Polish Navy
Polish Navy | |
---|---|
Marynarka Wojenna | |
Founded | 24 March 1568 (Sea Commission) 1626 (Commission of Royal Ships) 1918 (Polish Navy) |
Country | Poland |
Branch | Navy |
Size | 12,000+ (2022)[1] |
Part of | Polish Armed Forces |
Headquarters | Gdynia |
Engagements | Iraq War |
Commanders | |
Commander-in-Chief | Andrzej Duda |
Minister of National Defence | Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz |
Chief of the General Staff | GeneralWiesław Kukuła |
General Commander | GeneralLech Majewski |
Operational Commander | gen. broniTomasz Piotrowski |
Inspector of the Navy | wadm.Jarosław Ziemiański |
Insignia | |
Flag[2] | |
Naval Ensign | |
Naval Jack |
ThePolish Navy(Polish:Marynarka Wojenna,lit. 'War Navy'; often abbreviated toMarynarka) is thenavalbranchof thePolish Armed Forces.The Polish Navy consists of 46 ships and about 12,000 commissioned and enlisted personnel. The traditionalship prefixin the Polish Navy isORP(Okręt Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej,"Warship of the Republic of Poland" ).
Origins
[edit]The Polish Navy has its roots in naval vessels that were largely employed on Poland's main rivers in defense of trade and commerce. During theThirteen Years' War(1454–66), a small force of ships that primarily operated on rivers and lakes saw real open sea battles for the first time. At theBattle of Vistula Lagoon,a combined fleet of theKingdom of Polandand the pro-PolishPrussian Confederationdecisively defeated the navy of theTeutonic Knights,and secured permanent access to the Baltic Sea. In 1454, the maritime city ofGdańskwas re-incorporated to Poland after being previouslyoccupied by the Teutonic Knightssince 1308. The reintegration was confirmed in theSecond Peace of Thorn (1466),[3]and Poland acquired the means of maintaining a large fleet on the Baltic. In 1561, following a victory over aRussianfleet in the Baltic, the Polish Navy acquired a second key port atRiga,in modern-dayLatvia.
At that time, as the Kingdom of Poland and theGrand Duchy of Lithuania(Polish–Lithuanian union) became involved inconflicts in Livonia,Polish kingSigismund II Augustusorganized a Sea Commission (Komisja Morska) which operated between 1568 and 1572, and supported the operations of Polishprivateers,but that met with opposition of the Poland's primary port,Gdańsk,which saw them as a threat to its trade operations (seeHanseatic League).[4]This led to the development of a privateer port inPuck.[4]Around the start of the 17th century, Poland became ruled by theHouse of Vasa,and was involved ina series of wars with Sweden(see alsodominium maris baltici).[4]The Polish kings of the period attempted to create a proper naval fleet, but their attempts met with repeated failures, due to lack of funds in the royal treasury (Polish nobility saw little need for the fleet and refused to raise taxes for its construction, and Gdańsk continued its opposition to the idea of a royal fleet).[4]During the reign ofSigismund III of Poland,the most celebrated victory of theCommonwealth Navytook place at theBattle of Oliwain 1627 against theSwedish Empire,during thePolish–Swedish War.The victory over the Swedish fleet secured for Poland permanent access to the Baltic, and laid the foundations for potential expeditions beyond Europe. The plans for the permanent naval fleet fell through shortly afterwards due to a badly executed alliance with theHabsburgswho in 1629 forcibly took over the fleet.[4]
The Commission of Royal Ships (Komisja Okrętów Królewskich) was created in 1625. This commission, along with the ultimate allocation of funds by theSejmin 1637, created a permanent Commonwealth Navy.Władysław IV Vasa,Sigismund's son and successor who took the throne in 1632, purchased 12 ships and built a dedicated port for the royal navy calledWładysławowo.[4]The fleet, however, was entirely destroyed in 1637 byDenmark-Norway,despite the Danish not issuing a formal declaration of war.[5]Support for the idea of a Polish-Lithuanian navy was weak and it largely withered away by the 1640s; the remaining ships were sold in the years 1641–1643, which marked the end of the Commonwealth Navy.[4]A small navy was also created byAugustus II the Strongin 1700 during theGreat Northern War.[6]The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, though the dominant force in Central and Eastern Europe during the 16th–18th centuries, never developed its navy to its full potential. The proportionally small Polish coastline and the limited access to the Atlantic never allowed for a massive buildup of naval forces to the level of maritime great powers such as theKingdom of Great Britainand theKingdom of France.ThePartitions of Polandat the end of the 18th century brought an end to the possibility of an independent Polish Navy.
20th century
[edit]FollowingWorld War I,theSecond Polish Republicon 28 November 1918, by the order ofJózef Piłsudski,commander of the Armed Forces of Poland, founded the modern Polish Navy. The small naval force was placed under the command of Captain Bogumił Nowotny as its first chief. The first ships, which included severaltorpedo boats,were acquired from the former Imperial German Navy. In the 1920s and 1930s the Polish Navy underwent a modernisation program under the leadership ofVice-AdmiralJerzy Świrski(Chief of Naval Staff) andRear-AdmiralJózef Unrug(CO of theFleet).
A number of modern ships were built inFrance,theNetherlands,and theUnited Kingdom.Despite ambitious plans (including 2cruisersand 12destroyers), the budgetary limitations placed on the government by theGreat Depressionnever allowed the navy to expand beyond a small Baltic force. The building of onesubmarine,ORPOrzeł,was partly funded by a public collection. One of the main goals of the Polish Navy was to protect the Polish coast against the SovietBaltic Fleet,therefore it put emphasis on fast submarines, large and heavily armed destroyers and mine warfare. By September 1939 the Polish Navy consisted of 5 submarines, 4 destroyers, 1 bigminelayerand various smaller support vessels and mine-warfare ships. This force was no match for the largerKriegsmarine,and so a strategy of harassment and indirect engagement was implemented.
World War II
[edit]The outbreak ofWorld War IIcaught the Polish Navy in a state of expansion. Lacking numerical superiority, Polish Naval commanders decided to withdraw main surface ships toGreat Britainto join the Allied war effort and prevent them from being destroyed in a closed Baltic (thePeking Plan). On 30 August 1939, three destroyers, (ORPBłyskawica,ORPGrom,andORPBurza) sailed to the British naval base atLeithin Scotland. They then operated in combination withRoyal Navyvessels against Germany. Also two submarines managed to flee from theBaltic Seathrough theDanish straitsto Great Britain during thePolish September Campaign(one of them,ORPOrzeł,made adaring escapefrominternmentinTallinn,Estonia,and traveled without charts). Three submarines were interned in Sweden, while remaining surface vessels were sunk by German aircraft.
During the war the Polish Navy in exile was supplemented with leased British ships, including twocruisers(HMS Danae/ORP Conrad,andHMS Dragon/ORP Dragon), seven destroyers, three submarines, and a number of smaller fast-attack vessels. The Polish Navy fought alongside theAlliednavies in Norway, the North Sea, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and aided in the escort ofAtlanticandArctic convoys,in whichORPOrkanwas lost in 1943. Polish naval vessels played a part inthe sinkingof theGerman battleshipBismarck,and in thelandings in NormandyduringD-Day.During the course of the war, one cruiser, four destroyers, one minelayer, one torpedo boat, two submarines and some smaller vessels (gunboats, mine hunters etc.) were sunk; in total, twenty-six ships were lost, mostly in September 1939. In addition to participating in the sinking ofBismarck,the Polish Navy sank an enemy destroyer and six other surface ships, two submarines and a number of merchant vessels.
Postwar
[edit]After World War II, on 7 July 1945, the new Soviet-imposed Communist government revived the Polish Navy with headquarters inGdynia.During the Communist period, Poland's navy experienced a great buildup, including the development of a separate amphibious force of Polish Marines. The Navy also acquired a number ofSoviet-made ships, including 2 destroyers, 2 missile destroyers, 13 submarines and 17 missile boats. Among them was aKilo-classsubmarine,ORPOrzełand amodified Kashin-classmissile destroyer, (ORPWarszawa). Polish shipyards produced mostly landing craft, minesweepers and auxiliary vessels. The primary role of theWarsaw PactPolish Navy was to be Baltic Sea control, as well as amphibious operations along the entire Baltic coastline againstNATOforces inDenmarkandWest Germany.Thecollapse of the Soviet Union,thedissolution of the Warsaw Pact,and thefall of Communismended this stance.
21st century
[edit]Poland's entrance into theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organizationhas greatly changed the structure and role of the Polish Navy. Whereas before, most of Naval High Command was concerned with coastal defense and Baltic Sea Operations, the current mindset is for integration with international naval operations. To facilitate these changes the Republic of Poland undertook a number of modernization programs aimed at creating a force capable ofpower projection.This included the acquisition of twoOliver Hazard Perry-classfrigates from the United States. TheNaval air armhas also acquired a number ofSH-2G Super Seaspritehelicopters. The Polish Navy continues to operate one Kilo-class attack submarine (ORPOrzeł).
The Polish Navy has taken part in numerous joint force operations. In 1999 the naval base at Gdynia became the home base of all NATO submarine forces in the Baltic, codenamed "Cooperative Poseidon". That same year joint American-Polish submarine training manoeuvres codenamed "Baltic Porpoise" for the first time utilized the port in a multinational military exercise.
Modernization
[edit]As of the 2020s, the Polish Navy is modernizing its fleet. The work was initially planned as a 9 billion zloty project, but this was reduced in 2012 to 5 billion zloty, causing delays and cancellations in the succeeding years.[7]The navy's 2017 strategy called for spending 13 billion zloty and acquiring 22 new warships, including those completed since 2013.[8]In addition, although the force considers larger warships unsuitable for the confines of the Baltic Sea, the strategy called for extending the operational lifespan of oneOliver Hazard Perry-class frigate.[8]
12 new ships worth around 10 billion PLN were to be acquired before 2026. The plan was updated in 2017 for 2013–2022 period to be worth 13 billion zloty and called to acquire 22 new vessels.[8]These included three coast-defense vessels, code nameMiecznik,that would feature a displacement of 2600 tons; and three patrol/mine countermeasure vessels, code nameCzaplawith 1700 tons displacement.[9][10]Other purchases include sixtugboats,twotankers,tworescue ships,oneELINT,one logistical support ship and onejoint support ship.However some deliveries are expected up to 2026.[8]On 2 July 2015,ORPŚlązakwas christened during official launching ceremony, becoming the first new Polish-built Navy ship in 21 years.[11]In 2022, UK shipbuilderBabcockannounced that the Polish Navy had selected itsArrowhead 140design for itsMiecznikprogram, which will equip the navy with three new-build multi-mission frigates. The vessels are expected to be built locally in Poland.[12]
In terms of armament, the Polish Navy has acquired 36 SwedishRBS15 Mk3.[13]and 50 (50/74) NorwegianNaval Strike Missiles[14]for vessels and coastal defence units. As of 2017[update],t is planned to reinforce the Navy's helicopter fleet with four to eightASW/SARunits.[15]TheGawron-classcorvettesprogram was cancelled with the sole surviving unit to be built as a patrol vessel.[7]In June 2013 the Coastal Missile Division (NDR) equipped initially with 12Naval Strike Missilesand two TRS-15C radars achieved initial readiness.[16]
Mission and organization
[edit]The main mission of the Polish Navy is the defense of Poland's territorial waters, coastline and its interests abroad. Other missions include the support of NATO allied operations, andsearch and rescueoperations throughout the Baltic Sea. In addition, the Polish Navy supplies nearly 40 ships as part of the NATO Rapid Reaction Force, designed to be aforce projectionand conflict response force around the world. The Polish Navy is organized into 2 separateFlotillasand a Naval Air Brigade.[17]Until January 1, 2014 the service had a Chief of the Navy (a three-starAdmirał floty) and a Naval Command. On that date the branch-specific Land Forces, Air Forces, Naval and Special Forces Commands were disestablished and combined into two new commands. The functions of the three-star Chief of the Navy were split between two two-star officers (vice-admirals in the Polish system of military ranks) - an Inspector of the Navy under theArmed Forces General Command,responsible for manpower, materiel and combat readiness and a Commander of the Seaborne Component Command, responsible for naval operations.
Polish Armed Forces |
---|
Branches |
Land Forces Air Force Navy Special Forces Territorial Defence Force |
History |
Timeline Wars |
Personnel |
Senior officers Rank insignia Awards Oaths |
Equipment |
Land Forces Navy |
- Armed Forces Operational CommandinWarsaw
- Seaborne Operations Center - Seaborne Component CommandinGdynia
- Armed Forces General CommandinWarsaw
- Inspector of the Navyin Warsaw[18]
- 3rd Ship Flotilla"Commodore Bolesław Romanowski"inGdynia-Oksywie
- Flotilla Command
- Submarine Ships Division in Gdynia-Oksywie
- GdyniaCombatant Ships Division - Gdynia-Oksywie
- ORP272Generał Kazimierz PułaskiandORP273 Generał Tadeusz Kościuszko-Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates
- ORP421 Orkan,ORP422 PiorunandORP423 Grom-Orkan-class missile corvettes
- ORP240 Kaszub- single shipASWcorvette Project 620
- ORP241 Ślązak- single ship multirole corvette ProjectMeko A-100,being fitted out until the end of 2018
- Support Ships Division in Gdynia
- ORP251 Wodnik- single shipWodnik-classtraining vessel Project 888
- ORP281 Piastand ORP282 Lech - Piast-classrescue-salvage ships Project 570
- ORPR-14 Zbyszkoand ORPR-15 Maćko -rescue cutters Project B823
- Reconnaissance Ships Group in Gdynia
- ORP262 Nawigatorand ORP263 Hydrograf - Nawigator-class reconnaissance ships
- Hydrographic Support Squadron in Gdynia
- ORP265HeweliuszandORP266 Arctowski- Heweliusz-classhydrographic survey ships
- ORP253 Iskra-Iskra-classsail training ship
- 2 hydrographic cutters K-4 and K-10 and 3 hydrographic motor launches M-38, M-39 and M-40
- CoastalASMUnit"Commodore Zbigniew Przybyszewski"inSiemirowice
- 1st CoastalASMDivision -Naval Strike Missile
- 2nd CoastalASMDivision -Naval Strike Missile
- 9th Anti-Aircraft Division inUstka-GromMANPADSandS-60AAA guns
- 43rd Naval Combat Engineer Battalion inRozewie
- Naval Technical Base in Gdynia
- Military Port Command"Brig. Gen. Stanisław Dąbek"in Gdynia
- Base LocationHel
- Naval Sailing Training Center in Gdynia
- Naval Control and Measurement Range in Gdynia-Oksywie
- ORPH34 Błyskawica-Grom-classdestroyermuseum ship
- 8th Coastal Defense Flotilla"Vice admiral Kazimierz Porębski"inŚwinoujście
- Flotilla Command
- 2nd Landing andMinelayingShips Division in Swinoujscie
- ORP821Lublin,ORP822Gniezno,ORP823Kraków,ORP824Poznańand ORP825Toruń-Lublin-classminelayer-landing ships
- ORP511 Kontradmirał Xawery Czernicki- multirole support ship
- 3 landing cutters Project 716
- 12thWolinMinesweeper Division in Swinoujscie
- 13th Minesweeper Division"Fleet Admiral Andrzej Karweta"in Gdynia
- ORP624 Czajka- minehunter Project 206FM
- ORP601 Kormoran- minehunter Project 258
- ORP630 Gopło,ORP643 Mamry,ORP644 Wigry,ORP645 Śniardwy,ORP646 Wdzydze- coastal minesweepers Project 207M
- EOD DiverGroup
- 8th Anti-Aircraft Division inDziwnów-GromMANPADS,ZU-23-2andS-60AAA guns
- 8thKołobrzegNaval Combat Engineer Battalion in Dziwnów
- Military Port Command Swinoujscie
- Base LocationKołobrzeg
- GdyniaNaval Aviation Brigade"Commander Pilot Karol Trzask-Durski"[19]inGdynia-Babie Doły
- Brigade Command
- 43rdOksywieNaval Air Base"Commander Edward Stanisław Szystowiski"inGdynia-Babie Doły(personnel and equipment from28th Naval Aviation Squadron)
- Air Group
- 4 transport aircraft An-28TD (0703 and 1003) and M28B (1117 and 1118)
- 4 shipborneASWhelicoptersKaman SH-2G Super Seasprite(3543, 3544, 3545 and 3546)
- 6SARhelicoptersW-3WARM Anakonda(0505, 0506, 0511, 0813, 0815 and 0906)
- 2 training and liaison helicoptersMi-2D(5245) andMi-2R(5348)
- Air Group
- 44thKaszubian-DarłowoNaval Air Base inSiemirowice
- KaszubianAir Group in Siemirowice
- 7 maritime patrol aircraftM28B-1R BryzaM28B-1R (1006, 1008, 1017, 1022, 1114, 1115 and 1116)
- 1 maritime patrol and submarine detection aircraftM28B-1RM/BIS Bryza(0810)
- 2 environmental monitoring aircraft An-28E (0404 and 0405)
- DarłowoAir Group inDarłowo
- KaszubianAir Group in Siemirowice
- Naval Hydrographical Bureau in Gdynia
- 6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickmann″
- Naval Training Center"Vice Admiral Józef Unrug"in Ustka
- NavalNCOSchool in Ustka
- Diving and Deep Diving Training Center of the Polish Armed Forces"Commodore Stanisław Mielczarek"in Gdynia
- 3rd Ship Flotilla"Commodore Bolesław Romanowski"inGdynia-Oksywie
- Inspector of the Navyin Warsaw[18]
Ranks and insignia
[edit]- Officers
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | Student officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polish Navy[20] |
Various | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marszałek Polski | Admirał | Admirał floty | Wiceadmirał | Kontradmirał | Komandor | Komandor porucznik | Komandor podporucznik | Kapitan marynarki | Porucznik marynarki | Podporucznik marynarki | Podchorąży |
- Other ranks
NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polish Navy[20] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Starszy chorąży sztabowy marynarki | Starszy chorąży marynarki | Chorąży marynarki | Młodszy chorąży marynarki | Starszy bosman | Bosman | Bosmanmat | Starszy mat | Mat | Starszy marynarz | Marynarz |
Equipment
[edit]Ships
[edit]Aircraft
[edit]Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maritime patrol | |||||
An-28 / | Poland | Maritime patrol | An-28/M28 (MPA) | 9[21] | |
Transport | |||||
An-28 / | Poland | Light transport | — | 5[21] | |
Helicopters | |||||
AW-101 | United Kingdom | ASW,CSAR | Merlin Mk614[22] | 3[23] | Replacement ofMil Mi-14 1 on order[21] |
Mil Mi-14 | Soviet Union | ASW/utility/Search and rescue | 6[21] | ||
PZL Mi-2 | Poland | Search and rescue | 3[21] | ||
PZL W-3 Sokół | Poland | Search and rescue | PZL W-3WARM SAR | 8[21] | |
Kaman SH-2 | United States | ASW | SH-2G Super Seasprite | 4[21] |
Coastal Defense
[edit]Current equipment
[edit]Model | Origin | Image | Type | In service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division | |||||
NSM CDSdivision | Norway | Coastal defence missile system | 2 | 1 squadron ordered in 2008[24]
1 additional squadron ordered in 2014[24][25] Each squadron is made of 2 batteries. | |
Composition of a division | |||||
NSM - BCV
Naval Strike Missile - Battery Command Vehicle |
— | Battery command | 4 | Installed on Jelcz 662D43 6×6 truck.[26]
1 per battery, 2 per squadron[27] | |
TRS-15C - MRV
Mobile Radar Vehicle |
Poland | Radar | 4 | Installed on a Jelcz P882 8×8 truck
1 per battery, 2 per squadron[27] | |
NSM - MLV
Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Launch Vehicle |
Norway Poland |
Transporter erector launcher | 12 | Installed on Jelcz 662D43 6×6 truck.
4 missiles per launcher. 3 per battery, 6 per squadron[27] | |
NSM - CCV
Naval Strike Missile - Combat Command Vehicle |
— | Fire control | 12 | Installed on Jelcz 662D35 6×6 truck.
3 per battery, 6 per squadron[27] | |
NSM - MCC
Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Communcation Center |
— | — | Mobile communication center | 4 | Installed on Jelcz 662D43 6×6 truck.[26]
1 per battery, 2 per squadron[27] |
NSM - TLV
Naval Strike Missile - Transport Loading Vehicle |
— | — | Transport and loading vehicle | 2 | 1 per squadron[27] |
NSM - MWV
Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Workshop Vehicle |
— | — | Mobile workshop vehicle | 2 | 1 per squadron[27] |
NSM missile Block 1A | Norway | Anti-Ship Missile | 74 | 50 missiles ordered in 2008 and 2011 (including 2 for testing)[28]
24 ordered with the launchers in 2014[29] |
On order
[edit]Two additional squadrons ofNSM CDSwere ordered in 2023, with a delivery planned for 2026 - 2032.[30]Hundreds of missiles are on order.[31]
See also
[edit]- List of Polish admirals
- Polish contribution to World War II (Navy)
- Polish Navy order of battle in 1939
- Polish Merchant Navy
- Polish Border Guard Vessels
References
[edit]- ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 2010-10-11.Retrieved2011-01-12.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^"Ustawa z dnia 19 lutego 1993 r. o znakach Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"[Act of February 19, 1993 on the symbols of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland](PDF).isap.sejm.gov.pl(in Polish). Internet System of Legal Acts. pp. 24–28.Retrieved10 October2021.
- ^Górski, Karol (1949).Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych(in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 89, 207.
- ^abcdefgJuliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe), 1987, p.231
- ^Michael Roberts (27 April 1984).The Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718.Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17.ISBN978-0-521-27889-8.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2016.Retrieved7 June2011.
- ^Jerzy PertekPolacy na morzach i oceanach: Do roku 1795,p. 176
- ^ab"Rozczarowujące BME 2010".Altair. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-13.Retrieved2012-04-17.
- ^abcdNowy harmonogram modernizacji MW RP.Archived2017-02-02 at theWayback MachineAltair, January 20, 2017.(in Polish)
- ^The Polish Navy Development Concept.Archived2017-03-05 at theWayback Machineamberexpo.pl
- ^Miecznik i Czapla częściowo odtajnione.Archived2013-07-15 at theWayback MachineAltair(in Polish)
- ^Defence Minister: We need to expand Polish Navy.Archived2017-10-04 at theWayback Machine02.07.2015
- ^"Babcock's Arrowhead 140 design to form the basis of the future flagships of the Polish Navy".Janes.7 March 2022.Retrieved2022-03-07.
- ^"RBS15 Mk 3 Surface to Surface Missile SSM in use".Saab Group.Archived fromthe originalon October 24, 2010.
- ^"defence.professionals".defpro. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-06-30.Retrieved2012-04-17.
- ^"Poland evaluates three bids for helicopter acquisition".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-04-09.Retrieved2017-04-08.
- ^"Ukompletowanie NDR".Altair.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-03.
- ^"Polish Navy".Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2014.Retrieved14 December2014.
- ^"Marynarka Wojenna".jednostki-wojskowe.pl.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-09-26.Retrieved2018-09-26.
- ^Rydzyk|2012| rczpi.wp.mil.pl, made by RCZPI|design by Patryk."..:::: Jednostki::."blmw.wp.mil.pl(in Polish).Archivedfrom the original on 2018-09-26.Retrieved2018-09-26.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^abcdefgHoyle, Craig (2023)."World Air Forces 2024".Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2024.Retrieved13 April2024.
- ^Harding, Ian (2024-02-14)."Poland AW101 Merlin Mk614".AeroResource.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^Jennings, Gareth (2023-12-12)."https:// janes /defence-news/news-detail/poland-inducts-first-merlin-asw-helicopters".Jane's.Retrieved2024-05-20.
{{cite web}}
:External link in
(help)|title=
- ^ab"KONGSBERG signs Naval Strike Missile Coastal Defence System contract with Poland worth approximately NOK 16 billion".wojsko-polskie.pl.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^"NSM Coastal Defence contract valued at NOK 1,3 Billions with Poland - KONGSBERG - Protecting People and Planet".kongsberg.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^ab"Kongsberg showcasing Polish Navy's NSM Coastal Battery vehicles at MSPO 2014".navyrecognition.3 September 2014.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^abcdefg"Kongsberg showcasing Polish Navy's NSM Coastal Battery vehicles at MSPO 2014".2023-04-10. Archived fromthe originalon 2023-04-10.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^"Securing the shoreline – why coastal defence is back on the agenda | Shephard".plus.shephardmedia.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^"Ukompletowanie NDR".Altair.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-03.
- ^Giovanni (2023-10-27)."Poland Orders Additional Naval Strike Missile Squadrons".Defense aerospace.Retrieved2024-04-23.
- ^Saballa, Joe (2023-09-07)."Poland Orders Hundreds of Naval Strike Missiles for $2 Billion".The Defense Post.Retrieved2024-04-23.
Bibliography
[edit]- Belcarz, Bartlomiej & Peczkowski, Robert (2001).White Eagles: The Aircraft, Men and Operations of the Polish Air Force 1918–1939.Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications.ISBN1-902109-73-2.
- Peszke, Michael Alfred,Poland's Navy: 1918–1945,New York, Hippocrene Books, 1999,ISBN0-7818-0672-0.