Silvery woolly monkey
| Silvery woolly monkey[1] | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Atelidae |
| Genus: | Lagothrix |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | L. l. poeppigii
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| Trinomial name | |
| Lagothrix lagothricha poeppigii Schinz,1844
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| Silvery woolly monkey range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Lagothrix poeppigii | |
Thesilvery woolly monkey(Lagothrix lagothricha poeppigii), also known asPoeppig's woolly monkeyor thered woolly monkey,is a subspecies of thecommon woolly monkeyfromSouth America.Named after the GermanzoologistEduard Friedrich Poeppig,it is found inBrazil,EcuadorandPeru.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]It was initially thought to be a subspecies of thecommon woolly monkey(L. lagothricha), but was later reclassified as its own species. However, a 2014 phylogenetic study found it to in fact be a subspecies ofL. lagothricha;the results of this study have been followed by theAmerican Society of Mammalogistsand theIUCN Red List.[4][5][6]
Habitat
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys are habituated across theAmazonia,and are found in mature closed-canopy rainforest.[7]
Dispersal
[edit]Traditionally, silvery woolly monkeys have a malephilopatryand female-biased dispersal. However, recent analysis of genetic data inL. poeppigiisuggests that female-biased dispersal may not be strictly followed; both sexes are found to be dispersing. Genetic data and behavioural observations indicate that both sexes may disperse both before and after sexual maturity. However, females typically leave their natal groups to mate.[8]Male-biased dispersal happens to avoid inbreeding and to gain better reproductive opportunities.[7]
Social structure
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys live in multi-sex groups of 20-25 individuals.[9]
Behavior
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys spend less time resting in comparison to otheratelineprimates. In addition, woolly monkeys spend a relatively small portion of their activity budget socializing. Socializing accounts for 8% to 9% of their activity budget.[10]Woolly monkeys have an extremely low male on male aggression rate.[7]During aggressive intergroup encounters males are more likely to be tolerant of each other. Immature males are likely to associate with adult males, spending significantly more time with other males than immature females. Immature females have little association with other females besides their mother-offspring relationship until dispersal.[8]
Social play
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys participate in play behaviour by chasing and grappling in groups of 2-5 individuals. Play is most commonly observed in immatures with no significant difference between sexes.[8]
Grooming
[edit]Grooming between silvery woolly monkeys is quite rare. There is significantly different between sexes in received grooming.[8]When grooming does occur it happens in relatively short bouts.[10]
Reproduction
[edit]Sexual behaviour is rarely observed within females before their dispersal, although females tend to reach sexual maturity earlier than males. After dispersal females do not begin reproduction until a year after joining their new social group. This delay may be due to not having reach full sexual maturity or social barriers within the group.[8]
Females had a low tolerance to other females engaging in mating behaviour while males were tolerant of mating by other males. Females solicit a male by displaying an open-mouthed grin while shaking their head in the direction of the male. This expression occasionally occurs by both sexes during a mount.[10]
Silvery woolly monkey reproductive events are the season with births mainly occurring between May and September. During this there is lower fruit availability, while periods of conception happen during points of higher fruit availability.[11]
Development
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys are considered infants until around 6 months. Silvery woolly monkeys are locomotory independent at 2 years, and typically become socially independent after 3 years.[7]
Diet
[edit]Silvery woolly monkeys spend a majority of their day on subsistence activity; consuming plants and foraging for animal prey. Silvery woolly monkey’s diet consists of 64%-89% fruit; either ripe or nearly ripe.[10]Silvery woolly monkeys will spit out the seeds of fruits to solely eat the flesh. Around 17% of their time is spent foraging, foraging usually occurs in large groups.[9]
References
[edit]- ^Groves, C. P.(2005).Wilson, D. E.;Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 151–152.ISBN0-801-88221-4.OCLC62265494.
- ^Shanee, S.; Stevenson, P.R.; de la Torre, S.; Moscoso, P.; Ravetta, A.L. & Muniz, C.C. (2021)."Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. poeppigii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T39927A192308336.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39927A192308336.en.Retrieved20 November2021.
- ^Muniz, Camilla Crispim; Moscoso, Paola; Torre, Stella de la; Stevenson, Pablo R.; Ravetta, André Luis; Group), Sam Shanee (Neotropical Primate Conservation / IUCN SSC Primate Specialist (2020-03-16)."IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. poeppigii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^Ruiz-García, Manuel; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Shostell, Joseph Mark (2014-10-01)."How many genera and species of woolly monkeys (Atelidae, Platyrrhine, Primates) are there? The first molecular analysis of Lagothrix flavicauda, an endemic Peruvian primate species".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.79:179–198.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.034.ISSN1055-7903.PMID24931730.
- ^"ITIS - Report: Lagothrix".itis.gov.Retrieved2021-11-20.
- ^Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06),Mammal Diversity Database,doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212,retrieved2021-11-20
- ^abcdPain, Evelyn L.; Koenig, Andreas; Di Fiore, Anthony; Lu, Amy (March 2021)."Behavioral and physiological responses to instability in group membership in wild male woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii )".American Journal of Primatology.83(3): e23240.doi:10.1002/ajp.23240.ISSN0275-2565.PMID33555611.S2CID231870287.
- ^abcdeSchmitt, Christopher A.; Fiore, Anthony Di (2014), Defler, Thomas R.; Stevenson, Pablo R. (eds.),"Life History, Behavior, and Development of Wild Immature Lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) in Amazonian Ecuador",The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research,New York, NY: Springer, pp. 113–146,doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_8,ISBN978-1-4939-0697-0,retrieved2022-11-30
- ^abDew, J. Lawrence (October 2005)."Foraging, Food Choice, and Food Processing by Sympatric Ripe-Fruit Specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth".International Journal of Primatology.26(5): 1107–1135.doi:10.1007/s10764-005-6461-5.ISSN0164-0291.S2CID29964514.
- ^abcdDiFiore, Anthony Francis (1997)."Ecology and behavior of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Atelinae) in eastern Ecuador".ProQuest.ProQuest304346648.
- ^Ellis, Kelsey M.; Abondano, Laura A.; Montes‐Rojas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Di Fiore, Anthony (January 2021)."Reproductive seasonality in two sympatric primates ( Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii ) from Amazonian Ecuador".American Journal of Primatology.83(1): e23220.doi:10.1002/ajp.23220.ISSN0275-2565.PMID33264469.S2CID227260707.