Saeima
Saeima | |
|---|---|
| 14th Saeima | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 7 November 1922 |
| Disbanded | |
| Preceded by | Constitutional Assembly of Latvia |
| Leadership | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 100 |
 | |
Political groups | Government(50)
Confidence and supply (3) Opposition(47) |
| Committees | 16
|
Length of term | 4 years |
| Elections | |
| Open listproportional representationwith a 5%electoral threshold | |
First election | 7 and 8 October 1922 |
Last election | 1 October 2022 |
Next election | By 3 October 2026 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| House of the Livonian Noble Corporation,Riga | |
| Website | |
| www | |
TheSaeima(Latvian pronunciation:[ˈsai.ma]) is theparliamentof theRepublic of Latvia.It is aunicameralparliament consisting of 100 members who are elected byproportional representation,with seats allocated topolitical partieswhich gain at least 5% of the popular vote. Elections are scheduled to be held once every four years, normally on the first Saturday of October. The most recent elections were held inOctober 2022.
ThePresident of Latviacan dismiss the Saeima and request early elections. Theprocedure for dismissing itinvolves substantial political risk to the president, including a risk of loss of office. On 28 May 2011 presidentValdis Zatlersdecided to initiate the dissolution of the Saeima, which was approved in areferendum,and the Saeima was dissolved on 23 July 2011.[1]
The currentSpeaker of the SaeimaisDaiga Mieriņaof theUnion of Greens and Farmersparty. The basic document that regulates the proceedings of the parliament is the Rules of Order ofSaeima(Saeimas kārtības rullis,also Rules of Procedure), adopted 23 March 1923 with amendments in 1929 and 1994.[2][3]
History and etymology
[edit]The Saeima traces its origins to theSejm of the Kingdom of Poland,which led to the creation of theSejm (Seimas) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuaniaand later to the creation of theSejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Polish Livonia,a part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,was exposed to the Polish mode of administration and introduced to the Sejm-system. The Warsaw Sejm of 1677 settled the case of remaining part of Polish Livonia orLatgale(Polish:Inflanty), naming it a voivodeship and a duchy, with the right to name three senators: the Bishop, the Voivode and the Castellan of Inflanty (...) Local sejmiks took place atDaugavpils,while starostas resided at Daugavpils,Ludza,RēzekneandViļaka.The voivodeship had six deputies to the Sejm, but only two of them came from Inflanty, the other four were symbolically named by the king, to remember the lost part of Livonia[4](Swedish Livonia). However, the rest of Latvia belonged to theDuchy of Courland and Semigallia,which was governed by the Dukes and theLandtagof Courland.
The wordsejmderives from the verb "sjąć się" meaning "to get together", with similar words in some other Slavic languages,[5]ofproto-Slavicorigin *sъjęti < *sъjemti[6]Sejm, then, as a noun meant "a gathering, a meeting, a council."
In the 19th century, as the concept of nations began to emerge,Juris Alunāns,a member of a Latvian nationalist group called theYoung Latvians,claimed ownership to the word "saeims". Despite the similar sound, similar semantic structure and clear historical connotations, he claimed that it was a purely Latvian word that he had invented. As mentioned earlier, the word bears a similar meaning: "a gathering, a meeting, a council".[citation needed] He claimed that the word he constructed stemmed from the archaicLatvianwordeimainstead, meaning "to go" (derived from thePIE*ei"to go" and also a cognate with theAncient Greekeimi,Gaulisheimu,among others).[7]
He could not explain, however, how the s- prefix got added to the word, and what sense this addition made within the limits of the Latvian language. Nevertheless, according to Alunāns, the word is purely Latvian and completely independent of the aforementioned historical context. However, the prefix sa- to a verb in modern Latvian language usually stands for a complete action and the word "Saeima" can stand for a meaning "let's gather together completely".
In the pre-war Latvia, the Saeima was elected for three-year terms. The1st Saeimamet from 7 November 1922 to 2 November 1925, the2ndfrom 3 November 1925 to 5 November 1928, the3rdfrom 6 November 1928 to 2 November 1931, and the4thfrom 3 November 1931 to 15 May 1934 (date of theLatvian coup d'état).
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Elections
[edit]The Saeima is an entirely elected body. All Latvian citizens (including naturalized citizens) over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. Candidates must be qualified to vote, but must also be over 21, must not be former employees of theUSSRandLatvian SSRState security services, intelligence or counter-intelligence services or any other foreign affiliated organizations, must not have been convicted of a criminal offence or deemed to be of diminished mental capacity.[8]
The term of the Saeima is four years. An election may be called early, but doing so is more complicated than in other parliamentary democracies. If thePresidentproposes that the Saeima be dissolved, a national referendum must be held to confirm the dissolution. If the dissolution is not approved, the President is removed from office. If one-tenth of the electorate signs a petition demanding a dissolution, a referendum can be held without the involvement of the President.
There are five constituencies,Kurzeme(12 deputies),Latgale(14),Riga(35),Vidzeme(25), andZemgale(14). Overseas votes are counted for the Riga constituency.
Seats are distributed in each constituency byopen listproportional representationamong the parties that overcome a 5% nationalelection thresholdusing an unmodified version of theWebster/Sainte-Laguë method.
Voters cast a vote for a party list, which consists of the candidates that the party has submitted in that constituency. Although a specific ordering is listed for each candidate, which is determined by the party, this has no effect on the actual chances of each candidate. Instead, voters cast "specific votes" for candidates. These votes can be either positive votes or negative votes. The number of votes for each candidate is determined by taking the number of votes for the respective list, and adding it to the candidate's positive votes, before subtracting the number of negative votes for that candidate. The candidates with the highest number of votes fill the party's seats. A positive vote is indicated by drawing a plus sign (+) next to the candidate's name on the ballot paper. A negative vote is indicated by crossing out the candidate's name. Voters may only cast specific votes for the candidates on the list that they voted for.
It is uncommon for any party to achieve more than 30% of the vote in an election. The record is 32.4% for theLatvian Wayparty in the1993 election.This means that a coalition has always been necessary.[citation needed]
If a seat falls vacant during a term of the Saeima, it is filled by the next candidate on the appropriate list.
TheCommunist Party of Latviais the only political party that is banned.
Most recent election
[edit]
Summary of the 1 October 2022 Latvian Saeima election results
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Unity(JV) | 173,425 | 18.97 | 26 | +18 | |
| Union of Greens and Farmers(ZZS) | 113,676 | 12.44 | 16 | +5 | |
| United List(AS) | 100,631 | 11.01 | 15 | New | |
| National Alliance(NA) | 84,939 | 9.29 | 13 | 0 | |
| For Stability!(S!) | 62,168 | 6.80 | 11 | New | |
| Latvia First(LPV) | 57,033 | 6.24 | 9 | New | |
| The Progressives(PRO) | 56,327 | 6.16 | 10 | +10 | |
| Development/For!(AP!) | 45,452 | 4.97 | 0 | –13 | |
| Harmony(S) | 43,943 | 4.81 | 0 | –23 | |
| For Each and Every One(KuK) | 33,578 | 3.67 | 0 | New | |
| Latvian Russian Union(LKS) | 33,203 | 3.63 | 0 | 0 | |
| Sovereign Power(SV) | 29,603 | 3.24 | 0 | New | |
| The Conservatives(K) | 28,270 | 3.09 | 0 | –16 | |
| Republic(R) | 16,088 | 1.76 | 0 | New | |
| Force of People's Power (TVS) | 10,350 | 1.13 | 0 | New | |
| People's Servants for Latvia(TKL) | 9,176 | 1.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Union for Latvia(AL) | 2,985 | 0.33 | 0 | –16 | |
| United for Latvia(VL) | 1,413 | 0.15 | 0 | New | |
| Progressive Christian Party (KPP) | 1,379 | 0.15 | 0 | New | |
| Blank votes | 10,383 | 1.14 | – | – | |
| Total | 914,022 | 100.00 | 100 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 903,511 | 99.70 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 2,714 | 0.30 | |||
| Total votes | 906,225 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,542,407 | 58.75 | |||
| Source:CVK | |||||
Structure of former legislatures
[edit]| 36 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| Latvian Way | LNNK | Harmony | LZS | Equal Rights | For Fatherland and Freedom | KDS | Democratic Centre |
| 18 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Saimnieks | Latvian Way | People's movement "For Latvia" | For Fatherland and Freedom | LVP | LZS/KDS | LNNK/LZP | Harmony | LSP |
| 24 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 8 |
| TP | Latvian Way | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK | Harmony | LSDSP | JP |
| 26 | 25 | 20 | 12 | 10 | 7 |
| JL | PCTVL | TP | ZZS | LPP | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK |
| 23 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 10 | 8 | 6 |
| TP | ZZS | JL | Harmony | LPP/LC | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK | PCTVL |
| 33 | 29 | 22 | 8 | 8 |
| Unity | Harmony | ZZS | NA | (AŠ)² |
| 31 | 22 | 20 | 14 | 13 |
| Harmony | Reform | Unity | NA | ZZS |
| 24 | 23 | 21 | 17 | 8 | 7 |
| Harmony | Unity | ZZS | NA | LRA | NSL |
| 23 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 8 |
| Harmony | KPV | JKP | AP! | NA | ZZS | JV |
| 26 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| JV | ZZS | AS | NA | ST! | PRO | LPV |
See also
[edit]- Category:Deputies of the Saeima
- Deputies of the Saeima
- List of Deputy Speakers of the Saeima
- People's Council of Latvia– provisional parliament from 1918–1920
- Constitutional Assembly of Latvia– consented to theSatversmein 1922
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Zatlers nolemj rosināt Saeimas atlaišanu"[Zatlers decides to initiate thedissolution of the Saeima].Delfi(in Latvian). 28 May 2011.Retrieved28 May2011.
- ^"Saeimas kārtības rullis".LIKUMI.LV(in Latvian).Retrieved31 January2024.
- ^"Speaker Smiltēns at the centenary of the law governing parliamentary work: The Saeima Rules of Procedure are the traffic rules of legislation".saeima.lv.Retrieved31 January2024.
- ^Inflanty Voivodeship, description by Zygmunt Gloger
- ^Aleksander Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, 2005 Krakowska spółka wydawnicza, s. 502
- ^https://shansky.lexicography.online/%D1%81/%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC[bare URL]
- ^Zuicena, Ieva; Migla, Ilga (2008)."Jura Alunāna devums latviešu leksikogrāfijā"(PDF).LU Raksti(in Latvian).731:75.ISSN1407-2157.Retrieved27 May2010.
- ^"Law on the Election of the Saeima".
