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Shaanxi

Coordinates:35°36′N108°24′E/ 35.6°N 108.4°E/35.6; 108.4
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Not to be confused with the neighboring province ofShanxi(Chinese:Sơn Tây), whose capital isTaiyuan.

Shaanxi
Thiểm Tây
Province
Province of Shaanxi
Name transcription(s)
•AbbreviationSN /ThiểmShǎn/TầnQín
Loess Plateau in Wubu, Shaanxi
Loess PlateauinWubu,Shaanxi
Map showing the location of Shaanxi Province
Map showing the location of Shaanxi Province
Coordinates:35°36′N108°24′E/ 35.6°N 108.4°E/35.6; 108.4
CountryChina
Capital
(and largest city)		Xi'an
Divisions10prefectures,107counties,1745townships
Government
• TypeProvince
• BodyShaanxi Provincial People's Congress
•CCP SecretaryZhao Yide
•CongresschairmanZhao Yide
•GovernorZhao Gang
•CPPCCchairmanXu Xinrong
Area
[1]
• Total205,800 km2(79,500 sq mi)
• Rank11th
Highest elevation
(Mount Taibai)
3,771 m (12,372 ft)
Population
(2020)[2]
• Total39,530,000
• Rank16th
• Density190/km2(500/sq mi)
• Rank21st
Demographics
• Ethnic compositionHan– 99.5%
Others – 0.5%
• Languages and dialectsJin Chinese,Zhongyuan Mandarin
GDP(2023)[3]
• TotalCN¥3,779 billion (14th)
US$479 billion
• Per capitaCN¥ 85,448 (12th)
US$ 12,126
ISO 3166 codeCN-SN
HDI(2019)Increase0.762[4]
high·13th
Websiteshaanxi.gov.cn

Shaanxi[a]is an inlandprovinceinNorthwestern China.It borders the province-level divisions ofShanxi(NE, E),Henan(E),Hubei(SE),Chongqing(S),Sichuan(SW),Gansu(W),Ningxia(NW), andInner Mongolia(N).

Shaanxi covers an area of over 205,000 km2(79,151 sq mi) with about 37 million people, the 16th largest in China.Xi'an– which includes the sites of the formerChinese capitalsFenghaoandChang'an– is theprovincial capitalas well as the largest city in Northwest China[5]and also one of theoldest cities in Chinaand the oldest of theFour Great Ancient Capitals,being the capital for theWestern Zhou,Western Han,Jin,SuiandTangdynasties.[6]Xianyang,which served as theQin dynastycapital, is just north across Wei River. The otherprefecture-levelcitiesinto which the province is divided areAnkang,Baoji,Hanzhong,Shangluo,Tongchuan,Weinan,Yan'anandYulin.

The province is geographically divided into three parts, namelyNorthern,CentralandSouthern Shaanxi.Northern Shaanxi (or "Shaanbei") makes up the southeastern portion of theOrdos Basinand mainly comprises the two prefectural cities ofYulinandYan'anon the northernLoess Plateau,demarcated from theOrdos Desertand the grasslands ofInner Mongolia'sOrdos Cityby theMing Great Wall.Central Shaanxi (or "Shaanzhong" ) is also known as theGuanzhongregion and comprises thedrainage basinof lowerWei Rivereast ofMount Longand north of theQinling Mountains,where the majority of Shaanxi's population reside. Southern Shaanxi (or "Shaannan") comprises the three prefectural cities in the edge of thehistoricalBashu region south of the Qinling Mountains and includes the three mountainous cities ofHanzhong,AnkangandShangluo.

Along with areas of adjacentShanxiandHenanprovinces, it formed the cradle of theChinese civilization.In theRepublican eraof China, the city ofYan'anwas near the endpoint of theLong Marchby theChinese Red Army,who fled fromJiangxiafter theChinese Soviet Republicwere destroyed by theKuomintangarmies, and became the birthplace of theChinese Communist Revolutionfrom late 1935 to early 1947 and the Communists formed theShaan-Gan-Ning Border Regionin constituent parts of Shaanxi.

The vast majority of the population of Shaanxi isHan Chinese(>99%), withHui,ManchuandMongolbeing the more significantethnic minorities.Mandarin Chineseis the mainspoken languagein Shaanxi, includingZhongyuan MandarinandSouthwestern Mandarindialects; anothervariety of Chinese,Jin Chinese,is also spoken in the regions neighboring Shanxi.

Shaanxi is China's15th largest economy,ranking within the middle tier among China's administrative divisions. Thefossil fuelandhigh technologysectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi Province. The high technology sector includesaircraft and aerospace industriesand Shaanxi produces more than 50% of theR&Dandmanufacturingequipment for the country's domesticcommercial aviationindustry.[7]

Name[edit]

Languages Pronunciations of
Thiểm Tây Sơn Tây
Jin Chinese[8] [ʂjesɛe̯] [sãsɛe̯]
13th cen. Mandarin[9] [ʃem si] [ʃan si]
Xi'an Mandarin[10] [ʂæ̃ ɕi] [sæ̃ ɕi]
Beijing Mandarin [ʂan ɕi]

The meaning of the province, "Shan's west", traces to circa 1000 BC when the Dukes ofShaoandZhoumarked their borders alongShanplateau (Thiểm nguyên,now Zhanbian plateau).[11]InChinese typing,the toponymThiểmoften got mixed up with "valley"Thiểm(note: distinguish㚒andKẹp).[12]Simplified charactersmerged the two asThiểm.[12]

Shaanxi
Simplified ChineseThiểm Tây
Traditional ChineseThiểm Tây
PostalShensi[14]
Literal meaning"West of the Shan Pass"

The Alpha bet rendering of ShaanxiThiểm Tâyand its neighboring province ShanxiSơn Tâyare troublesome in Beijing Mandarin because their pronunciation differs only in tone (rendered as Shǎnxī and Shānxī inpinyintranscription, 1958). To avoid confusion, mainland China recognized theGwoyeu Romatzyhtranscription (1928) forThiểm,"Shaan ".[13][16]

Nonetheless, the vowels and consonants ofshǎnThiểmandshānSơnare distinguished in the more conservativeJin Chineselanguages native to the two provinces, as shown on the chart to the right (refer toIPA for Jin Chinesefor further information). This conservative phonology is reflected in the historical spelling of Shaanxi, "Shensi",known to the Europeans in the 18th century.[14]"Shensi" was recognized in the 1906Chinese postal romanization."Shensi" continued to be popular until 1987 when thePRCbanned pre-PRC romanizations.[13]

History[edit]

See also:Xia dynasty,Chang'an,Zhou dynasty,Han dynasty,Sui dynasty,Tang dynasty,Qin dynasty,andLantian Man
Tongwancheng,capital ofNorthern Xia(407–431).
Cliff inscriptions inRed Stone Gorgefrom 1587 to 1949.
A typicalyaodongresidence.
Terracotta Warriors.

Shaanxi is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years, from the Zhou dynasty to the Tang dynasty.

The province's principal city and current capital,Xi'an,is one of thefour great ancient capitals of Chinaand is the eastern terminus of theSilk Road,which leads to Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa.

The region was briefly governed as theThree Qinsafter the fall of theQin dynasty.This is the origin of one of Shaanxi's two abbreviations,Tần(Qin), the other beingThiểm(Shaan). Then it was conquered byLiu Bangduring theChu-Han Contention.Under the Han dynasty, theNorthern Silk Roadwas expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west. This Northern Silk Road is the northernmost of theSilk Roadsand is about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length. It connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over theWushao Ling PasstoWuweiand emerging inKashgarbefore linking to ancientParthia.[17]

TheXiongnu-led kingdomNorthern Xia(407–431) set its capital inTongwancheng.[18]

The NorthernSong dynastyand theTangut-ledWestern Xiacontested their border in Shaanxi. Western Xia found the Luōwùchéng ( la ngột thành ) frontier fort in 1071 but was taken by Song in 1081.[19]

Under theMing dynasty,Shaanxi was established with the founding of the Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commission in 1376, whose administration also included the modern provinces ofGansu,Ningxia,and part ofQinghai.[20]During this dynasty, most visitors from Central and West Asia entered the country via Shaanxi.[21]

One of the most devastatingearthquakesin history occurred nearHua Shanin southeastern Shaanxi on January 23, 1556, killing an estimated 830,000 people (see1556 Shaanxi earthquake).

The end of the short-livedJiangxi Sovietsignaled the beginning of theLong MarchbyMao Zedongand theChinese Communiststo theShaanxi Sovietat Yan'an.

The administrative evolution of Shaanxi: The Northern Song established the Shaanxi Lu (circuit), governed from modern Xi'an in 997. TheYuan dynastyestablishedShaanxi Province (Yuan dynasty),governed by aBranch Secretariatin 1286.[20]After the founding of the Qing dynasty, Gansu was split from Shaanxi, but both provinces were governed under theViceroy of Shaan-Gan.

Prehistoric site[edit]

TheLantian Mansite, with hominin fossils from approximately one million years ago, was found in Lantian County in northwestern Shaanxi province, near the city of Xi'an. Scientists classify Lantian Man as a subspecies ofHomo erectus.The fossils are displayed at theShaanxi History Museum,Xi'an, China.

Geography[edit]

TheYellow Riveris the natural provincial border betweenWubu,Shaanxi (right) andLiulin,Shanxi (left), both being the heartland ofJin Chineselanguage. TheTaiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railwayran across the bridge.

The geography of the area is described as being part of theOrdos Desertin the north along the border with Inner Mongolia, theLoess Plateauin the central part of the province, theQin Mountains(Qinling) running east to west in the south central part, and subtropical climate south of the Qinling. In between the Loess Plateau and the Qinling lies theWei RiverValley, orGuanzhong,a cradle of early Chinese civilization.

Going clockwise, Shaanxi bordersShanxi(E, NE),Henan(E),Hubei(SE),Chongqing(S),Sichuan(SW),Gansu(W),Ningxia(NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In terms of number of bordering provincial-level divisions, Shaanxi ties Inner Mongolia.

Due to its large span in latitude, Shaanxi has a variety of climates. Under theKöppen climate classification,thenorthern parts,including the Loess Plateau, have either acold arid(KöppenBWk) orcold semi-arid(KöppenBSk), with cold and very dry winters, dry springs and autumns, and hot, humid summers. The area known as Guanzhong is mostly semi-arid, though there are a few areas with ahumid subtropical climate(KöppenCwa), with cool to cold winters, and hot, humid summers that often see early-season heatwaves. Thesouthern portionis much more humid and lies in the humid subtropical zone, with more temperate winters and long, hot, humid summers. Annual mean temperature is roughly between 8 and 16 °C (46 and 61 °F), with January temperatures ranging from −11 to 3.5 °C (12.2 to 38.3 °F) and July temperatures ranging from 21 to 28 °C (70 to 82 °F).

Besides the provincial capital of Xi'an, other cities include:Baoji,Hanzhong,Lintong,Tongchuan,Xianyang,Yan'anandAnkang.

Mount Hua,a famous attraction.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Main articles:List of administrative divisions of ShaanxiandList of township-level divisions of Shaanxi

Shaanxi consists of tenprefecture-level divisions:allprefecture-level cities(including asub-provincial city):

Administrative divisions of Shaanxi
Division code[22] Division Area in km2[23] Population 2010[24] Seat Divisions[25]
Districts Counties CL cities
610000 Shaanxi Province 205,800.00 37,327,378 Xi'ancity 30 71 6
610100 Xi'ancity 10,096.81 8,467,837 Weiyang District 11 2
610200 Tongchuancity 3,884.81 834,437 Yaozhou District 3 1
610300 Baojicity 18,116.93 3,716,731 Jintai District 3 9
610400 Xianyangcity 10,323.99 4,894,834 Qindu District 3 9 2
610500 Weinancity 13,030.56 5,286,077 Linwei District 2 7 2
610600 Yan'ancity 37,030.54 2,187,009 Baota District 2 10 1
610700 Hanzhongcity 27,096.43 3,416,196 Hantai District 2 9
610800 Yulincity 42,920.18 3,351,437 Yuyang District 2 9 1
610900 Ankangcity 23,536.31 2,629,906 Hanbin District 1 9
611000 Shangluocity 19,587.31 2,341,742 Shangzhou District 1 6
Sub-provincial cities

The ten prefecture-level cities of Shaanxi are subdivided into 107county-level divisions(30districts,fourcounty-level cities,and 73counties).

Urban areas[edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[26] 2010 Urban area[27] 2020 City proper
1 Xi'an 9,392,938 5,206,253[b] 12,183,280
2 Xianyang[c] 1,192,776 730,704 4,983,340
3 Baoji 1,107,702 871,940 3,321,853
4 Yulin 884,292 429,189[d] 3,624,750
5 Hanzhong 673,476 350,167[e] 3,211,462
6 Weinan 642,594 347,484[f] 4,688,744
7 Yan'an 577,851 336,856[g] 2,282,581
8 Ankang 514,068 379,707 2,493,436
9 Tongchuan 417,324 463,866 698,322
10 Shenmu 403,133 [h] see Yulin
11 Xingping 309,463 247,539 see Xianyang
12 Hancheng 268,583 196,574 see Weinan
13 Shangluo 228,426 156,781 2,041,231
14 Yangling[c] 169,254 104,944 see Xianyang
15 Binzhou 160,298 [i] see Xianyang
16 Zichang 160,298 [j] see Yan'an
17 Huayin 109,472 127,987 see Weinan
  1. ^alternativelyShensi,see§ Name
  2. ^New districts established after 2010 census:Gaoling (Gaoling County),Huyi (Huxian County).These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^abYangling is a satellite urban area separated from Xianyang and it is not included in the urban area count.
  4. ^New district established after 2010 census:Hengshan (Hengshan County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^New district established after 2010 census:Nanzheng (Nanzheng County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^New district established after 2010 census:Huazhou (Huaxian County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^New district established after 2010 census:Ansai (Ansai County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^Shenmu County is currently known as Shenmu CLC after 2010 census.
  9. ^Binxian County is currently known as Binzhou CLC after 2010 census.
  10. ^Zichang County is currently known as Zichang CLC after 2010 census.

Politics[edit]

Main article:Politics of Shaanxi
Walled City ofYulin, Shaanxi.
Shaanxi People's Government
Education Department of Shaanxi Province

The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

TheGovernor of Shaanxiis the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the ShaanxiChinese Communist PartyProvincial Committee Secretary (Trung cộng Thiểm Tây tỉnh ủy thư ký), colloquially termed the "ShaanxiCCP Party Chief";since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee.

Shaanxi was established as a provincial government sinceQing dynasty.On 10 January 1950, the People's Government of Shaanxi was established inXi'an.Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi.

Economy[edit]

As of the mid-19th century, Shaanxi exported animal skins, wine, liquor, andmusk.Money loans were also common, with Shaanxi business people involved in the Guangzhou loan business. Shaanxi commonly imported European animal skins, watches, Chinese language books, and cloth.[28]

The fossil fuel and high technology sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi province. During 2009, the province ranked third in China for production of coal, natural gas and crude oil.[7]As the home of several of the leading universities and research institutes in Western China, Shaanxi province also plays a major role in China's burgeoning aircraft and aerospace industries, producing more than 50% of the R&D and manufacturing equipment for the country's domestic commercial air industry.[7]Nominal GDP for 2011 was 1,239 billion RMB (US$196.7 billion) and GDP per capita was 21,729 RMB (US$3,179), ranking 17th in the PRC.

In the first half of 2019, Shaanxi's total production value reached 1,162.557 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry was 55.319 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the second industry was 557.935 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; the tertiary industry was 549.303 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8%.[29]

Economic and technological development zones[edit]

Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone[edit]

Established in 1992, Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved as a national hi-tech zone by the State Council. It has a long-term planned area of 40 km2(15 sq mi). The transportation system around the zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310, and industries operating within the zone include auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials.[30]

Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone[edit]

Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone (XEPZ) was approved on 21 June 2002 by the State Council for its establishment and was put on 5 April 2004. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of the seven pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. XEPZ is under the leadership of the Administrative Committee of Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ), which is designated by Xi'an municipal government to exercise economic and administrative power within the zone. XEPZ is a special economic zone. By now, there are more than 40 enterprises home and abroad settled in XEPZ. The pillar industries feature aviation, machinery, electronics and new energy.[31]

Western Triangle[edit]

TheWestern Triangleis a new economic zone composing the three major city-level economies of Western China:Xi'an,ChongqingandChengdu.It is believed that the addition of Xi'an to the Triangle will spur economic growth in the region and allow the city an opportunity to capitalize on the commercial potential of its high-technology industries.[7]

Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone[edit]

Established in 1993, Xi'an Economic and Technology Development Zone was approved as a national zone in 2000. The zone is 20 minutes from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, and national highways pass through. It has formed four pillar industries: automotive, electronics, food, and new materials industries. So far, the zone has attracted more than 1,700 enterprises.[32]

Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone[edit]

Xi'an HTDZ opened its gates in 1991. It was established as a "pivotal location" for investment by high-tech industry companies in central and northwest China. Established in 1991, Xi'an Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is a national high-tech zone. It is surrounded by national highways and it is 30 minutes from Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport. Furthermore, it is ranked in the top three high-tech zones in China.[33]

Xi'an Software Park[edit]

Xi'an Software Park, established in December 1998, is the professional park for Xi'an to develop scale software and service outsourcing industries. The park has been appraised as a software industry base under the National Torch Program, national software industry base, national software export base, city demonstrational area of national service outsourcing base. It is one of the four parks with "double bases" of software in China. Xi'an Software Park assembles 90% of enterprises engaging in software and service outsourcing in Xi'an. There were nearly 780 companies, of which foreign-funded enterprises account for 170, and over 71,000 jobholders in the park by the end of 2008.[34]

Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone[edit]

Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone was approved as a national-level hi-tech development zone by State Council in 1997. It is 82 km (51 mi) from Xi'an to the east and 70 km (43 mi) from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport.[35]

Demographics[edit]

Nearly all the people in Shaanxi are ethnicHan Chinese,with pockets ofHuipopulation in the northwestern region (adjacent to Ningxia). Shaanxi province is one of the centers of ancient Chinese civilization. The central part of Shaanxi, known asGuanzhong,where the provincial capital Xi'an is located, is more populous compared to the others (ShaannanandShaanbei),

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[36]9,364,000—
1928[37]11,802,000+26.0%
1936–37[38]9,780,000−17.1%
1947[39]10,011,000+2.4%
1954[40]15,881,281+58.6%
1964[41]20,766,915+30.8%
YearPop.±%
1982[42]28,904,423+39.2%
1990[43]32,882,403+13.8%
2000[44]35,365,072+7.6%
2010[45]37,327,378+5.5%
2020[2]39,528,999+5.9%
Xi'an part of Shaanxi Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Shaanxi Province.

Religion[edit]

Temple at Erlangshan ( Nhị Lang sơn ) overlookingShenmu.
Daoist temple by the Yellow River

Religion in Shaanxi[46][note 1]

Chinese ancestral religion(7.58%)
Christianity(1.57%)
Muslims(0.8%)
Other religions or not religious people[note 2](90.05%)

The predominant religions in Shaanxi areChinese folk religions,Taoist traditionsandChinese Buddhism.According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 7.58% of the population believes and is involved inancestor veneration,while 1.57% of the population identifies as Christian.[46]The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 90.85% of the population may be either irreligious or involved inworship of nature deities,Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism,folk religious sects,and small minorities ofMuslims.

Culture[edit]

Shaanxi cuisine

Media[edit]

Sports[edit]

Professional sports teams based in Shaanxi include:

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[46]in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches"andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^This may include:

References[edit]

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