Postnationalism
| Part ofa serieson |
| Nationalism |
|---|
Postnationalismornon-nationalism[1]is the process or trend by whichnation statesand national identities lose their importance relative to cross-nation and self-organized orsupranationaland global entities as well as local entities. Although postnationalism is not strictly considered the antonym ofnationalism,the two terms and their associated assumptions are antithetic as postnationalism is aninternationalisticprocess. There are several factors that contribute to aspects of postnationalism, including economic, political, and cultural elements. Increasingglobalizationofeconomicfactors (such as the expansion ofinternational tradewithraw materials,manufactured goods, and services, and the importance of multinational corporations and internationalization of financial markets) have shifted emphasis from national economies to global ones.
At the same time,socio-political poweris partially transferred from national authorities to supernational entities, such asmultinational corporations,theUnited Nations,theEuropean Union,theNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), andNATO.In addition,mediaandentertainmentindustries are becoming increasingly global and facilitate the formation of trends and opinions on a supranational scale.Migrationof individuals or groups between countries contributes to the formation of postnational identities and beliefs, even though attachment to citizenship andnational identitiesoften remains important.[2][3][4]
Postnationalism and human rights
[edit]In the scholarly literature,[which?]postnationalism is linked to the expansion of internationalhuman rightslaw andnorms.International human rights norms are reflected in a growing stress on the rights of individuals in terms of their "personhood," not just their citizenship. International human rights law does not recognize the right of entry to any state bynon-citizens,but demands that individuals should be judged increasingly onuniversalcriteria not particularistic criteria (such as blood descent in ethnicity, or favoring a particular sex). This has impacted citizenship and immigration law, especially inwesterncountries. The German parliament, for example, has felt pressure to, and has diluted (if not eradicated),citizenship based on ethnic descent,[citation needed]which had caused German-bornTurks,for example, to be excluded from German citizenship.[citation needed]Scholars identified with this argument includeYasemin Soysal,David Jacobson,andSaskia Sassen.[5]
In the European Union
[edit]European integration has created a system of supranational entities and is often discussed in relationship to the concept of postnationalism.[6][7][8]
In Canada
[edit]During the 2011 election,John Ibbitsonargued that in the fading issues of the "Laurentian Consensus"were responsible for turning Canada into the first post-national state.[9]In 2015, Canadian Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau,while definingCanadian values,also declared his country to be the world’s first post-national state.[10][11]Writing inLe Devoirin 2019, Robert Dutrisac describedmulticulturalismas an ideology associated withEnglish Canada.[12]In opposition to the perceived shift toward post-nationalism in Canada,John Weissenbergerhas argued that it is theLaurentian elitethemselves who have "diluted the 'Laurentian' nature of the class and boosted their disdain for national character."[13]
In the media
[edit]Catherine Frost, professor ofpolitical scienceatMcMaster University,argues that while the Internet and online social relations forge social and political bonds across national borders, they do not have "the commitment or cohesiveness needed to underpin a demanding new mode of social and political relations".[14]Nonetheless, it has been argued the increasing options of obtaining virtual citizenship from established nations (e.g.,E-Residency of Estonia) andmicronations[15]can be seen as examples of what citizenship might look like in a post-national world.[16]
In sports
[edit]Postnational trends have been evident in professional sports. Simon Kuper called the 2008 European soccer championship (UEFA Euro 2008) "the first postnational" European Championship.[17]He argues that during the tournament both for players and fanssportsmanshipand enjoyment of the event were more important than national rivalries or even winning.
See also
[edit]- Anti-globalization movement
- Digital currency
- Global citizenship
- Identity politics
- Transnationalism
- Tribe (Internet)
- Types of nationalism
- World Wide Web
- Constitutional patriotism
- Civic nationalism
References
[edit]- ^Bennett 1998,p. 232.
- ^R. Koopmans and P. Statham; "Challenging the liberal nation-state? Postnationalism, multiculturalism, and the collective claims making of migrants and ethnic minorities in Britain and Germany";American Journal of Sociology105:652–96 (1999)
- ^R.A. Hackenberg and R.R. Alvarez; "Close-ups of postnationalism: Reports from the US-Mexico borderlands";Human Organization60:97–104 (2001)
- ^I. Bloemraad; "Who claims dual citizenship? The limits of postnationalism, the possibilities of transnationalism, and the persistence of traditional citizenship";International Migration Review38:389–426 (2004)
- ^Yasemin Soysal, "Limits of Citizenship:Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe," University of Chicago Press, 1994; and David Jacobson, "Rights Across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship", Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996
- ^M. Rambour;"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-03-06.Retrieved2008-07-02.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)(2005) - ^J. Shaw; "Postnational constitutionalism in the European Union";Journal of European Policy6:579–97 (1999)
- ^M. Wilkinson;"German Law Journal - ESSAY: Postnationalism, (Dis)organised civil society and Democracy in the European Union: Is Constitutionalism Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?".Archived fromthe originalon 2008-05-02.Retrieved2008-07-02.(2002)
- ^"The death of the Laurentian consensus and what it says about Canada".Retrieved2019-12-08.
- ^Tom Nuttall (28 May 2016)."Politicians must keep better control of migration, and tell the truth".The Economist.Retrieved28 May2016.
- ^Guy Lawson (8 December 2015)."Trudeau's Canada, Again".The New York Times Magazine.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Séduction multiculturaliste".Le Devoir(in French). 29 November 2019.Retrieved2019-12-05.
- ^Comment, Full (2019-12-05)."John Weissenberger: Meet the Laurentian Elite, the mediocre masters of Canada | National Post".National Post.Retrieved2019-12-07.
- ^C. Frost; "Internet galaxy meets postnational constellation: Prospects for political solidarity after the Internet";Information Society22:45–49 (2006)
- ^Bicudo de Castro, Vicente; Kober, Ralph (2019-04-15)."The Royal Republic of Ladonia: A Micronation built of Driftwood, Concrete and Bytes"(PDF).Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures.doi:10.21463/shima.13.1.10.
- ^Keating, Joshua (2018-06-26).Invisible countries: journeys to the edge of nationhood.Nelson, Bill (Cartographer). New Haven.ISBN9780300235050.OCLC1041140240.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Simon Kuper; "Steeds Liever";Vrij Nederlandp. 24, June 28, 2008
Bibliography
[edit]- Bennett, David (1998),Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity,Psychology Press, p. 305,ISBN0415121590