Jump to content

Subotica

Coordinates:46°06′01″N19°39′56″E/ 46.10028°N 19.66556°E/46.10028; 19.66556
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Serbia. For other uses, seeSubotica (disambiguation).
Subotica
Суботица(Serbian)
Szabadka(Hungarian)
City
Град Суботица
Grad Subotica
City of Subotica
Panorama of Subotica
Subotica City Hall
Reichel Palace
Franciscan Church
St. Theresa of Avila Cathedral
St. George's Church
Former Savings Bank
Liberty Square
National Theater
Subotica Synagogue
Flag of Subotica
Flag
Coat of arms of Subotica
Coat of arms
Subotica is located in Vojvodina
Subotica
Subotica
Location of the city of Subotica inSerbia
Subotica is located in Serbia
Subotica
Subotica
Subotica (Serbia)
Subotica is located in Europe
Subotica
Subotica
Subotica (Europe)
Coordinates:46°06′01″N19°39′56″E/ 46.10028°N 19.66556°E/46.10028; 19.66556
CountrySerbia
ProvinceVojvodina
DistrictNorth Bačka
Settlements19
Government
•MayorStevan Bakić (SNS)
Area
• Rank13th in Serbia
• Urban164.33 km2(63.45 sq mi)
• Administrative1,007.47 km2(388.99 sq mi)
Elevation
109 m (358 ft)
Population
(2022 census)[1]
• City94,228
• Rank5th in Serbia
• Administrative
123,952
• Administrative density120/km2(320/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
24000
Area code(+381) 24
Vehicle registrationSU
WebsiteOfficial website

Subotica(Serbian Cyrillic:Суботица,pronounced[sǔbotitsa]ⓘ;Hungarian:Szabadka,Rusyn:Суботица,Romanian:Subotița) is acityand the administrative center of theNorth Bačka Districtin the autonomous province ofVojvodina,Serbia.Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city ofNovi Sad.According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area (the administrative area of the city) stands at 123,952 people.[1]

Name

[edit]

The name of the city has changed frequently over time.[2]The earliest known written name of the city wasZabotka[3]orZabatka,[4]which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city"Szabadka".[4]According toSkok,Szabadka originated fromsobotka,aSlavicdiminutiveofsobota,meaning "a place that had a market fair on Saturday" (likeSzombathelyorNagyszombat), but its ending-kawas later replaced with-ica,another Slavic diminutive, by theBunjevci.[5]Other sources claim that the name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad, which derived from theSlavicword for "free" – svobod, referring to the status of the colonists settled in this zone by the Habsburg after theBattle of Zenta.[6]

The town was named in the 1740s afterMaria Theresa of Austria,Archduchess of Austria. It was officially calledSent-Mariain 1743, but was renamed in 1779 asMaria-Theresiapolis.These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly theGermanMaria-TheresiopelorTheresiopel), and were used in different languages.[2]

Geography

[edit]

It is located in thePannonian Basinat 46.07° North, 19.68° East, at the altitude of 109m, about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the border withHungary,and is the northernmost city in Serbia.Lake Palićis in the immediate vicinity of the city.[7][8]Sand dunes areaSubotička Peščarais located north of the city, along the Hungarian border.[9]

Climate

[edit]

Subotica has a warm-summerhumid continental climate(Dfb) that is uncommon in Serbia except at higher elevations,

Climate data for Subotica (Elevation: 109 m (358 ft))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		16.0
(60.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.6
(42.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 28
(1.10) 		25
(1.00) 		28
(1.10) 		41
(1.60) 		51
(2.00) 		71
(2.80) 		51
(2.00) 		56
(2.20) 		33
(1.30) 		25
(1.00) 		41
(1.60) 		41
(1.60) 		491
(19.3)
Source:Weather Channel[10]

History

[edit]
Historical affiliations

Kingdom of Hungaryc. 1301–1526
Ottoman Empire1542–1686
Habsburg monarchy1686–1804
Austrian Empire1804–1867
Austro-Hungarian Empire1867–1918
Kingdom of Serbia1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[11]1918–1941
Hungarian occupation of Yugoslavia1941–1944
SFR Yugoslavia[12]1944–1992
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia1992−2003
Serbia and Montenegro2003–2006
Republic of Serbia2006–present

Prehistory and antiquity

[edit]

In theNeolithicandEneolithicperiods, several important archaeological cultures flourished in this area, including theStarčevo culture,[13]theVinča culture,[14]and theTiszapolgár culture.[15]EarlyIndo-Europeanpeoples settled in the territory of present-day Subotica in 3200 BC.[16]During theEneolithicperiod, theBronze Ageand theIron Age,several Indo-European archaeological cultures included areas around Subotica - theBaden culture,theVučedol culture,[17]theUrnfield culture[18]and some others. Before theIazygeconquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples ofIllyrian,CelticandDaciandescent inhabited this area. In the 3rd century BC, this area was controlled by the CelticBoiiandEravisci,while in the 1st century BC, it became part of theDacian kingdom.From the 1st century BC, the area came under the control of theSarmatianIazyges,who were sometimes allies and sometimes enemies of theRomans.Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century AD, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states.[19]

Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement

[edit]

In the Early Middle Ages variousIndo-EuropeanandTurkic peoplesand states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples includedHuns,Gepids,Avars,SlavsandBulgarians.Slavssettled today's Subotica in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in theBalkans.

The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were theObotrites,a subgroup of theSerbs.In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included thePrincipality of Lower Pannonia(846-875),Great Moravia(833–c.907) and theBulgarian Empire.[20]

Late Middle Ages

[edit]
Emperor Jovan Nenadmonument in the downtown

Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during theTatar invasionsof 1241–42. WhenZabadka/Zabatkawas first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medievalKingdom of Hungary.Later, the city belonged to theHunyadis,one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole ofCentral Europe.

KingMatthias Corvinus of Hungarygave the town to one of his relatives,János Pongrác Dengelegi,who, fearing an invasion by theOttoman Empire,fortified the castle of Subotica, erecting a fortress in 1470. Some decades later, after theBattle of Mohácsin 1526, Subotica became part of theOttoman Empire.The majority of the Hungarian population fled northward toRoyal Hungary.[21]Bálint Török,a local noble who had ruled over Subotica, also escaped from the city. During the military and political havoc following the defeat atMohács,Subotica came under the control of Serbianmercenariesrecruited inBanat.These soldiers were in the service of theTransylvaniangeneralJohn I Zápolya,a later Hungarian king.[22]

The leader of these mercenaries,Jovan Nenad,established in 1526–27 his rule inBačka,northernBanatand a small part ofSyrmiaand created an independent entity, with Subotica as its administrative centre. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbiantsarin Subotica. He namedRadoslav Čelnikas the general commander of his army, while his treasurer andpalatinewas Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble fromJagodina.When Bálint Török returned and recaptured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved the administrative centre toSzeged.[23]

Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad wasassassinatedand his entity collapsed. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led a part of the army to OttomanSyrmia,where he briefly ruled as an Ottoman vassal.[citation needed]

Ottoman Empire

[edit]

TheOttoman Empireruled the city from 1542 to 1686. At the end of this almost 150-year-long period, not much remained of the old town ofZabadka/Zabatka.As much of the population had fled, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of the area by different colonists from theBalkans.The settlers were mostlyOrthodoxSerbs.They cultivated the extremely fertile land around Subotica. In 1570, the population of Subotica numbered 49 houses, and in 1590, 63 houses. In 1687, the region was settled byCatholicDalmatas(calledBunjevcitoday). It was calledSobotkaunder Ottoman rule and was a kaza centre inSegedinsanjak at first inBudin Eyaletiuntil 1596, and after that inEğri Eyaletibetween 1596 and 1686.[24]

Habsburg Monarchy

[edit]
Subotica in Serbian early 20th-century postcard

In 1687, about 5,000Bunjevcisettled in Bačka (including Subotica). After the decisive battle against the Ottomans atSentaled byPrince Eugene of Savoyon 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of themilitary borderzoneTheiss-Miereschestablished by theHabsburg monarchy.In the meantime the uprising ofFrancis II Rákóczibroke out, which is also known as theKuruc War.

In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against theRac National Militia.Rácwas a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to asrácokin the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later periodrácokcame to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.[25]

The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica inAleksandrovo,while others emigrated toRussia.InNew Serbia,a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named itSubotica.In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established.

It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious nameSaint Marycame to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, EmpressMaria Theresa of Austriaadvanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more asMaria-Theresiopolis.[26]

This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century, its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over theHabsburg monarchy.This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of theRevolutions in the Habsburg monarchy (1848–49).

1848-1849 Revolution

[edit]
Subotica in 1914 Hungarian postcard

During the 1848-49 Revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomousSerbian Vojvodinaincluded Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at the locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between the Serb and Hungarian armies, which was won by the Hungarians.

The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848/49 revolution—it was calledHonunk állapota( "State of Our Homeland" ) and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted the Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported the Hungarian revolution.

In 1849, after theHungarian revolution of 1848was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, calledVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.The administrative centre of this new province wasTimișoara.The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre.[27]

Austria-Hungary

[edit]

After the establishment of theDual-Monarchyin 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European,fin de sièclearchitecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style.

Between 1849 and 1860 it was part of theVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.[28]

Yugoslavia and Serbia

[edit]
Massacred bodies ofSerbianandJewishcivilians killed by Hungarian troops during the World War II
Monument to the Victims of Fascism

Subotica had been part ofAustria-Hungaryuntil the end ofWorld War I.In 1918, the city became part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.As a result, Subotica became a border-town inYugoslaviaand did not, for a time, experience again the same dynamic prosperity it had enjoyed prior to World War I. However, during that time, Subotica was the third-largest city in Yugoslavia by population, followingBelgradeandZagreb.

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by theAxis Powers,and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed by Hungary. The annexation was not considered legitimate by the international community and the city was de jure still part of Yugoslavia. TheYugoslav government in exilereceived formal recognition of legitimacy as the representative of the country. On 11 April 1941, the Hungarian troops arrived in Subotica on the grounds that the majority of the people living in the city were ethnic Hungarians, which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary for over 600 years. DuringWorld War II,the city lost approximately 7,000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs, Hungarians and Jews. Before the war about 6,000Jewshad lived in Subotica; many of these were deported from the city during theHolocaust,mostly toAuschwitz.In April 1944, under German administration, a ghetto was set up.[29]In addition, manycommunistswere executed during Axis rule. In 1944, the Axis forces left the city, and Subotica became part of the newYugoslavia.During the 1944–45 period, about 8,000 citizens[failed verification](mainly Hungarians) were killed byPartisanswhile re-taking the city as a retribution for supporting Axis Hungary.[30][31][failed verification]

In the postwar period, Subotica has gradually been modernised. During theYugoslavandKosovowars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city fromCroatia,Bosnia and Herzegovina,andKosovo,while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region.

Cityscape

[edit]

Subotica boasts a remarkable collection of buildings built in theHungarian Secessionstyle, a distinct variant ofArt Nouveau.[32]The Hungarian Secession style combined art nouveau vegetal ornaments and symbolic figures with traditional Hungarian motifs. It found its architectural expression in Subotica in the works ofMarcell Komor,Dezső JakabandFerenc Raichle.[citation needed]Iconic buildings like theSubotica Synagogueand the Reichel Palace, are recognized as some of the finest examples of this architectural style in Europe.[33]

TheCity Hall(built in 1908–1910) and theSynagogue(1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture is the actualRaichle Palace,which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle.

Church buildings include theCathedral of St. Theresa of Aviladating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, theEastern Orthodox churchesalso from the 18th century, and theHungarian Art NouveauSubotica Synagoguefrom the early 20th century that reopened after a major renovation in 2018.[34]

The historicNational Theatre in Subotica,which was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017.[35]

Hungarian Secession buildings
Raichle Palace Municipal Library City Hall Interior of the City Hall Vojnića palace

Neighborhoods

[edit]
See also:Hungarian toponyms in Vojvodina

The following are the neighborhoods of Subotica:

Suburbs and villages

[edit]

The administrative area of Subotica comprises Subotica proper, the town ofPalić(Hungarian:Palics) and 17 villages. The villages are:

Demographics

[edit]
Main article:Demographic history of Subotica
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1948123,668—
1953126,559+0.46%
1961136,782+0.98%
1971146,770+0.71%
1981154,611+0.52%
1991150,534−0.27%
2002148,401−0.13%
2011141,554−0.52%
2022123,952−1.20%
Source:[36]
Ethnic map of the Subotica city proper

According to the 2022 census results, the city proper-urban area of Subotica had 94,228 inhabitants while administrative area of Subotica had 123,952 inhabitants.

Ethnic structure

[edit]

The ethnic structure of population of Subotica city proper (according to the 2022 census):[37]

Ethnicity Population Proportion
Serbs 32,360 34.34%
Hungarians 24,687 26.19%
Croats 6,997 7.40%
Bunjevci 6,146 6.52%
Roma 2,888 3.06%
Yugoslavs 1,850 1.96%
Others 3,684 3.90%
Undeclared 10,817 11.47%
Unknown 5,901 5.09%

The ethnic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):[38]

Ethnicity Population Proportion
Serbs 38,174 30.8%
Hungarians 37,200 30%
Croats 10,431 8.42%
Bunjevci 9,060 7.31%
Roma 3,432 2.77%
Yugoslavs 2,187 1.77%
Others 4,187 3.37%
Undeclared 13,380 10.79%
Unknown 5,901 4.76%

Places with an absolute or relativeSerbethnic majority are: Subotica,Bajmok,Višnjevac,Novi Žednik,andMišićevo.Places with either an absolute or relativeHungarianethnic majority are:Palić(Hungarian: Palicsfürdő),Hajdukovo(Hungarian: Hajdújárás),Bački Vinogradi(Hungarian: Bácsszőlős),Šupljak(Hungarian: Alsóludas),Čantavir(Hungarian: Csantavér),Bačko Dušanovo(Hungarian: Zentaörs), andKelebija(Hungarian: Alsókelebia). Places with a relative ethnic majorityCroatare:Mala Bosna,Đurđin,Donji Tavankut,Gornji Tavankut,Bikovo,Stari Žednik.Ljutovohas a relativeBunjevacethnic majority.

Linguistic structure

[edit]

Linguistic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):[39]

Language Speakers Proportion
Serbian 59,575 48.20%
Hungarian 36,149 29.24%
Croatian 3,937 3.18%
Bunjevac 3,005 2.43%
Romani 2,959 2.39%
Others 6,305 5.10%
Undeclared 16,572 5.31%
Unknown 5,090 4.11%

Serbian is the most used language in everyday life, while Hungarian is used by almost 30% of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely used in commercial and official signage.[40]

Religious structure

[edit]
Cathedral of Saint Teresa of Avila
Saint Demetrius orthodox church
Subotica Synagogue

Religious structure of population of the Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census):[41]

Religion Adherents Proportion
Catholic 59,748 48.34%
Orthodox 37,674 30.48%
Muslim 3,238 2.62%
Protestant 1,609 1.30%
Judaism 54 0.04%
Atheist 2,141 1.73%
Agnostic 139 0.11%
Undeclared 12,473 10.09%
Unknown 5,090 4.88%

Subotica has the highest concentration of Catholics in Serbia with almost half of the city's population being Catholic. It is the seat of theRoman Catholic diocesewith jurisdiction over theBačkaregion. There are eight Catholic parish churches, aFranciscanspiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns), a femaleDominicancommunity, and two congregations ofAugustinianreligious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum).[citation needed]

Among other Christian communities, the members of theSerbian Orthodox Churchare the most numerous with almost third of city's population. There are twoOrthodoxchurch buildings in the city. Orthodox Christians in Subotica belong to theEparchy of Bačkaof theSerbian Orthodox Church.Subotica has twoProtestantchurches as well,LutheranandCalvinist.

TheJewishcommunity of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those inBelgradeandNovi Sad.About 1,000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2022 census, only 54 practicing Jews remained in Subotica.

Politics

[edit]
City hall with Blue Fountain
Main article:List of mayors of Subotica

Results of 2024 local elections in Subotica:[42]

Coat of arms

The original coat of arms and current medium coat of arms have an outlining Latin inscription ofCivitatis Maria Theresiopolis, Sigillum Liberæque Et Regiæ,translated asSeal of the Free and Royal City of Maria Theresiopolis.

Economy

[edit]

The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, "Mlekara Subotica"a milk producer and" Simex "producer of strong alcohol drinks.

There are a number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the "SiemensSubotica "wind generators factory and it is the biggest brownfield investment so far. The other big companies in Subotica are: Fornetti, ATB Sever and Masterplast. More recent companies to come to Subotica include Dunkermotoren and NORMA Group. Tourism is important. In the past few years, Palić has been famous for thePalić Film Festival.Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year.[citation needed]

As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14free economic zonesestablished in Serbia.[43]

In 2020 construction of a new aqua park with ten pools and wellness and spa sections was underway in Palić.[44]

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[45]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 632
Mining and quarrying 5
Manufacturing 14,481
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 360
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 570
Construction 1,829
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 7,337
Transportation and storage 3,136
Accommodation and food services 1,802
Information and communication 1,056
Financial and insurance activities 621
Real estate activities 127
Professional, scientific and technical activities 1,503
Administrative and support service activities 1,088
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,997
Education 2,596
Human health and social work activities 3,416
Arts, entertainment and recreation 653
Other service activities 984
Individual agricultural workers 1,438
Total 45,631

Education

[edit]

Universities

[edit]

Tutoring of teachers in Subotica dates back to the late 18th century. After the establishment of Austria-Hungary, the second state-financed teacher training faculty of Hungary was founded in Subotica, second to Buda only. Modern history of teacher training in Subotica started in 2006, when the Sombor Teacher Training Faculty's curriculums in the Hungarian language seceded from the faculty and became independent as the 14th faculty of the University of Novi Sad.[46]As of 2022, the faculty offers bachelor's degrees in kindergarten teaching, elementary school teaching, disciplinatory teaching and communications, and master's degrees in kindergarten teaching and elementary school teaching.

Secondary schools

[edit]
Svetozar Marković Gymnasium
  • Polytechnic school, Surveying and Construction, Typography, Forestry and Wood Processing
  • Teachers' College, founded in 1689, the oldest college in the country and region
  • "Svetozar Marković" grammar school
  • "Dezső Kosztolányi" Philological grammar school
  • "MEŠC" Electro-mechanical school, recently renamed to "Tehnička Škola - Subotica" (en. "Technical School" )
  • "Bosa Milićević" School of Economics
  • "Lazar Nešić" School of Chemistry
  • "Medicinska Škola" Medical School

4 953 students studied in the city in the year 2020/21 in the secondary education. 1 626 students chose Hungarian speaking classes (32.8%), 209 students chose Croatian classes while 3 118 students studied in Serbian language.[47]

Historical schools (1920 to 1941)

[edit]

Sport

[edit]

Subotica has one majorfootballstadium, theSubotica City Stadium,indoor arena and indoor swimming pool. The local football team isSpartakand plays in theSerbian SuperLiga,the country's primary football competition.

Media

[edit]

Newspapers and magazines published in Subotica:

Infrastructure

[edit]

A1 motorwayconnects the city withNovi SadandBelgradeto the south and, across the border with Hungary, withSzegedto the north. It runs alongside theBudapest–Belgrade railway,which connects it to major European cities. As of November 2022, the line is out of order without replacement as both the Serbian and the Hungarian part of the line is currently being reconstructed. Subotica also has branch line railway connections toSombor,Senta(with passenger service), andSzegedthroughHorgoš(under reconstruction with limited freight service, passenger service planned to commence in late 2023), while the former branch line toBajathroughCsikériawas dismantled in the 1960s but parts of the derelict tracks are still visible in the city's northwestern outskirts.

Subotica Central Railway Station

The city used to have a tram system, theSubotica tram system,but it was discontinued in 1974. The Subotica tram, put into operation in 1897, ran on electricity from the start. While neighbouring cities' trams at this date were often still horse-drawn, this gave the Subotica system an advantage over other municipalities including Belgrade, Novi Sad, Zagreb, and Szeged. Its existence was important for the citizens of Subotica, as well as tourists who came to visit. Subotica has since developed a bus system, operated by JP Subotica Trans, who operates eleven city lines, eight suburban lines, and thirteen interurban lines, as well as a single international line to Szeged. Per year the buses travel some 4.7 million kilometres, and carry about ten million people.

The city is served bySubotica Airport;its runway is too short for airliners, limiting usage to mostly recreational aviation. Southwest of the city there is a 218.5 metres tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting. It is the tallest of its kind in Serbia and one of the tallest in the region.

Notable citizens

[edit]

International cooperation

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Subotica istwinnedwith:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements"(PDF).Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014.ISBN978-86-6161-109-4.Retrieved2014-06-27.
  2. ^abHistory of SuboticaRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  3. ^"Borovszky - Magyarország vármegyéi és városai".mek.oszk.hu.
  4. ^ab"Serbian Cities: Subotica".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-11.Retrieved2011-03-30.
  5. ^Skok, Petar (1972).Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika.Vol. 3. JAZU, Zagreb. p. 299.
  6. ^Colonists settling the military buffer zone between the Habsburg and Ottoman EmpiresRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  7. ^Geographical position of SuboticaRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  8. ^"O Subotici".Subotičke.Retrieved2024-07-05.
  9. ^Vojvodine, Turistička organizacija."PREDEO IZUZETNIH ODLIKA".Vojvodina Travel.Retrieved2024-07-06.
  10. ^"Subotica, North Bačka, Serbia Monthly Weather Forecast - weather".Weather Channel.Retrieved3 October2020.
  11. ^Officially known as theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenesuntil 1929
  12. ^Known asDemocratic Federal Yugoslaviauntil 1945
  13. ^Starčevo culture
  14. ^"Map".catyline.
  15. ^"[Projekat Rastko] Nikola Tasic: Eneolitske kulture centralnog i zapadnog Balkana".rastko.rs.
  16. ^The first Indo-Europeans in the BalkansRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  17. ^"Area Culture Map 1".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-14.Retrieved2011-02-12.,
  18. ^eliznik."South East Europe history - 1,800 BC map".eliznik.org.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-03-25.Retrieved2013-01-14.
  19. ^Bârcă 2013,p. 104.
  20. ^Barford 2001.
  21. ^Subotica after the Battle of MohácsRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  22. ^Balint Török, in: Géza Gárdonyi, Eger Stars, 2019,ISBN978-1794777330.
  23. ^Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, Bács-Bodrog vármegye I-II. kötet, Apolló Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1909.
  24. ^Sanjak of Segedin
  25. ^Varga 2013,p. 264.
  26. ^History of SuboticaRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  27. ^Vladan Gavrilović, The Serbian Vojvodina and Montenegro 1848-1849, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, 2021.
  28. ^"Subotica | Hrvatska enciklopedija".enciklopedija.hr.Retrieved2019-05-04.
  29. ^Subotica in WWIIRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  30. ^Mészáros Sándor: Holttá nyilvánítva - Délvidéki magyar fátum 1944–45, I-II, Hatodik Síp Alapítvány, Budapest 1995.
  31. ^Cseres Tibor: Vér Boss zú Bácskában,Magvető kiadó,Budapest 1991.
  32. ^Buildings of SuboticaRetrieved 8 September 2022.
  33. ^"The Synagogue in Subotica".Google Arts & Culture.Retrieved2024-01-10.
  34. ^jhe (2018-03-27)."Serbia: magnificent Subotica synagogue officially reopened".Jewish Heritage Europe.Retrieved2024-07-05.
  35. ^"Radovi na rekonstrukciji Narodnog pozorišta u Subotici".Gradjevinarstvo.16 March 2016.
  36. ^"2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia"(PDF).stat.gov.rs.Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.Retrieved19 March2017.
  37. ^"Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2022. у Републици Србији"(PDF).stat.gov.rs.Republički zavod za statistiku.Retrieved10 April2019.
  38. ^"Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2022. у Републици Србији"(PDF).stat.gov.rs.Republički zavod za statistiku.Retrieved10 April2019.
  39. ^"Dissemination database search".
  40. ^"The Use of Hungarian and Serbian in the City of Szabadka/Subotica: An Empirical Study".Retrieved8 September2017.
  41. ^"Dissemination database search".
  42. ^https://subotica.ls.gov.rs/web/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ukupan-izvestaj-o-rezultatima-glasanja-na-izborima-za-odbornike-Skupstine-grada-Subotice.pdf
  43. ^Mikavica, A. (3 September 2017)."Slobodne zone mamac za investitore".politika.rs(in Serbian).Retrieved17 March2019.
  44. ^symbolic (25 February 2020)."Do kraja godine biće završen akva-park na Paliću"(in Serbian).Retrieved2020-11-21.
  45. ^"MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019"(PDF).stat.gov.rs.Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.25 December 2019.Retrieved28 December2019.
  46. ^"A Kar története MTTK".
  47. ^"Отворени подаци".
  48. ^Klinika Highlights (19 July 2021)."Ajs Nigrutin o životu u Subotici".YouTube.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-11-18.
  49. ^"Intercultural Cities - Home".Intercultural cities programme.

Books

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSubotica.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forSubotica.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subotica&oldid=1245338844"