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Suicide by pilot

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ThisAirbus A320,operating asGermanwings Flight 9525,was deliberately crashed into theAlpsby a suicidal co-pilot on March 24, 2015, killing all 150 people on board.
United Airlines Flight 175was deliberately crashed into2 World Trade Centeras part of theSeptember 11 attacks.

Suicide by pilotis anaviation eventin which apilotdeliberately crashes or attempts to crash anaircraftas asuicideact, with or without the intention of causing harm to passengers on board or people on the ground. If others are killed, it may be considered a type ofmurder–suicide.[1]It is suspected to have been a possible cause in severalcommercial flightcrashes and has been confirmed as the cause in other instances. Determining themotivesof pilots can be challenging for crash investigators, as pilots may intentionally disablerecording devicesor engage in other actions to impede future investigations.[2]Consequently, definitively proving pilot suicide can be difficult.[3][4]

Investigators do not classify aircraft incidents as suicides unless there is compelling evidence indicating that the pilot intended suicide. This evidence may includesuicide notes,past suicide attempts, explicit threats of suicide, or a documented history of mental illness. A study conducted on pilot suicides between 2002 and 2013 identified eight cases as definite suicides, along with five additional cases of undetermined cause that may have been suicides.[5]In some cases, investigators may collaborate with terrorism experts to investigate potential connections to extremist groups, aiming to ascertain whether the suicide was an act ofterrorism.[6][7][8]

ABloomberg Newsstudy conducted in June 2022, focusing on crashes involving Western-built commercial airliners, revealed that pilot murder-suicides ranked as the second most prevalent cause of airline crash deaths between 2011 and 2020. Additionally, the study found that deaths resulting from pilot murder-suicides increased over the period from 1991 to 2020, while fatalities due to accidental causes significantly decreased. However, most cases of suicide by pilot involvegeneral aviationin small aircraft, where typically the pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft. In approximately half of these cases, the pilot had consumed drugs, often alcohol or antidepressants, which would typically result in a ban on flying. Many of these pilots have concealed theirmental illness historiesfrom regulators.[5]

World War II suicide attacks

[edit]
Main article:Kamikaze

DuringWorld War II,the Russian aviatorNikolai Gastellowas the first Soviet pilot credited with a (later disputed) "firetaran"in a suicide attack by an aircraft on a ground target, although his aircraft had been shot down and was in a rapid partially controllable descent.[9]Another early example took place during theattack on Pearl HarborwhereFirst LieutenantFusata Iida told his men before taking off, that if his aircraft were to become badly damaged he would crash it into a "worthy enemy target".[10]

In the following years there were moresuicide attacks;the best known bymilitary aviatorsare the attacks from theEmpire of Japan,calledkamikaze,againstAlliednaval vessels in the closing stages of thePacific campaignof World War II. These attacks were designed to destroywarshipsmore effectively than was possible with conventional attacks; betweenOctober 1944and1945,3,860 kamikaze pilots committed suicide in this manner.[11]

List of declared or suspected pilot suicides

[edit]
Suicide attacks on the World Trade Center

This list excludesWorld War IIsuicide attacks on ground and naval targets (see section above).

Legend:

Confirmed suicide
Believed to be suicide
Possible suicide
Attempted suicide halted

By pilots in control of whole flight

[edit]
Crash date Flown
by 		Flight
Type 		Flight Fatalities Theories Aircraft Refs
Mar 27, 1972 Pilot General
aviation		 Stolen
aircraft 		1 (pilot) Timofei Shovkunov crashed anAeroflotAntonov An-2into his own apartment inVoroshilovgrad.He was the only casualty. [12][13]
Mar 23, 1976 Pilot General
aviation		 1976 Tokyo suicide attack 1 (pilot) Movie actorMitsuyasu Maenoattempted aKamikaze attackagainst right-wing political figureYoshio Kodamain Tokyo using a rentedPiper PA-28 Cherokee;Kodama survived unhurt. [14]
Sep 26, 1976 Pilot General
aviation		 Stolen
aircraft 		5
(pilot,
4 on the
ground) 		Vladimir Serkov attempted to pilot hisAntonov An-2plane into his ex-wife's parents' apartment inNovosibirskwhere she and his two-year-old son were visiting; 4 residents were killed (his wife survived). SeeAn-2 incidents. [15][16]
Jan 5, 1977 Pilot General
aviation		 Connellan air disaster 5
(pilot,
4 on the
ground) 		Colin Richard Forman, a disgruntled former employee ofConnellan Airways(Connair), flew aBeechcraft Baroninto the Connair complex at theAlice Springs Airport,Northern Territory,Australia. [17]
Aug 22, 1979 Pilot General
aviation		 Stolen
aircraft 		4
(pilot,
3 on the
ground) 		A 23-year-old aircraft mechanic working atBogota El Dorado Airportstole aSATENAHawker-Siddeley HS-748and crashed it into a Bogota suburb, killing 3. [18][19]
Jun 1, 1980 Pilot General
aviation		 Barra do Garças air disaster 7
(pilot, 4 passengers,
2 on ground) 		After an argument with his wife and mother-in-law, Brazilian pilot Mauro Milhomem attempted to crash hisEmbraer EMB 721 Sertanejo,which was also carrying four passengers, into a hotel owned by a family member after he discovered that his wife had cheated on him. He failed to hit the hotel, and instead hit several objects before crashing the plane into another building. His wife killed herself a few days later. In total, seven people were killed and four were wounded. [20]
Feb 9, 1982 Pilot Commercial
flight 		JAL Flight 350 24
 Pilot engaged number 2 and 3engines'thrust-reversersin flight. Thefirst officerandflight engineerwere able to partially regain control, but the aircraft crashed intoTokyo Bay,killing 24 of the 174 people on board. [21]
Sep 15, 1982 Pilot General
aviation		 Bankstown Airport incident 1
 Philip Henryk Wozniak, a student pilot, stole aSOCATA Tobagoand killed himself by deliberately crashing intoBankstown Airportin theCity of Bankstown,New South Wales,Australia. Two aircraft on the ground were also destroyed. [22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
Mar 23, 1994 Pilot General
aviation		 Unscheduled solo flight fromSpirit of St. Louis AirportinChesterfield, Missouri. 1
 Bob Richardswas having marital and other personal problems. He deliberately crashed hisPiper Cherokeesingle-engine airplane onto the ground. He was alone in the plane, and the only fatality. [27]
Jul 13, 1994 Pilot Military Stolen
aircraft 		1
 A Russian air force engineer stole anAntonov An-26atKubinka air baseoutside Moscow. He circled the aircraft until it ran out of fuel and crashed. [28]
Aug 21, 1994 Pilot Commercial
flight		 Royal Air Maroc Flight 630 44
 Crashed intentionally by pilot [29]
[30]
Sep 12, 1994 Pilot General
aviation		 Stolen
aircraft 		1
 Crashed intentionally byFrank Eugene Corderon theWhite Housesouth lawn. [31]
Apr 2, 1997 Pilot Military Craig D. Buttonincident 1
 While on a training mission, Button flew off course and ceased radio contact. TheA-10 Thunderbolt IIlater crashed into a mountain in Colorado. The United States Air Force declared his death a suicide because no other generally accepted hypothesis explains the events [32]
[33]
[34]
Dec 19, 1997 Pilot Commercial
flight		 SilkAir Flight 185 104
 The United States'NTSBruled the incident a suicide, but the IndonesianNTSClisted the cause as undetermined. A private investigation blamed a flaw in the plane's rudder. [35]
Sep 6, 1998 Pilot General
aviation 		Stolen
aircraft 		1 Crashed intentionally by off duty flight instructor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida. [36]
Oct 11, 1999 Pilot Stolen commercial aircraft 1999 Air Botswana incident 1
 Pilot commandeered and then crashed an Air Botswana aircraft into a group of aircraft atSir Seretse Khama International AirportinGaborone,Botswana, destroying both the plane as well as the parked aircraft at their stands, effectively crippling the airline as they lost all their operational airliners during the incident. [37]
Oct 31, 1999 First officer Commercial
flight		 EgyptAir Flight 990 217
 After the captain left the cockpit, thecockpit voice recorderrecorded the relief first officerGameel Al-Batoutipraying, as he disengaged the autopilot and shut down the engines, causing the plane to go enter adiveand crash into theAtlantic Ocean.The reasons for his actions were not determined.[38][39][40]The U.S.National Transportation Safety Boardconcluded that the crash was a suicide, while the Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority blamed a fault in the elevator control system caused by deliberate actions by the First Officer.[41] [42]

[43]

Jan 5, 2002 Pilot General
aviation		 2002 Tampa airplane crash 1
(pilot, damaged
an office) 		Crashed intoBank of America Plaza.The pilot, teen Charles J. Bishop, credited and praisedOsama bin Ladenfor September 11, 2001 attacks in his suicide note. [44]
Apr 18, 2002 Pilot General
aviation		 2002 Pirelli Tower airplane crash 3
(pilot, 2 on ground) 		65-year old Luigi Fasulo piloted his aircraft, aRockwell Commander 112,and crashed into thePirelli TowerinMilan, Italy. [45]
Sep 16, 2003 Pilot General
aviation		 Stone Mountain 1 Phillip Daniel Rogers deliberately crashed his single-engineBeechcraft Bonanzalight aircraftinto the south side ofStone MountaininStone Mountain,Georgia,United States. [46]
Jul 22, 2005 Pilot General
aviation 		2005 Berlin airplane crash 1 A 39-year old pilot deliberately crashed his ownlight aircraft,aPlatzer Kiebitz,in a field right in front of theReichstaginBerlin. [47]
Feb 18, 2010 Pilot General
aviation		 2010 Austin suicide attack 2
(pilot,
1 on the
ground) 		Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his single-enginePiper Dakotalight aircraftinto Building I of the Echelon complex housingIRSoffices inAustin, Texas,United States. [48]
Jul 17, 2012 Pilot Stolen commercial aircraft Stolen aircraft 1
 A suspendedSkyWest Airlinespilot, under investigation for the stabbing death of a woman in his home, stole aCanadair CRJ200ERregional jet atSt. George Regional Airportin Utah. The aircraft struck the terminal building while leaving the gate and the pilot taxied into a parking lot at high speed. He then fatally shot himself inside the aircraft. [49]
[50]
[51]
Jul 22, 2013 Pilot General
aviation		 Shannon Airport Cessna 172 crash 1
 The pilot took off in aCessna 172MfromShannon AirportinFredericksburg, Virginia.The pilot's fiancée summoned police, saying that she and the pilot had an altercation before the flight, and that he intended to kill himself. The aircraft went into a steep dive and crashed northwest of the runway. [52]
Nov 29, 2013 Pilot Commercial
flight		 LAM Mozambique Airlines Flight 470 33
 The pilot intentionally crashed the aircraft. The co-pilot was locked out of the cockpit, according to the voice recorder. [29]
Mar 8, 2014 Pilot Commercial
flight 		Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 239 The flight data recorder and CVR have never been recovered. Several possible explanations for the disappearance of the aircraft have been offered. A leading theory amongst experts is that either the pilot or the co-pilot committed an act ofmurder–suicide.[53]A Canadian air crash investigator also believes the crash was a murder-suicide.[54]Former Australian Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, has also stated that Malaysian officials always believed the crash to have been caused by a suicidal pilot.[55][56]An investigation by the Malaysian government asserted that the plane was manually flown off course. The lead investigator was quoted as saying that the turns made by MH370 were "not because of anomalies in the mechanical system. The turn back was made not under autopilot but under manual control... We can confirm the turn back was not because of anomalies in the mechanical system".[57]
Mar 24, 2015 First officer Commercial
flight		 Germanwings Flight 9525 150
 Co-pilot Andreas Lubitz, previously treated for depression and suicidal tendencies, locked the captain out of the cockpit before crashing the plane into a mountain nearPrads-Haute-Bléone,Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. [58]
Oct 11, 2016 Student pilot General
aviation		 East Hartford Piper PA-34 Seneca crash 1
 Jordanian student pilot Feras Freitekh was killed and his instructor injured when theirPiper PA-34crashed into a utility pole during the landing approach inEast Hartford, Connecticut.The instructor said there was an argument and a struggle for control, and investigators concluded the crash was a suicide. The crash took place outside the headquarters of aerospace manufacturerPratt & Whitney,but theFederal Bureau of Investigationruled out terrorism due to a lack of evidence. [59]
Mar 15, 2017 Pilot General
aviation		 Manitouwadge Cessna 172 crash 1 Experienced pilot Xin Rong departed fromAnn Arbor, Michigan,in a Cessna 172P and disappeared. The aircraft was found wrecked late that night nearManitouwadge,Ontario,with a door open, but no human remains nor footprints in the snow were found. Investigators concluded that Rong deliberately jumped out en route and the Cessna later ran out of fuel. In October 2017, he was declared dead. His skeletal remains were found in September 2018 in a wooded area inChapin Township, Michigan,and identified in December 2021 through DNA analysis and dental records. [60]
[61]
[62]
Aug 10, 2018 Ground service employee Stolen commercial aircraft 2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident 1 Horizon Airground service employee Richard "Beebo" Russell took off without authorization in aBombardier Dash 8 Q400fromSea-Tac International Airportand performed aerobatic maneuvers over Sea-Tac andPuget Soundwhilst being pursued by fighter jets. Though theair traffic controllerattempted to convince Russell to land the plane safely, Russell instead crashed the plane intoKetron Islandin the South Puget Sound. [63]
[64]
Aug 13, 2018 Pilot Stolen private aircraft StolenCessna 525 CitationJet 1 A man who was released after arrest for domestic assault charges stole an aircraft then crashed at his own home inPayson, Utah,in an apparent attempt to murder his spouse. The man, who was an experienced pilot, was killed while no one in the house was harmed. [65]
Mar 23, 2019 Pilot General
aviation 		Beechcraft B200 Super King Air 1 A man who was an uninvited guest at a private party earlier that day crashed the airplane into a clubhouse atMatsieng Air Strip,Botswana.The clubhouse was evacuated prior to the crash and the perpetrator was the sole fatality. [66]
Sep 10, 2021 Pilot General
aviation 		StolenCessna
172S Skyhawk 		1 A man who had been diagnosed with terminal cancer, and was told that he had three months left to live crashed the aircraft into a field near Ashford, UK. [67][68]
Mar 21, 2022 Pilot Commercial flight China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 132 On May 17 theWall Street Journalreported that investigators believe the airliner was intentionally crashed. There was no response to repeated calls from air traffic controllers, Chinese investigators found no major safety problems, and China Eastern resumed flying the Boeing 737-800 in April after grounding its fleet for less than a month. Cockpit intrusion was also considered, but China Eastern said it was unlikely, as no emergency signal had been received. Official investigation still open / ongoing. [69]
[70]
Jul 29, 2022 First officer Commercial flight CASA C-212 Aviocar 1 The first officer (FO) of a commercialskydivingflight performed ahard landing,breaking off the right main landing gear, and immediately took off again. The captain declared anemergencyand diverted to a larger airport. While en route overRaleigh, North Carolina,the "visibly upset" FO walked to rear of the aircraft saying that "he was going to be sick and needed air". The captain saw the FO lower the rear ramp and jump from the aircraft without a parachute and without attempting to grab the bar above the ramp. [71][72]


By hijackers

[edit]
Crash date Attacker Flight Type Flight Fatalities Theories Aircraft Refs
May 7, 1964 Passenger Commercial flight Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 44 Francisco Paula Gonzales, a depressed man in debt, shot both pilots before shooting himself, causing the plane to crash. All 44 people on board died. [73]
March 17, 1970 Passenger Commercial flight Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320 1
(first officer) 		Passenger John J. Divivo shot both pilots, but the first officer took Divivo's gun and shot him before succumbing to his own wounds. Despite gunshot wounds in both arms, the captain landed the aircraft safely. Divivo subsequently hanged himself while awaiting trial. [74][75]
February 22, 1974 Terrorist hijacker Commercial flight Delta Air Lines Flight 523 3
(hijacker, co-pilot, police officer) 		Samuel Byckintended to crash into theWhite Housein the hope of killingU.S. PresidentRichard Nixon.He killed a police officer and hijacked the aircraft, but the aircraft never left the gate. Byck shot the co-pilot before being wounded by police in a shootout and committing suicide. [76]
December 7, 1987 Former employee Commercial flight Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 43
(all; five believed shot before impact) 		The plane washijackedby David A. Burke, a disgruntled former employee of USAir, who is believed to have shot his former Boss, both pilots, a flight attendant and the chief pilot of Pacific Southwest Airlines before crashing the plane near Cayucos, California, United States. [77]
September 29, 1988 Passenger Commercial flight VASP Flight 375 1 (co-pilot) The plane suffered a hijack attempt by Raimundo Nonato Alves da Conceição, who planned to attack thePlanalto Palaceand kill the then Brazilian PresidentJosé Sarney.He was stopped by the commander Fernando Murilo de Lima e Silva, but killed the co-pilot Salvador Evangelista. [78]
April 7, 1994 Employee and off duty pilot Commercial flight Federal Express Flight 705 0
(4 injured) 		DeadheadingFederal Express pilot Auburn Calloway smuggled weapons aboard and attempted to hijack the cargo jet and crash it in aninsurance fraudscheme for his family's benefit. Despite severe injuries inflicted by Calloway, the crew subdued him using a number of techniques including high-speedaerobaticmaneuvers, and landed safely. [79]
December 24, 1994 Terrorist hijackers Commercial flight Air France Flight 8969 7
(all 4 hijackers, 3 passengers) 		After having killed three passengers, the hijackers intended to crash the aircraft into theEiffel Towerin Paris. When the aircraft reachedMarseille,a counterterror unit of the FrenchNational Gendarmerie(GIGN) raided the aircraft and killed all four hijackers. [80]
September 11, 2001 Terrorist hijackers Commercial flight American Airlines Flight 11 1,390
(87 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, about 1,303 on the ground) 		Aircraft hijacked and crashed into the North Tower of theWorld Trade Centerby hijackers as part of theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks. [81]
September 11, 2001 Terrorist hijackers Commercial flight United Airlines Flight 175 1,363
(60 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, about 1,303 on the ground) 		Aircraft hijacked and crashed into the South Tower of theWorld Trade Centerby hijackers as part ofSeptember 11, 2001 attacks. [81]
September 11, 2001 Terrorist hijackers Commercial flight American Airlines Flight 77 189
(59 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, 125 on the ground) 		Aircraft hijacked and crashed intothe Pentagonby hijackers as part ofSeptember 11, 2001 attacks. [81]
September 11, 2001 Terrorist hijackers Commercial flight United Airlines Flight 93 44
(40 passengers and crew, 4 hijackers) 		Aircraft hijacked as part ofSeptember 11, 2001 attacks.Passengers revolted against the hijackers, resulting in the jet crashing inStonycreek Township, Pennsylvania.Although all aboard died, the passengers prevented the hijackers from reaching their target, thought to be theWhite Houseor theCapitol Building. [81]
July 7, 2021 Passenger Commercial flight Ryan Air Servicesflight 0 A passenger grabbed the controls of aCessna 208 Caravanon approach toAniak Airportand placed the aircraft in a dive. He was restrained by other passengers and the pilot regained control and landed safely. The hijacker was arrested byAlaska State Troopersand admitted that the incident was an attempted murder-suicide. [82][83]
Oct 22, 2023 Employee and off duty pilot Commercial
flight 		Alaska Airlines Flight 2059 0 Deadheading pilot attempted to turn off engines. The flight was forced to divert atPortland International Airport,later charged and arrested. [84]

Published studies

[edit]

A 2016 study published inAerospace Medicine and Human Performanceanalyzed suicide and homicide-suicide events involving aircraft. They state, "In aeromedical literature and in the media, these very different events are both described as pilot suicide, but in psychiatry they are considered separate events with distinct risk factors." In the years 1999–2015 the study found 65 cases of pilot suicide (compared to 195 pilot errors) and six cases of passengers who jumped from aircraft. There were 18 cases of homicide-suicide, totaling 732 deaths; of these events, 13 were perpetrated by pilots. Compared to non-aviation samples, a large percentage of pilot suicides in this study were homicide-suicides (17%).[85][inconsistent]

Prevention

[edit]

U.S. regulations require at least two flight crew members to be in the cockpit at all times for safety reasons, to be able to help in any medical or other emergency, including intervening if a crew member tries to crash the plane.[86][87]Following the deliberate crash ofGermanwings Flight 9525on March 24, 2015, some European, Canadian and Japanese airlines adopted a two-in-cockpit policy[88][89]as did all Australian airlines for aircraft with 50 or more passenger seats.[90]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Charles Bremner (Paris), March 26, 2015, The Times,Locked door boosts pilot suicide theoryArchivedMarch 27, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 26, 2015
  2. ^Richard Lloyd Parry, December 16, 2000,The Independent,"Singaporean air crash that killed 104 was suicide by pilot, say investigators"ArchivedSeptember 25, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 26, 2015, "...An airliner which crashed into an Indonesian swamp, killing all 104 people on board, was an apparent suicide attempt by the pilot,... the cockpit voice and data recorders had been switched off half a minute before the aircraft began its descent."
  3. ^Toby Young, March 16, 2014, The Telegraph,Could a four-year-old thriller unlock the mystery of flight MH370?ArchivedMarch 4, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 26, 2015, "...If this was a case of" suicide-by-pilot ", why do we still know so little about the motive? I..."
  4. ^March 31, 2014, The Guardian,MH370: authorities release new account of pilot's final words: Malaysia's civil aviation authority say pilot's final words heard by air traffic control were 'goodnight Malaysian three seven zero'ArchivedApril 10, 2017, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 26, 2015, "...Malaysia says the plane, which disappeared less than an hour into its flight, was likely to have been diverted deliberately far off course. Investigators have determined no apparent motive or other red flags among the 227 passengers or the 12 crew...."
  5. ^abLewis, Russell; Forster, Estrella; Whinnery, James; Webster, Nicholas (February 2014)."Aircraft-Assisted Pilot Suicides in the United States, 2003-2012"(PDF).Civil Aerospace Medical Institute.NTL.BTS.gov.Federal Aviation Administration.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 3, 2015.RetrievedMarch 29,2015.
  6. ^March 2015, The Independent,... Co-pilot of crashed Germanwings flight 9525 'wanted to destroy plane in suicide and mass murder mission'ArchivedSeptember 25, 2015, at theWayback Machine
  7. ^Jane Onyanga-Omara, January 19, 2015,USA Today,No evidence of terrorism in AirAsia crashArchivedAugust 21, 2017, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 27, 2015, "...Investigators have found no evidence so far that terrorism was involved in the crash of AirAsia Flight 8501,..."
  8. ^March 27, 2014, The New Zealand Herald,Flight MH370: Terrorism expert backs theory of pilot suicide flightArchivedFebruary 22, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved March 27, 2015, "...University of Canterbury Professor Greg Newbold, who lectures on terrorism, said the only person who could have changed MH370's computerised flight plan and switched off its electronics was someone who was highly experienced...."
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    Morrem feridos no acidenteArchivedDecember 29, 2017, at theWayback Machine,Folha de S.Paulo(June 5, 1980)
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