Pope Pius IV
Pius IV | |
---|---|
Bishop of Rome | |
![]() Portrait byScipione Pulzone,c. 1560s | |
Church | Catholic Church |
Papacy began | 25 December 1559 |
Papacy ended | 9 December 1565 |
Predecessor | Paul IV |
Successor | Pius V |
Previous post(s) |
|
Orders | |
Consecration | 20 April 1546 byFilippo Archinto |
Created cardinal | 8 April 1549 byPaul III |
Personal details | |
Born | Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 March 1499 |
Died | 9 December 1565 Rome,Papal States | (aged 66)
Coat of arms | ![]() |
Other popes named Pius |
Papal styles of Pope Pius IV | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Reference style | His Holiness |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Pius IV(Italian:Pio IV;31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), bornGiovanni Angelo Medici,was head of theCatholic Churchand ruler of thePapal Statesfrom 25 December 1559 to his death, in December 1565. Born inMilan,his family considered itself a branch of theHouse of Mediciand used the samecoat of arms.Although modern historians have found no proof of this connection, the Medici of Florence recognized the claims of the Medici of Milan in the early 16th century.[1][2]
Pope Paul IIIappointed MediciArchbishop of Ragusa,and sent him on diplomatic missions to theHoly Roman EmpireandHungary.He presided over the final session of theCouncil of Trent.His nephew, CardinalCharles Borromeo,was a close adviser. As pope, Pius IV initiated a number of building projects in Rome, including one to improve the water supply.
Life
[edit]Early life
[edit]Giovanni Angelo Medici was born inMilanon 31 March 1499 as the second of eleven children to Bernardino Medici and Clelia Serbelloni.[3]
Giovanni Medici was the younger brother ofcondottieroGian Giacomo Medici,and the maternal uncle ofCharles Borromeo.[4]Medici studied philosophy and medicine inPavia.
After studying atUniversity of Bolognaand acquiring a reputation as ajuristhe obtained his doctorate in bothcanonand civil law on 11 May 1525. Medici went in 1527 toRome,and as a favourite ofPope Paul IIIwas rapidly promoted to the governorship of several towns, thearchbishopric of Ragusa(1545–1553),[5]and the vice-legateship of Bologna.
Cardinalate
[edit]On 8 April 1549,Pope Paul IIImade Medici acardinal,receiving his red hat and titular church title on the following 10 May.[3]Under Papal authority, he was sent on diplomatic missions to the Holy Roman Empire and also to Hungary.
Pontificate
[edit]Election
[edit]On the death ofPope Paul IV,he waselectedpope on 25 December 1559, taking the name Pius IV,[3]and installed on 6 January 1560. His first public acts of importance were to grant a general pardon to the participants in the riot after the death of his predecessor, and to bring to trial the nephews of his predecessor. One, CardinalCarlo Carafa,was strangled, andDuke Giovanni Carafa of Paliano,with his nearest associates, was beheaded.
Council of Trent
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pius4.jpg/170px-Pius4.jpg)
On 18 January 1562 theCouncil of Trent,which had been suspended byPope Julius III,was convened by Pius IV for the third and final time.[6]Great skill and caution were necessary to effect a settlement of the questions before it, inasmuch as the three principal nations taking part in it, though at issue with regard to their own special demands, were prepared to unite their forces against the demands of Rome. Pius IV, however, aided byGiovanni MoroneandCharles Borromeo,proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority. Its definitions and decrees were confirmed by apapal bull( "Benedictus Deus") dated 26 January 1564; and, though they were received with certain limitations byFranceandSpain,the famous Creed of Pius IV, orTridentine Creed,became an authoritative expression of the Catholic faith.[7]The more marked manifestations of stringency during his pontificate appear to have been prompted rather than spontaneous, his personal character inclining him to moderation and ease.
Thus, a warning, issued in 1564, summoningJeanne d'Albret,the Queen ofNavarre,before theInquisitionon a charge ofCalvinism,was withdrawn by him in deference to the indignant protest ofCharles IX of France.In the same year he published a bull granting the use of the cup to the laity ofAustriaandBohemia.One of his strongest passions appears to have been that of building, which somewhat strained his resources in contributing to the adornment of Rome (including the newPorta Piaand Via Pia, named after him, and the northern extension (Addizione) of therioneofBorgo), and in carrying on the work of restoration, erection, and fortification in various parts of the ecclesiastical states.
On the other hand, others bemoaned the austere Roman culture during his papacy;Giorgio Vasariin 1567 spoke of a time when "the grandeurs of this place reduced by stinginess of living, dullness of dress, and simplicity in so many things; Rome is fallen into much misery, and if it is true that Christ loved poverty and the City wishes to follow in his steps she will quickly become beggarly...".[8]
Doctrinal teachings
[edit]In addition toBenedictus Deus,Pius issued a papal bull on 24 March 1564 entitledDominici Gregis Custodiaewhich set out the rules for forbidding books, including the stipulation that reading a vernacular translation of the Old Testament was restricted to learned and pious men who had episcopal permission.[9]
Consistories
[edit]Pius IV created 46 cardinals in four consistories during his pontificate, and elevated three nephews to the cardinalate, including Charles Borromeo. The pope also made Ugo Boncompagni, who would later be electedPope Gregory XIII,a cardinal. In 1561, the pope nominatedDaniele Barbaroas a cardinal "in pectore";however, the nomination was never publicly revealed. In 1565, Pius IV offered the cardinalate toJean Parisot de Valette,the grand master of theOrder of Malta,in recognition for hisdefense of Maltaagainst theOttoman Empire;however, he declined the pope's invitation.[10]
Conspiracy
[edit]A conspiracy against Pius IV, headed by Benedetto Accolti, cousin of cardinalBenedetto Accolti the Younger,was discovered and crushed in 1565.[11]
Architectural achievements
[edit]During the reign of Pius IV,Michelangelorebuilt the basilica ofSanta Maria degli Angeli(inDiocletian's Baths) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known asCasina Pio IV,in theVatican Gardensdesigned byPirro Ligorio.It is now the headquarters of thePontifical Academy of Sciences.He also assigned Michelangelo to buildPorta Pia.[12]
Pius IV also ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome.[13]
Beatifications
[edit]During his papacy, Pius IV canonized no saints and onlybeatifiedone individual,Gundisalvus of Amarante,on 16 September 1561.
Death
[edit]Pius IV died on 9 December 1565 from complications following aninfection in the urinary tractand a high fever. He was buried inSanta Maria degli Angelion 4 January 1583 after his remains were initially housed at Saint Peter's Basilica. His successor wasPius V.
Pius IV suffered from many illnesses such asgoutwhich restricted his mobility. Giacomo Soranzo remarked between May and August 1565 to theVenetian Senateabout the pope's health, commenting that he possessed a great natural vigor. However, gout impeded movement in his legs, shoulders, arms, and hands. Sorzano also mentioned that this meant that the pope, more often than not, needed to be carried in thesedia gestatoriato avoid walking. Pius IV also suffered from a major illness in 1564 from which he recovered.[14]
However, the pope fell ill eight days before his death with a constant fever throughout the duration. Borromeo, who arrived in Rome during the evening on 8 December, was with the pope when Pius died alongsideSaint Philip Neri.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere".
- ^"The List of Popes."The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 September 2014
- ^abc "Loughlin, James." Pope Pius IV. "The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 Sept. 2014".
- ^"John, Eric.The Popes,Hawthorne Books, New York ".Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2016.Retrieved5 November2016.
- ^Bartolomeo Scappi,The Opera of Bartolomeo Scappi (1570): L'Arte Et Prudenza D'Un Maestro Cuoco,Transl. Terence Scully, (University of Toronto Press, 2008), 688.
- ^Bard Thompson,Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation,(Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 520.
- ^Imma Penn,Dogma Evolution and Papal Fallacies,(AuthorHouse, 2007), 195.[self-published source]
- ^Freedberg SJ, p. 429.
- ^McNamara, E.,Pius V's 1570 Bull,published 31 October 2016, archived 26 March 2018, accessed 5 August 2023
- ^Salvador Miranda."Pius IV (1559-1565)".The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.Retrieved10 March2022.
- ^Marjorie Reeves,The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism,(Oxford University Press, 1969), 368.
- ^Goldscheider, L. (1953). Michelangelo: Schilderijen, beeldhouwwerken, architectuur: Complete uitgave. London: Utrecht: Phaidon; De Haan. 23.
- ^Katherine Rinne,Waters of Rome[full citation needed]
- ^John Paul Adams (26 October 2015)."Sede Vacante 1565-1566".CSUN.Retrieved10 March2022.
Further reading
[edit]- Artaud de Montor, Alexis Francois (1911).The Lives and Times of the Popes.Vol. V. New York: Catholic Publication Society of America.
- Freedberg, Sydney J.(1993).Painting in Italy, 1500–1600.Pelican History of Art. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 429.[ISBN missing]
- Pastor, Ludwig, Freiherr von (1928).The History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages.Volume XV,Volume XVI(1928). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
- Pattenden, Miles (2013).Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome.Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013.
- Robinson, Adam Patrick. "Morone, Pius IV and the Resumption of the Council, December 1559–March 1563." inThe Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509–1580)(Routledge, 2016) pp. 125–150.
- Waterworth, James, ed.The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Œcumenical Council of Trent: Celebrated Under the Sovereign Pontiffs, Paul III, Julius III and Pius IV(C. Dolman, 1848)online.
- Bonora, Elena (2014).Roma 1564: La congiura contro il papa(in Italian). Rome: Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa.ISBN978-88-581-1379-0.
- Hinojosa, R. de (1889),Felipe II y el conclave de 1559, según los documentos originales, muchos inéditos.Madrid 1889.
- Rendina, Claudio (1984).I papi. Storia e segreti.Rome: Newton Compton.[ISBN missing]
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Loughlin, James Francis (1911).Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 12. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 684–685. .
- Catholic Hierarchy,Pope Pius IV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,Cardinal Medici
- Works by Pope Pius IVatLibriVox(public domain audiobooks)