Qalandariyya
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TheQalandariyya(Arabic:قلندرية),QalandarisorKalandarisare wanderingSufidervishes.The writings ofQalandarisare not merely celebrations oflibertinism,but affirmations ofantinomialbeliefs.
The first references are found in the 11th-century prose textQalandarname(The Tale of the Qalandaris) attributed to Ansarī Harawī. The termQalandariyyaappears to be first applied by Sanai Ghaznavi inseminalpoetic works where diverse practices are described. Particular to the Qalandari genre of poetry are items that refer to their practices of gambling, games, consumingintoxicants,syncreticism,libertinism, antinomialism,violating societal normsandNazar ila'l-murd,things commonly referred to asKufrorKhurafatbyorthodoxMuslims.
The order was often viewed with scrutiny byIslamic authorities.
Origin
[edit]The Qalandariyya are an unorthodoxTariqaof Sufi dervishes that originated in medievalal-Andalusas an answer to the state sponsoredZahirismof theAlmohad Caliphate.[1][2]
Spread
[edit]From al-Andalus the Qalandariyya quickly spread intoNorth Africa,theLevant,Arabia,theIranosphere,Asia Minor,Central AsiaandPakistan.[1][2] In the early 12th century the movement gained popularity inGreater Khorasanand neighbouring regions, includingSouth Asia.[3]
The Qalandariyya may have arisen from the earlierMalamatiyyaand exhibited someBuddhistandHinduinfluences inSouth Asia.[4]The Malamatiyya condemned the use of drugs and dressed only in blankets or in hip-length hairshirts.[4]Qalandariyya spread toHazrat PanduainBengaland places in Pakistan through the efforts of multiple Qalandari figures.[1][5]
Qalandari songs in Pakistan typically incorporateQawwalistyles as well as different localfolkstyles, such asBhangraand intenseNaqarehorDholdrumming.[6]
See also
[edit]- Ashurkhana
- Jama'at Khana
- Imambargah
- Khalwatkhana
- Khanqah
- Majlis
- Musallah
- Husayniyya
- Takya
- Malamatiyya
- Mawlawiyya
- Hurufiyya
- Rifa'iyya
- Qadiriyya
- Galibi Order
- Bektashiyya
- Naqshbandiyya
- Zahediyya
- Khalwatiyya
- Bayramiyya
- Safaviyya
Bibliography
[edit]- De Bruijn, The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sana'i, inThe Heritage of Sufism,2003.
- Ashk Dahlén, The Holy Fool in Medieval Islam: The Qalandariyya of Fakhr al-din Araqi,Orientalia Suecana,vol.52, 2004.
References
[edit]- ^abcIvanov, Sergej Arkadevich (2006)Holy fools in Byzantium and beyondOxford University Press, Oxford, UK,page 368,ISBN0-19-927251-4
- ^abde Bruijn, J. T. P. "The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sand'i Onwards". In Lewisohn, Leonard (ed.) (1992)The Legacy of Mediæval Persian SufismKhaniqahi Nimatullahi, London, pp. 61–75,ISBN0-933546-45-9
- ^Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions.Merriam-Webster.1999. p.896.Retrieved22 October2011.
The movement is first mentioned in Khorasan in the 11th century; from there it spread to India, Syria, and western Iran.
- ^abMerriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions.Merriam-Webster.1999. p.896.Retrieved22 October2011.
The Qalandariyya seem to have arisen from the earlier Malamatiyya in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences.
- ^Muhammad Ruhul Amin (2012)."Qalandaria".InIslam, Sirajul;Miah, Sajahan;Khanam, Mahfuza;Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.ISBN984-32-0576-6.OCLC52727562.OL30677644M.Retrieved1 September2024.
- ^Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006).Culture and customs of Pakistan.Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut,page 171,ISBN0-313-33126-X
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