Orlov revolt

Orlov revolt
	Part of theRusso-Turkish War of 1768–1774
	; Operations during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) and Orlov revolt (1770)
Date	February 1770 – 17 June 1771
Location	Ottoman Empire Morea Eyalet; Ioannina Eyalet; Eyalet of the Archipelago;
Result	Ottoman victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca;
Belligerents
Greeks; Supported by:; Russia	Ottoman Empire Pashalik of Scutari; ;
Commanders and leaders
Panagiotis Benakis; Daskalogiannis; Konstantinos Kolokotronis†; Lambros Katsonis; Alexei Orlov	Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha[tr]; Mustafa Pasha; Kara Mahmud Pasha
Units involved
Greek revolutionaries; Imperial Russian Navy	Ottoman Muslim Albanian mercenaries Local Turks
Strength
Unknown	3,000Ghegs
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

TheOrlov revolt^[a](Greek:Ορλωφικά, Ορλοφικά, Ορλώφεια,lit. 'Orlov events') was aGreekuprising in thePeloponneseand later also inCretethat broke out in February 1770, following the arrival of Russian AdmiralAlexey Orlov,commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during theRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774),at theMani Peninsula.The revolt, a major precursor to theGreek War of Independence(which erupted in 1821), was part ofCatherine the Great'sso-called "Greek Plan"and was eventually suppressed by theOttomans.

Background

Rise of the Russo-Turkish conflict

The first attempts of the nascentRussian Empire,under TsarPeter the Great,to expand south to Ottoman-ruled territories in theCrimeaand theSea of Azovfailed,^[5]and it was not until theTreaty of Nišin 1739 that their possession ofAzovwas recognized.^[6]Russo-Ottoman antagonism continued to grow over the following decades, as the two powers rivalled over influence in their borderlands in Crimea, Ukraine,Poland,andMoldavia,leading finally to the outbreak of war in 1768.^[5]

During the same period, Russian influence began to spread among the Christians living under Ottoman rule. Prophecies of a 'golden nation' or 'blonde nation' that would destroy the Ottoman Empire began circulating already in the 1690s, during the height of theRusso-Turkish War of 1686–1700.^[7]At the same time, theFranco-Ottoman allianceresulted in advantages for the Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, and particularly theHoly Land.This caused the Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem to turn to Russia for support in recovering their privileges.^[8]The Austrian advance into the northwestern Balkans during theGreat Turkish Waralso caused concern, with theSerbian patriarchand the ruler ofWallachia,Șerban Cantacuzino,seeking Russian support as early as 1688.^[8]The presence of a Russian ambassador at the Ottoman court from 1700 on also allowed direct contacts of Russian officials with the Ottoman Christians, while an increasing number of the latter sought refuge and employment in Russia, where Greek colonies were established.^[9]

Outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774

The Ottoman Empire had its longest period of peace between 1739 (Treaty of Belgrade) and 1768 - three decades when it did not engage any of its European rivals.^[10]Europe was caught up in costly and bloody conflicts while the Ottomans stayed out and tended to economy and politics, and rebuilding social and administrative organization.^[10]

This peaceful period came to an end on 23 October 1768, when the Porte declared war on Russia.^[10]Causes included aggressive Russian foreign policy, Russian interference in Crimea (an Ottoman vassal), and thepower struggle in Poland-Lithuania.^[10]There were insignificant events in 1768–69, as both sides prepared for a long campaign.^[11]

Meanwhile, Greek rebels were readied. Wishing to weaken theOttoman Empireand establish apro-Russian independent Greek state,Russian emissaries had been sent toManiin the mid-1760s to make a pact with the strongest local military leaders, and at the same time notable Greeks approached various Russian agents, discussing plans for the liberation of Greece.^[12]In preparation for war, Russian agents promoted Greek rebellion to support military actions in the north.^[13]Russian artillery captain Grigorios Papadopoulos (or Georgios Papasoglu^[14]), a Greek, was dispatched to Mani.^[13]Georgios Papazolis, another Greek officer of the Russian army, cooperated with the brothersGrigoryandAlexei Orlovin preparations for a Greek insurrection in the Morea during the Russian military operations against the Ottoman Empire in 1769.^[15]The organization of the Greek rebellion was put under brothers Orlov,^[13]with Alexei as the Russian fleet commander.^[11]

Some Greek notables joined the Russian side, and promised them men and supplies, while in return they expected massive Russian aid (10,000 soldiers and military equipment).^[13]Russia planned to incite Orthodox Christians to revolt, and sent agents toBosnia,Herzegovina,Montenegro,Albania,Creteand theMorea.^[11]Another Orlov brother,Fyodor Orlov[ru],was sent to coordinate rebels in Morea, deemed the most important strategic area in mainland Greece (due to its ports).^[16]Russia assembled a war fleet for deployment in the Mediterranean, described as "one of the most spectacular events of the 18th century", which caught the Ottomans off-guard.^[11]The first fleet contingent (out of two) departed in August 1769 and arrived in the Aegean in December.^[11]This expedition of four ships, a few hundred soldiers and inadequate arms supplies greatly disappointed the Greeks.^[13]Nevertheless, combined Russian-Greek forces attempted a campaign.^[13]

Progress of the revolt

Peloponnese

The arrival of the Russian fleet inManiin February 1770 saw the establishment of local armed groups in Mani and Kalamata. However, the small Russian expeditionary force could not convince a part of the local Greeks to take arms. The Russian manpower was much fewer than expected and mutual distrust developed between the Greek and Russian leaders.^[17]Among the Greek leaders that were approached werePanagiotis Benakis,a notable fromKalamata,the local metropolitan bishop Anthimos,^[18]and Cretan shipping magnate John Vlachos "Daskalogiannis".Initially an army of 1,400 men was formed, but additional reinforcement of Cretans arrived the following days. The Greek forces were divided into major units (called legions) with the help of a small number of Russian officers and soldiers. The" Eastern Spartan Legion "inLaconia,with 1,200 men, was organized byP. P. Dolgorukovand led by Georgios "Yiorgakis"^[14]Mavromichalis, while the "Western Spartan Legion" inMesseniawas led byG. M. BarkovandAntonios Psarros.^[19]

The Greek rebels were initially successful and managed to defeat Ottoman forces in Laconia and eastern Messenia in southernMorea.The revolt however failed to effectively spread, thus the fortresses ofNavarino,Methoneand the administrative center of Morea,Tripolitsa(modern Tripoli), remained in Ottoman hands.^[19]The rebels did manage to control the fortress ofMystras,where they set up a local government.^[18]

The population ofCorinthrose in revolt and began to besiege nearbyNafplio.The Ottoman guard of the citadel ofMonemvasiawas also threatened. A total of 5,000 volunteers from the Ionian islands ofCephaloniaandZakynthosalso reinforced the revolutionary forces in Peloponesse.Gastouniwas also taken, whilePatraswas found under siege by the Greek units. Additional uprisings occurred around the towns ofMesolongiandNafpaktosin central Greece.^[20]

In March 12 the western legion and the Russian fleet began to siege the fortress of Koroni. However, after six week the garrison couldn't be taken.^[20]

Crete

Meanwhile, the Greek revolt in Crete was led by Daskalogiannis. Soon afterSfakiansrefused to pay taxes and revolted in great numbers.^[21]However, the support promised by the Russian emissaries never arrived at Crete and Daskalogiannis was left to his own devices.^{[citation needed]}He managed to organize a band of 2,000 well armed men who descended from the mountains onto the plains of western Crete.^[22]There with messianic overtones they prepared for a week with feasting and in formations of small bands started to kill local Muslims in an unsuccessful effort to convince other Cretans to join them in their quest to overthrow the Ottomans.^[22]The Cretan uprising was soon suppressed by numerically superior Ottoman units.^[21]

Ottoman response

In April the revolutionaries managed to capture the fortress of Navarino however the uprising was already doomed and the Russian fleet abandoned the region in following June.^[23]

As soon as the first news of the Russian-backed Greek revolt reached the Ottoman capital, the first anti-Greek pogroms broke out in various cities of the Ottoman Empire, includingSmyrna.^[24]

With the assistance of Greek islanders, the Russian fleet was able to score a major victory against theOttoman Navyin theBattle of Cesme,but this did not help the Greek army in Morea. As the Russians failed to bring the forces they promised, the revolt was soon crushed. Greek reinforcements fromMacedoniaandOlympusregion faced opposition in their descent to Morea and thus were unable to assist the revolutionaries.^[25]Meanwhile, one of the Ottoman Empire's most competent military commanders and former Grand Vizier, Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha, took up the command of the garrison at Nafplion and, after calling for militia from some northern provinces, he crushed the Russo-Greek expedition at Tripolitsa.^[26]^[13]

Aftermath

The Muslim Albanian mercenaries hired by the Ottomans remained in the Peloponnese for several years after the suppression of the revolt, periodically launching reprisals against the Greeks,^[27]thus taking revenge for the Christian forces that had massacred Muslim civilians and destroyed property during the uprising.^[13]Referred to by the local Greek populace as "Turk-Albanians",those forces had also destroyed many cities and towns inEpirusduring 1769–70.^[28]InPatrasnearly no one was left alive after the Turkish-Albanian invasion.^[29]The city ofMystraswas left in ruins and the metropolitan bishop Ananias was executed despite having saved the life of several Turks during the uprising. A great number of local Greeks were killed by the Albanian groups, while several children were sold to slavery.^[30]In nine years following the revolt c. 20,000-30,000 local Greeks either succumbed or left their homeland.^[31]

The Ottoman government was unable to pay the wages the Albanian mercenaries demanded for their service, causing the latter to ravage the region.^[32]In 1774 theRusso-Turkish Warended with theTreaty of Küçük Kaynarcawhich granted general amnesty to the population. Nevertheless, attacks by Muslim Albanian mercenaries in the region continued not only against the Greek population but also against Turks.^[33]The extensive destruction and lack of control in the Peloponnese forced the central Ottoman government to send a regular Turkish military force to suppress those Albanian troops in 1779,^[13]and eventually drive them out from Peloponnese.^[27]

From the Russian point of view, Count Orlov's mission was mostly a success, damaging the Ottoman fleet, directing Ottoman troops south, and contributing to the victory that led to the signing of theTreaty of Küçük Kaynarca.

From the Greek point of view, the revolt had significant consequences. On the one hand, it cost a huge number of lives (both in battle, and in the Ottoman reprisals that followed). On the other hand, the Milet-i Rum, of which Greek were a part, did well out of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. Greek ships, for example, gained the right to sail under the Russian flag and had open access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Russia gained the right to protect the Orthodox population and its churches and to build an Orthodox cathedral in Istanbul. Russia also obtained the right to appoint Consuls throughout the empire, and most of these were Greeks. The treaty ushered in major changes to the Greek world.^[34]

Greek connections to Russia became even stronger because of the influence of prominent Greeks in Russia such as Count Demetrio Mocenigo, CountIoannis Kapodistrias,Alexandros Ypsilantis,Skarlatos D. Sturdza, Spyridon Destunis, and others who occupied high positions in the Russian imperial administration. In the decades after the revolt, tens of thousands of Greeks emigrated from the Ottoman to the Russian empire, establishing colonies in the Crimea and along the shores of the Sea of Azov. Cities like Mariupol and Taganrog became booming commercial centers dominated by Ottoman Greek immigrants and their Greek-Russian successors. They would play prominent roles in the history of Greece and the Greeks until their destruction in the 1930s.^[35]

In popular culture

The revolt was a crucial event for the further development ofPhilhellenismas an important literary movement in the Western world. As such, the protagonist inFriedrich Hölderlin'snovelHyperionparticipates in a 1770 revolt inspired by the Orlov Revolt.^[36]^[37]

Gallery

Battle of Chios (Chesma)byIvan Aivazovsky(1848)
Gravour showing theBattle of Chesma
A bust ofDaskalogiannisinAnopolis,Crete

Annotations

^
It is known as theOrlov Rebellion,^[38]Orlov Revolt^[38]

References

^Brill, E. J. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg.BRILL. p. 458.ISBN 978-90-04-09787-2.
^Jazexhi, Olsi (2018).Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH)(PDF).Dielli. pp. 4, 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-08-19.Retrieved2023-10-31.
^Jazexhi, Olsi (2018).Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH)(PDF).Dielli. pp. 4, 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-08-19.Retrieved2023-10-31.
^Brill, E. J. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg.BRILL. p. 458.ISBN 978-90-04-09787-2.
^^a ^bVakalopoulos 1975,p. 52.
^Vakalopoulos 1975,p. 53.
^Vakalopoulos 1975,pp. 55–57.
^^a ^bVakalopoulos 1975,p. 56.
^Vakalopoulos 1975,pp. 56–57, 59.
^^a ^b ^c ^dGallant 2015,p. 18.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGallant 2015,p. 19.
^Smilyanskaya, Elena (2014). "Russian Warriors in the Land of Miltiades and Themistocles: The Colonial Ambitions of Catherine the Great in the Mediterranean".SSRN Electronic Journal.Social Science Research Network: 4.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2436332.S2CID 128722901.SSRN 2436332.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱJelavich 1983,p. 78.
^^a ^bGallant 2015,p. 21.
^Dakin 1973,p. 78.
^Gallant 2015,pp. 19–20.
^Roessel 2001,p. 13.
^^a ^bKalligas, Harris (2009).Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State.Routledge. pp. 91–.ISBN 9781134536030.
^^a ^bPappas 1982,p. 74.
^^a ^bBrewer, 2012, p. 189
^^a ^bPappas 1982,p. 76.
^^a ^bGreene, Molly (2002-03-11).A shared world: Christians and Muslims in the early modern Mediterranean.Princeton University Press. p. 206.ISBN 9781400844494.
^Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed.McFarland. p. 93.ISBN 9780786474707.
^Weithmann, Michael Wilhelm (1994).Griechenland: vom Frühmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.F. Pustet. p. 137.ISBN 9783791714257.Als in Istanbul bekannt wurde, daß auf russischer Seite zahlreiche griechische Mannschaften und Offiziere kämpften, kam es in Smyrna (Izmir) und anderen Städten des Reiches zu ersten antigriechischen Pogromen.
^Dakin 1973,p. 26.
^Gallant 2015,pp. 9–11.
^^a ^bStavrianos 2000,p. 189.
^Ioannis Kaphetzopoulos; Charalambos Flokas; Angeliki Dima-Dimitriou (2000).The struggle for Northern Epirus.Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. pp. 12, 32.ISBN 978-960-7897-40-4.
^Constantine David (2011).In the Footsteps of the Gods: Travellers to Greece and the Quest for the Hellenic Ideal.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 169.ISBN 9780857719478....when the Turks and Albanians reasserted themselves they were merciless; recapturing Patras, they left scarcely anyone alive.
^Steven Runciman (2009).Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 118.ISBN 9780857718105.
^Dakin, Douglas (27 May 2022).The Greek Struggle for Independence 1821-1833.Univ of California Press. p. 26.ISBN 978-0-520-36359-5.
^Steven Runciman (2009).Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 119.ISBN 9780857718105.
^Kaligas Haris (2009).Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 92.ISBN 9781134536030.
^Gallant 2015,pp. 11–13.
^Gallant 2015,pp. 14–23.
^Roessel 2001,p. 16.
^Hölderlin, Freidrich; trans. Willard R. Trask (1965).Hyperion.New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 106.
^^a ^bGallant 2015,p. 20.

Sources

Brewer, David (16 April 2012).Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 978-0-85772-167-9.
Dakin, Douglas(1973).The Greek Struggle for Independence, 1821-1833.University of California Press.ISBN 9780520023420.
Gallant, Thomas (2015)."The winds of change".The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 17–.ISBN 978-0-7486-3607-5.
Jelavich, Barbara(1983).History of the Balkans.Vol. 1.Cambridge University Press.pp. 69, 78.ISBN 9780521252492.
Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1982).Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries.Stanford University.
Papadopoulos, Stefanos (1975). "Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1770 και ο αντίκτυπός της στις ελληνικές χώρες" [The Greek Revolution of 1770 and its impact on the Greek lands]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία[History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 58–85.ISBN 978-960-213-100-8.
Roessel, David (2001).In Byron's Shadow: Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination.Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780198032908.
Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (2000).The Balkans Since 1453.C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 187–190, 195.ISBN 978-1-85065-551-0.
Vakalopoulos, Apostolos(1975). "Η άνοδος της ρωσικής δυνάμεως" [The rise of Russian power]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία[History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 51–58.ISBN 978-960-213-100-8.

[cnote_a] 
It is known as theOrlov Rebellion,^[38]Orlov Revolt^[38]

[1] Brill, E. J. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg.BRILL. p. 458.ISBN 978-90-04-09787-2.

[2] Jazexhi, Olsi (2018).Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH)(PDF).Dielli. pp. 4, 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-08-19.Retrieved2023-10-31.

[3] Jazexhi, Olsi (2018).Kara Mahmud Pashë Bushati, Bualli i Shkodrës (1776–1796 ER/1190–1211 AH)(PDF).Dielli. pp. 4, 11.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-08-19.Retrieved2023-10-31.

[4] Brill, E. J. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg.BRILL. p. 458.ISBN 978-90-04-09787-2.

[FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197552-5] Vakalopoulos 1975,p. 52.

[FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197553-6] Vakalopoulos 1975,p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197555–57-7] Vakalopoulos 1975,pp. 55–57.

[FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197556-8] Vakalopoulos 1975,p. 56.

[FOOTNOTEVakalopoulos197556–57,_59-9] Vakalopoulos 1975,pp. 56–57, 59.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201518-10] Gallant 2015,p. 18.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201519-11] Gallant 2015,p. 19.

[12] Smilyanskaya, Elena (2014). "Russian Warriors in the Land of Miltiades and Themistocles: The Colonial Ambitions of Catherine the Great in the Mediterranean".SSRN Electronic Journal.Social Science Research Network: 4.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2436332.S2CID 128722901.SSRN 2436332.

[FOOTNOTEJelavich198378-13] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱJelavich 1983,p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201521-14] Gallant 2015,p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEDakin197378-15] Dakin 1973,p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201519–20-16] Gallant 2015,pp. 19–20.

[FOOTNOTERoessel200113-17] Roessel 2001,p. 13.

[Kalligas-18] Kalligas, Harris (2009).Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State.Routledge. pp. 91–.ISBN 9781134536030.

[FOOTNOTEPappas198274-19] Pappas 1982,p. 74.

[Brewer189-20] Brewer, 2012, p. 189

[FOOTNOTEPappas198276-21] Pappas 1982,p. 76.

[Greene206-22] Greene, Molly (2002-03-11).A shared world: Christians and Muslims in the early modern Mediterranean.Princeton University Press. p. 206.ISBN 9781400844494.

[23] Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed.McFarland. p. 93.ISBN 9780786474707.

[24] Weithmann, Michael Wilhelm (1994).Griechenland: vom Frühmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.F. Pustet. p. 137.ISBN 9783791714257.Als in Istanbul bekannt wurde, daß auf russischer Seite zahlreiche griechische Mannschaften und Offiziere kämpften, kam es in Smyrna (Izmir) und anderen Städten des Reiches zu ersten antigriechischen Pogromen.

[FOOTNOTEDakin197326-25] Dakin 1973,p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEGallant20159–11-26] Gallant 2015,pp. 9–11.

[FOOTNOTEStavrianos2000189-27] Stavrianos 2000,p. 189.

[KaphetzopoulosFlokas2000-28] Ioannis Kaphetzopoulos; Charalambos Flokas; Angeliki Dima-Dimitriou (2000).The struggle for Northern Epirus.Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. pp. 12, 32.ISBN 978-960-7897-40-4.

[29] Constantine David (2011).In the Footsteps of the Gods: Travellers to Greece and the Quest for the Hellenic Ideal.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 169.ISBN 9780857719478....when the Turks and Albanians reasserted themselves they were merciless; recapturing Patras, they left scarcely anyone alive.

[30] Steven Runciman (2009).Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 118.ISBN 9780857718105.

[Dakin26-31] Dakin, Douglas (27 May 2022).The Greek Struggle for Independence 1821-1833.Univ of California Press. p. 26.ISBN 978-0-520-36359-5.

[32] Steven Runciman (2009).Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 119.ISBN 9780857718105.

[33] Kaligas Haris (2009).Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 92.ISBN 9781134536030.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201511–13-34] Gallant 2015,pp. 11–13.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201514–23-35] Gallant 2015,pp. 14–23.

[FOOTNOTERoessel200116-36] Roessel 2001,p. 16.

[37] Hölderlin, Freidrich; trans. Willard R. Trask (1965).Hyperion.New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEGallant201520-38] Gallant 2015,p. 20.

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v t e Greek rebellions
Venetian territories	Revolt of Alexios Kallergis(1282) Revolt of Saint Titus(1363-1368)
Ottoman territories	Himara Revolt(1596) Thessaly Rebellion (1600) Epirus revolt of 1611 Cyprus Rebellion (1680) Cyprus Rebellion (1764) Cyprus Rebellion (1766) Orlov revolt(1770–71) Thessaly Revolt (1808) Greek War of Independence(1821–29) Cyprus Rebellion (1833) Cretan Revolt (1841) Epirus Revolt of 1854 1854 Macedonian rebellion Cretan Revolt (1858) Cretan revolt (1866–1869) 1867 Macedonian rebellion Epirus Revolt of 1878 Cretan revolt (1878) 1878 Macedonian rebellion 1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion Cretan Revolt (1897) Macedonian Struggle Theriso revolt(1905) Himara revolt of 1912
Civil	First civil war (1823–24) Second civil war (1824–25) National Schism Civil War of 1946–49
See also:Greek revolutionary organisations,Military history of Greece

v t e Rebellionsin theOttoman Empire
Rise(1299–1453)	Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion(1416–20) Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin(1404–18) Skanderbeg's rebellion(1443–68) Buçuktepe rebellion(1446)
Classical Age(1453–1550)	Şahkulu Rebellion(1511) Nur Ali Halife rebellion(1512) Nasir al-Din rebellion(1518) Celali rebellions(1519) Expeditions against the Druze(1523–1524) Baba Zünnun Rebellion(1526) Kalender Çelebi rebellion(1527)
Transformation(1550–1700)	Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion(1564–65) Expedition against the Druze(1565) Revolts of 1565–1572 Expeditions against the Druze(1574–1576) Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt(1585) Expedition against the Druze(1585) Cairo Rebellion(1586) Beylerbeyi Event(1589) Celali rebellions(1590–1610) Uprising in Banat(1594) Himara Revolt(1596) Serb Uprising(1596–97) First Tarnovo Uprising(1598) Thessaly Rebellion(1600) Mamluk Rebellion(1609) Epirus revolt(1611) Druze rebellion(1623) Abaza rebellions(1624, 1627) Druze rebellion(1642) Atmeydanı Incident(1648) Çınar Incident(1656) Abaza Hasan Revolt(1658–1659) Druze power struggle(1658–1667) Second Tarnovo Uprising(1686) Chiprovtsi uprising(1688) Karposh's rebellion(1689)
Old Regime(1700–1789)	Edirne event(1703) Naousa uprising(1705) The Great Insurrection(1707–11) Karamanli revolt(1711) Uprising in Vučitrn(1717) Patrona Halil Rebellion(1730) Serb Uprising(1737–39) Orlov Revolt(1770) Koča's frontier rebellion(1788) Tripolitanian civil war(1793–1795)
Decline(1789–1908)	Dahijein Belgrade(1801–04) First Serbian Uprising(1804–13) Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion(1807) Jančić's Rebellion(1809) Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion(1814) Second Serbian Uprising(1815-17) Wallachian Uprising(1821) Niš Rebellion(1821) Greek War of Independence(1821–29) Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt(1830) Bosnian uprising(1831–33) Bilmez Rebellion(1832–33) Laz rebellion(1832–34) Shkodër Rebellion(1833) Priest Jovica's Rebellion(1834) Second Mašići Rebellion(1834) Syrian Peasant Revolt(1834-35) Tripolitanian revolt(1835–1858) Posavina Rebellion(1836) Livno Rebellion(1836) Pirot Rebellion(1836) Berkovitsa Rebellion(1836) Belogradchik Rebellion(1836) Vlora Rebellion(1836) Druze revolt(1838) Diber Rebellion(1838–39) Cretan Revolt(1841) Niš Rebellion(1841) Uprising of Dervish Cara(1843–44) Albanian Revolt(1845) Albanian Revolt(1847) Herzegovina Uprising(1852–62) Epirus Revolt(1854) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854(1854) Doljani Revolt(1858) Mount Lebanon civil conflict(1860) Cretan Revolt(1866–69) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867(1866–67) Herzegovina Uprising(1875–77) Bulgarian April uprising(1876) Razlovtsi insurrection(1876) Kumanovo Uprising(1878) 1878 Macedonian rebellion(1878) Cretan Revolt(1878) Kresna–Razlog Uprising(1878–79) Epirus Revolt(1878) Thessaly Revolt(1878) Ulcinj rebellion(1878) Brsjak Revolt(1880–81) Cretan Revolt(1896–97) 1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion(1896–97) Cretan Revolt(1897–98) Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising(1903) Shoubak revolt(1905) Theriso revolt(1905) Mesopotamia uprising(1906) Bitlis uprising(1907)
Dissolution(1908–1922)	Young Turk Revolution(1908) Hamawand rebellion(1908–10) Al-Bejat Revolution(1909) 31 March Incident(1909) Hauran Druze Rebellion(1909) Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)(1910) Karak revolt(1910) Albanian revolt of 1910(1910) Malissori uprising(1911) Albanian revolt of 1912(1912) Savior Officers(1912) Raid on the Sublime Porte(1913) Euphrates rebellion(1913) Bitlis uprising(1914) Kurdish rebellions during World War I(1914–18) Uprising in Karbala(1915) Arab Revolt(1916–18) Uprising in Hilla(1916) Koçgiri rebellion(1921)