Rumelia Eyalet
Eyalet of Rumelia Eyalet-i Rumeli | |
---|---|
1365–1867 | |
Status | Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire |
Capital | Edirne(1362–1530) Sofia(1530–1836) Monastir(1836–1867) 41°1′N21°20′E/ 41.017°N 21.333°E |
History | |
• Established | 1365 |
• Disestablished | 1867 |
Area | |
1844[1] | 124,630 km2(48,120 sq mi) |
Population | |
• 1844[1] | 2,700,000 |
TheEyalet of Rumeli,orEyalet ofRumelia(Ottoman Turkish:ایالت روم ایلی,romanized:Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli),[2]known as theBeylerbeylik of Rumeliuntil 1591,[3]was a first-level province (beylerbeylikoreyalet) of theOttoman Empireencompassing most of theBalkans( "Rumelia"). For most of its history, it was the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such asEdirne,Yanina (Ioannina),Sofia,Filibe (Plovdiv), Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selânik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets, lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.
The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne),Sofia,and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in an 1862 almanac was 48,119 square miles (124,630 km2).[4]
History
[edit]Initially termedbeylerbeylikor genericallyvilayet( "province" ) of Rumeli, only after 1591 was the termeyaletused.[3]
The firstbeylerbeyofRumeliawasLala Shahin Pasha,who was awarded the title by SultanMurad Ias a reward for hiscapture of Adrianople(Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned toAnatolia.[3][5][6]Also,Silistra Eyaletwas formed in 1593.
From its foundation, the province of Rumelia encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubianconquests likeAkkerman,until the creation of furthereyaletsin the 16th century, beginning with theArchipelago(1533),Budin(1541) andBosnia(1580).[5][6]
The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until theFall of Constantinoplein 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed bySofiafor a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia once more became the seat of thebeylerbey.[6]At the time, thebeylerbeyof Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of thetimariotsipahicavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of theImperial Council(divan). For the same reason, powerfulGrand VizierslikeMahmud Pasha AngelovicorPargalı Ibrahim Pashaheld thebeylerbeylikin tandem with the grand vizierate.[5]
In the 18th century,Monastiremerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of theeyalet.At about the same time, theTanzimatreforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the neweyaletsofÜsküb,YanyaandSelanikand reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rumpeyaletsurvived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniformvilayetsystem, it became part of theSalonica Vilayet.[5][7][8]
Governors
[edit]The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumelibeylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumelivali).
Governor | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Lala Shahin Pasha | the firstbeylerbeyof Rumelia, thelala(tutor) ofMurad I.[9][better source needed] | |
Timurtaş Bey | fl.1385 | |
Süleyman Çelebi | before 1411 | son of Bayezid I[10] |
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey | 1411 | |
Mustafa Bey | 1421[11] | |
Sinan Pasha ( son of noble Bogdan) | 1430 | |
Hadım Şehabeddin | 1439–42[12] | |
Kasım Pasha | 1443[13] | |
Ömer Bey | fl.1453[14] | |
Turahan Bey | before 1456 | |
Mahmud Pasha | before 1456 | |
Ahmed | after 1456[citation needed] | |
Hass Murad Pasha | c.1469–1473 | |
Hadım Süleyman Pasha | c.1475[15] | |
Davud Pasha | c.1478[16] | |
Sinan Pasha | c.1481[17] | |
Mesih Pasha | after 1481[18] | |
Hasan Pasha | fl.1514[19] | |
Ahmed Pasha | fl.1521[20] | |
Güzelce Kasım Pasha | c.1527[21] | |
Ibrahim | fl.1537[22] | |
Khusrow Pasha | June 1538[23]–? | |
Ali Pasha | fl.1546[24] | |
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha | fl.1551[25] | |
Şemsi Ahmed Pasha | 1564 – 1569[26] | |
Doğancı Mehmed Pasha | [27] | |
Osman Yeğen Pasha | 1687[28] | |
Sari Ahmed Pasha | 1714[29]–1715[30] | |
Topal Osman Pasha | 1721–27, 1729–30, 1731[31] | |
Hadji Mustafa Pasha | summer of 1797[32]–? | |
Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha | [33] | |
Ali Pasha | 1793[34] | |
Ali Pasha (2nd term) | 1802[35]) | |
Veli Pasha (son ofAli Pasha) 1804[36] | ||
Hurshid Pasha | fl.1808[37] | |
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha | 1836–March 1840 | |
Mehmed Dilaver Pasha | May–July 1840 | |
Yusuf Muhlis Pasha Serezli | July 1840–February 1842 | |
Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade | ||
Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi | ||
Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar | ||
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade | ||
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı | ||
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade | ||
Mehmed Emin Pasha | ||
Asaf Pasha | ||
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade | ||
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term) | ||
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud | ||
Ahmed Nazır Paşa | ||
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes | ||
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı | ||
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu | ||
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa | ||
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade |
Administrative divisions
[edit]1475
[edit]A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinatesanjakbeys,who controlled sub-provinces orsanjaks,which also functioned as military commands:[5]
- Constantinople
- Gallipoli
- Edirne
- Nikebolu/Nigbolu
- Vidin
- Sofia
- Serbia (Laz-ili)
- Serbia (Despot-ili)
- Vardar(under theEvrenosoğullari)
- Üsküb
- Arnavut-ili(under Iskender Bey, i.e.Skanderbeg)
- Arnavut-ili(under theArianiti family)
- Bosnia
- Bosnia(underStephen)
- Arta,ZituniandAthens
- Morea
- Monastir
1520s
[edit]Another list, dating to the early reign ofSuleiman the Magnificent(r. 1520–1566), lists thesanjakbeysof that period, in approximate order of importance.:[5]
- Bey of thePasha-sanjak
- Bosnia
- Morea
- Semendire
- Vidin
- Hersek
- Silistre
- Ohri
- Avlonya
- Iskenderiyye
- Yanya
- Gelibolu
- Köstendil
- Nikebolu
- Sofia
- Inebahti
- Tirhala
- Alaca Hișar
- Vulcetrin
- Kefe
- Prizren
- Karli-eli
- Ağriboz
- Çirmen
- Vize
- Izvornik
- Florina
- Elbasan
- Sanjakbeyof theÇingene( "Gypsies")
- Midilli
- Karadağ (Montenegro)
- Sanjakbeyof theMüselleman-i Kirk Kilise( "Muslims ofKirk Kilise")
- Sanjakbeyof theVoynuks
TheÇingene,Müselleman-i Kirk Kiliseand Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely asanjakbeyappointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them.[5]ThePasha-sanjakin this period comprised a wide area in westernMacedonia,including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).[5]
A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the samesanjaks,except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).[5]
1538
[edit]In 1538 there are listed 29 liva (sanjaks) during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I.[38]
- Sofya(Pasha Sanjak of Rumelia)
- Ağrıboz
- Alacahisar
- Avlonya
- Bosna
- Çirmen
- Gelibolu
- Hersek
- İlbasan
- İskenderiye
- İzvornik
- Karlıili
- Kefe
- Köstendil
- Mora
- Niğbolu
- Ohri
- Prizrin
- Rodos
- Semendire
- Silistre
- Tırhala
- Vidin
- Vize
- Vulçıtrın
- Yanya
- Müselleman-ı Kızılca
- Müselleman-ı Çingane
- Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire
1644
[edit]Furthersanjakswere removed with the progressive creation of neweyalets,and an official register c. 1644 records only fifteensanjaksfor the Rumelia Eyalet:[5]
1700/1730
[edit]The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700-1730 was as follows:[39]
Early 19th century
[edit]Sanjaks in the early 19th century:[40]
- Manastir
- Selanik
- Tirhala
- Iskenderiyye
- Ohri
- Avlonya
- Köstendil
- Elbasan
- Prizren
- Dukagin
- Üsküb
- Delvina
- Vulcetrin
- Kavala
- Alaca Hișar
- Yanya
- Smederevo
Mid-19th century
[edit]According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also thesanjaksof Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria).[5]In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised thesanjaksof Iskenderiyye, with 7kazasor sub-provinces, Ohri with 8kazas,Kesrye with 8kazasand thepasha-sanjakof Manastir with 11kazas.[41]
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- Ottoman period in the Balkans
- Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
- History of the Balkans
- Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Albania
- Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria
- Ottoman Greece
- Ottoman period in the history of North Macedonia
- Ottoman Serbia
- Ottoman Thrace
- States and territories established in the 1360s
- States and territories disestablished in 1867
- 1360s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1867 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire