much older. Manas is said to be based onBars Bek,the firstkhaganof theKyrgyz Khaganate.The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with otherTurkic,MongolicandChinesepeoples.
The government of Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary from the moment it was documented in 1995. The mythic poem has evolved over many centuries,[1]being kept alive by bards calledmanaschyormanaschi.The first written reference to theeponymoushero of Manas and hisOiratenemy Joloy is to be found in a Persian manuscript dated to 1792–93.[2]In one of its dozens of iterations, the epic poem consists of approximately 500,000 lines.
Narrative
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/170px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg)
The epic tells the story of Manas, his descendants, and their exploits against various foes. The Epic of Manas is divided into three books. The first is entitled "Manas", the second episode describes the deeds of his son Semetei, and the third of his grandson Seitek. The epic begins with the destruction and difficulties caused by the invasion of the Oirats. Jakyp reaches maturity in this time as the owner of many herds without a single heir. His prayers are eventually answered, and on the day of his son's birth, he dedicates a colt, Toruchaar, born the same day to his son's service. The son is unique among his peers for his strength, mischief, and generosity. The Oirat learn of this young warrior and warn their leader. A plan is hatched to capture the young Manas. They fail in this task, and Manas is able to rally his people and is eventually elected and proclaimed askhan.
Manas expands his reach to include that of theUyghursofRaviganjnon the southern border ofJungaria.One of the defeated Uyghur rulers gives his daughter to Manas in marriage. At this point, the Kyrgyz people chose, with Manas' help, to return from the Altai mountains to their "ancestral lands" in the mountains of modern-dayKyrgyzstan.Manas begins his successful campaigns against his neighbors accompanied by his forty companions. Manas turns eventually to face theAfghan peopleto the south in battle, where after defeat the Afghans enter into an alliance with Manas. Manas then comes into a relationship with the people ofMā Warāʾ an-Nahrthrough marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bukhara.
The epic continues in various forms, depending on the publication and whim of the manaschi, or reciter of the epic.
History
[edit]Scholars have long debated the exact age of the epic, as it was transmitted orally without being recorded. However, historians have doubted the age claimed for it since the turn of the 20th century. The primary reason is that the events portrayed occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries.Hattoremarks that Manas was
"compiled to glorify the Sufi sheikhs of Shirkent and Kasan... [and] circumstances make it highly probable that... [Manas] is a late eighteenth-century interpolation."[3]
Changes were made in the delivery and textual representation[4]particularly the replacement of the tribal background of Manas. In the 19th century versions, Manas is the leader of theNogaypeople, while in versions dating after 1920, Manas is a Kyrgyz and a leader of the Kyrgyz.[5]Use of the Manas for nation-building purposes, and the availability of printed historical variants, has similarly had an impact on the performance, content, and appreciation on the epic.[6]
Attempts have been made to connect modern Kyrgyz with theYenisei Kirghiz,today claimed by Kyrgyzstan to be the ancestors of modern Kyrgyz. Kazakh ethnographer and historianShokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuliwas unable to find evidence offolk-memoryduring his extended research in 19th-century Kyrgyzstan (then part of the expanding Russian empire) nor has any been found since.[7]
While Kyrgyz historians consider it to be the longest epic poem in history,[8]theSanskritepicMahabharataand theTibetanEpic of King Gesarare both longer.[9]The distinction is in number of verses. Manas has more verses, though they are shorter.
Recitation
[edit]Manas is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, calledManasçı(Kyrgyz:Манасчы). Manasçıs tell the tale in a melodic chant unaccompanied by musical instruments.
Kyrgyzstan has many Manasçıs. Narrators who know all three episodes of the epic (the tales of Manas, of his son Semetey and of his grandson Seytek) can acquire the status of Great Manasçı. Great Manasçıs of the 20th century areSagımbay Orozbakov,Sayakbay Karalaev,Şaabay Azizov (pictured), Kaba Atabekov, Seydene Moldokova and Yusup Mamay. Contemporary Manasçıs includeRysbek Jumabayev,who has performed at the British Library,[10]Urkaş Mambetaliev, the Manasçı of the Bishkek Philharmonic (also travels through Europe),Talantaaly Bakchiev,who combines recitation with critical study,[11]andDoolot Sydykov,noted for lengthy performances (including a 111 hour recitation over five days).[12]Adil Jumaturdu has provided "A comparative study of performers of theManasepic. "[13]
There are more than 65 written versions of parts of the epic.Arthur Thomas Hattomade scholarly editions with facing English translations of the Manas tales recorded in the 19th century byShokan Valikhanov[14]andVasily Radlov.[15]An English translation of the version of Sagımbay Orozbakov by Walter May was published in 1995 as part of the commemoration of the presumed 1000th anniversary of Manas' birth (and re-issued in two volumes in 2004), and a substantial episode of this variant translated by Daniel Prior was published in 2022.[16]
Legacy
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manas_Mausoleum.jpg/220px-Manas_Mausoleum.jpg)
Manas is said to have been buried in theAla-Too mountainsinTalas Province,in northwesternKyrgyzstan.Amausoleumsome 40 km east of the town of Talas is believed to house his remains and is a popular destination for Kyrgyz travellers. Traditional Kyrgyz horsemanship games are held there every summer since 1995. An inscription on the mausoleum states, however, that it is dedicated to "...the most famous of women, Kenizek-Khatun, the daughter of the emir Abuka". Legend has it that Kanikey, Manas' widow, ordered this inscription in an effort to confuse her husband's enemies and prevent a defiling of his grave. The name of the building is "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Dome of Manas", and the date of its erection is unknown. There is a museum dedicated to Manas and his legend nearby the tomb.
The reception of the poem in the USSR was problematic. Politician and government officialKasym Tynystanovtried to get the poem published in 1925, but this was prevented by the growing influence ofStalinism.The first extract of the poem to be published in the USSR appeared in Moscow in 1946, and efforts to nominate the poem for theStalin Prizein 1946 were unsuccessful. IdeologistAndrei Zhdanov,Stalin's "propagandist in chief", prevented this, calling the poem an example of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism". The struggle continued inside Kyrgyzstan, with different newspapers and authors taking different sides; one of its supporters wasTugelbay Sydykbekov.By 1952 the poem was called anti-Soviet and anti-Chinese and condemned as pan-Islamic.Chinghiz Aitmatov,in the 1980s, picked up the cause for the poem again, and in 1985 finally a statue for the hero was erected.[17]
In 2023, the manuscript version of the epic was included by international organizationUNESCOin theMemory of the World Programme.[18]
Influence
[edit]- Liz Williams'Nine Layers of Sky(2003) writes a modern day account of Manas as a nemesis of theBogatyrIlya Muromets.
- University of Manas - the name of university in the city of Bishkek.
- The main international airport of Kyrgyzstan,Manas International AirportinBishkek,was named after the epic.
- Aminor planet,3349 Manaswas discovered bySovietastronomerNikolai Stepanovich Chernykhin 1979.[19]
- The highest award in Kyrgyzstan is the Order of Manas.
- Manas- opera, composed byAbdylas Maldybaev
Translations
[edit]Manashas been translated into 20 languages. TheUzbekpoetMirtemirtranslated the poem intoUzbek.[20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Terbish, Baanjarav (February 2021)."The Sart Kalmaks in Kyrgyzstan: people in transition".Central Asian Survey.40(3): 313–329.doi:10.1080/02634937.2021.1884045.
- ^Tagirdzhanov, A. T. 1960. "Sobranie istorij". Majmu at-tavarikh, Leningrad.
- ^Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 99
- ^Notes on the Cultural History of the Kirghiz Epic Tradition.Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2000.
- ^Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 104
- ^Plumtree, James (2021). "A Telling Tradition: Preliminary Comments on the Epic of Manas, 1856–2018". In Thomson, S. C. (ed.).Medieval Stories and Storytelling: Multimedia and Multi-temporal Perspectives.Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 239-301 (pp. 273-278).ISBN978-2-503-59050-9.
- ^1980. 'Kirghiz. Mid-nineteenth century' in [Traditions of heroic and epic poetry I], edited byA. T. Hatto,London, 300-27.
- ^Урстанбеков Б.У., Чороев Т.К. Кыргыз тарыхы: Кыскача энциклопедиялык сөздүк: Мектеп окуучулары үчүн. – Ф.:Кыргы. Совет Энциклопедиясыныны Башкы Ред., 1990. 113 б.ISBN5-89750-028-2
- ^Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity, London: Penguin Books, 2005.
- ^Gullette, David (2010).The Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and 'Tribalism'.Folkestone: Global Oriental. p.153.ISBN9781906876104.
- ^Plumtree, James (2019)."A KyrgyzSinger Of Tales:Formulas in Three Performances of theBirth of Manasby Talantaaly Bakchiev ".Доклады Национальной академии наук Кыргызской Республики:125–133.
- ^Калыков, Мундузбек (6 September 2021)."Манасчы Доолот Сыдыков установил рекорд — он читал эпос «Манас» пять суток".kloop.kg(in Russian).
- ^Jumaturdu, Adil (2016). "A Comparative Study of Performers of theManasEpic ".The Journal of American Folklore.129(513): 288–296.doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.513.0288.S2CID163241388.
- ^Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1977).The memorial feast for Kökötöy-khan (Kökötöydün ašı): a Kirghiz epic poem.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780197135938.
- ^Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1990).The manas of Wilhelm Radloff.Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz.ISBN9783447030106.
- ^Orozbak uulu, Sagymbaĭ (2022). Prior, Daniel (ed.).The memorial feast for Kokötöy Khan: a Kirghiz epic poem in the Manas tradition.London: Penguin.ISBN9780241544211.
- ^Laruelle, Marlene (2015)."Kyrgyzstan's Nationhood: From a Monopoly of Production to a Plural Market".In Laruelle, Marlene; Engvall, Johan (eds.).Kyrgyzstan beyond "Democracy Island" and "Failing State": Social and Political Changes in a Post-Soviet Society.Le xing ton Books. pp. 165–84.ISBN9781498515177.
- ^"The Manas epic manuscripts are included in the Memory of the World".UNESCO. June 8, 2023.RetrievedJune 28,2023.
- ^Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013).Dictionary of Minor Planet Names(3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 439.ISBN9783662066157.
- ^"Mirtemir (In Uzbek)".Ziyouz.Retrieved18 February2012.
External literature
[edit]- Manas.Translated by Walter May. Rarity,Bishkek,2004.ISBN9967-424-17-6
- Levin, Theodore.Where the Rivers and Mountains Sing: sound, music, and nomadism in Tuva and beyond.Section "The Spirit of Manas", pp. 188–198. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006
- Manas 1000. Theses of the international scientific symposium devoted to the 'Manas' epos Millenial [sic] Anniversary.Bishkek, 1995.
- S. Mussayev.The Epos Manas.Bishkek, 1994
- Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry(2 vols.), under the general editorship ofA. T. Hatto,The Modern Humanities Research Association, London, 1980.
- The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy-Khan,A. T. Hatto,1977, Oxford University Press
- The Manas of Wilhelm Radloff,A. T. Hatto,1990, Otto Harrassowitz
- Spirited Performance. The Manas Epic and Society in Kyrgyzstan.N. van der Heide, Amsterdam, 2008.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- [1]at theManas University,Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University
- ManasArchived2012-01-05 at theWayback Machineat theUysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative,Texas Tech University
- In-depth site on Manas with translated sections of the epic
- Manasat China.org.cn
- "Manas: The Kyrgyz Odysseys, Moses, and Washington",article examining the place of Manas in Kyrgyz mythology and national identity
- Epos "Manas"Text of epic poems "Manas", "Semetey" and "Seytek", others kyrgyz epic poems.
- Video of Manas Epic recitations