Sultanate of Ternate
Sultanate of Ternate کسلطانن ترناتي Kesultanan Ternate | |||||||||
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1486–1950 | |||||||||
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![]() Greatest extent of the Sultanate of Ternatec. 1585 | |||||||||
Capital | Ternate Gammalammo(royal capital 1575-1606) | ||||||||
Common languages | Ternate,Malay,Portuguese(from 16th to 17th century), andPortuguese based creole. | ||||||||
Religion |
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Government | Sultanate | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
• 1486 – 1500 | Zainal Abidin of Ternate(first sultan) | ||||||||
• 1902 – 1915 | Muhammad Usman Shah(last sultan to rule Ternate) | ||||||||
• 1929 – 1975 | Muhammad Jabir Syah(Honorary Sultan) | ||||||||
• 2015 – 2019 | Sjarifuddin Sjah(Pretender[citation needed]) | ||||||||
• 2021 – present | Hidayatullah Mudaffar Sjah(Pretender[citation needed]) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Founded | 1486 | ||||||||
• Vassalisation byDutch | 1683 | ||||||||
• Final ruler dethroned byDutch | 1914 | ||||||||
• Honorary sultan crowned | 1929 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Indonesia |
History ofIndonesia |
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Timeline |
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TheSultanate of Ternate(Jawi:کسلطانن ترناتي), previously also known as theKingdom of Gapi[1]is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms inIndonesiabesides the sultanates ofTidore,Jailolo,andBacan.
The Ternate kingdom was established byMomole Cico,the first leader of Ternate, with the titleBaab Mashur Malamo,traditionally in 1257.[1]It reached its Golden Age during the reign of SultanBaabullah(1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer ofclovesand a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power.
History
[edit]Pre-colonial period
[edit]The sultanate was originally named the Kingdom of Gapi,[1]but later changed the name to be based on that of its capital,Ternate.Originally there were four villages in Ternate and led by clan leaders called Momole. Main activities of the villages were trading spices with Arab, Malay, and Chinese traders. These lucrative trades attracted pirates and because of this, a kingdom emerged. According to one version, Momole Guna of Tobona suggested a forum in which a stronger organization of kingdom is to be adopted.Momole Cicowas elected to be the first Gapi king with regnal name Baab Mashur Malamo.[2]According to another version, the ancestor of the Malukan kings was an Arab descendant of the Prophet called Jafar Sadik. Coming to Ternate, he encountered a nymph (bidadari) from heaven (kayangan) called Nurus Safa. Their four sons were the dynastic ancestors ofBacan,Jailolo,Tidore,and Ternate. The idea of a genealogical unity of the four realms of Maluku has had a large cultural significance that persists until the present. The youngest of the four sons, Baab Mashur Malamo was, according to Ternatan legend, born in heaven, and therefore enjoyed a special status. His descendants were sometimes known as Alam-ma-Kolano, "ruler of all [Maluku]".[3]
Ternate along with neighbouringTidorewere the world's single major producer of cloves, upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region.[4]Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until theDutchcompleted thecolonisationofMalukuin the 19th century, the Sultans of Ternate ruled realms that claimed at least nominal influence as far asAmbon,SulawesiandPapua.[5]
In part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to whichIslamspread, coming fromJavain the late 15th century.[6]However, Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century.[7]Initially, the faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family, and spread only slowly to the rest of the population.[6]
The royal family of Ternate converted to Islam during the reign ofMarhum(1465–1486), making him the first King of Ternate that embraced Islam;[1]his son and successor,Zainal Abidin(1486–1500) enacted Islamic Law and transformed the kingdom into an Islamic Sultanate; the titleKolano(king) was then replaced with Sultan.[8]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ternate_pedigree.jpg/300px-Ternate_pedigree.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg/220px-Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg)
The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under SultanBaabullah(1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part ofSulawesi,the Ambon andSeramarea,Timorisland, parts of southernMindanaoandPapuan Islands.It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historianLeonard Y. Andaya,Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands.[9]
Ternate was also often a part of the political affairs of Philippine kingdoms. In a punitive expedition, it once destroyed theBoholanoKedatuan of Dapitanin theCentral Visayasregion, forcing the Boholanos to re-establish their kingdom inNorthern Mindanaowhere they waged war against theSultanate of Lanao.[10]
16th century to the present
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_paleis_van_de_sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60005287.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_paleis_van_de_sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60005287.jpg)
The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of thePortugueseexpedition ofFrancisco Serrãoout ofMalacca,which was shipwrecked nearSeramand rescued by local residents. SultanBayan Sirrullahof Ternate (1500–1522) heard of their stranding and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort on the island, today known asKastella,construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start.[11]Ternate developed closer relations with theOttomansas a result.[12]
An outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, so that the generally poor behaviour of the Portuguese, combined with feeble attempts atChristianisation,strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler.[13]In 1535 SultanTabarijiwas deposed and sent toGoaby the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to re-assume his throne; however, he died en route inMalaccain 1545. He had though bequeathed the island ofAmbonto his Portuguese godfather, Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of SultanHairunat the hands of the Portuguese, the Ternatansexpelled the Portuguesein 1575 after a five-year siege. Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of SultanBaab Ullah(r. 1570–1583) and his son SultanSaidi Berkat.[14]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg)
Spanishforces, aided by Filipinos mainly theBoholanosof the destroyedKedatuan of Dapitan,who were formerly at war against Ternate, captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatans in 1606, deporting the Ternate Sultan and his entourage toManilain theSpanish Philippines(Manila was a formerly a Muslim Bruneian vassal state before the Spanish invaded and Christianized them). The Spanish forced the Ternate ruler, SultanSaid Din Berkatto settle inManilaand pushed him to accept Christianity.[15]In 1607 the Dutch came back to Ternate, where with the help of Ternatans they built a fort in Malayo. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. For the Ternatan rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under SultanHamzah(1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over the periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his grandnephew and successor, SultanMandar Syah(1648–1675) did concede some regions to theDutch East India Company(VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Maluku in 1663.[16]They took the aristocracy of Moluccan-Portuguese and Filipino-Mexican mixed descent and settled them inTernate, Cavite(Named after their homeland) in the Philippines, when they evacuated Ternate. Till this day, the Ternate community speak TernateñoChavacano,a creole language of Spanish with Ternatean and Portuguese influence. In attempts to frustrate Spain, the Ternateans militarily supported the Sultanates of Mindanao in the Southern Philippines by sending reinforcement, during theSpanish-Moro Wars.[17]
Desiring to restore Ternate to its former glory and expel the western power, SultanSibori Amsterdam(1675–1691) declared war to the Dutch, but the power of Ternate had greatly reduced over the years, he lost and was forced to concede more of his lands to the Dutch by a treaty in 1683. By this treaty, Ternate had lost its equal position with the Dutch and became a vassal. However, the Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914.[18]
In the 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC wasnationalisedby the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (Gouvernement der Molukken). Ternatewas seized and occupiedbyBritishforces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) coveringHalmahera,the entire west coast ofNew Guinea,and the central east coast ofSulawesi.By 1867 all of Dutch-occupiedNew Guineahad been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred toAmbon (Amboina)before being dissolved into that residency in 1922.[19]
SultanHaji Muhammad Usman(1902–1914) made a last attempt to oppose the Dutch by clandestinely endorsing revolts in the region; he failed and was dethroned, his wealth being confiscated, and he was exiled toBandung,where he lived until 1932. This spelt the end of the traditional Ternatan kingdom, since the administration and settlement pattern were forcibly changed by the Dutch. The throne of Ternate was left vacant from 1914 to 1929, until the board of ministers under the blessing of the Dutch created Crown PrinceIskandar Muhammad Jabirthe next Sultan.[20]
Muhammad Jabir reigned when the Japanese arrived in 1942 and began a hard rule. Two years later he was smuggled to Australia by the Allies. The Sultan played a political role during theIndonesian Revolution,but the tense political situation pushed him to reside inJakartaafter 1950. He made attempts to revive the old body of traditions (adat) in the 1960s, but the sultanate lapsed after his death in 1975.[21]His son Mudaffar was enthroned as a titular head in 1986. He restored many of the old royal traditions, though Ternate society was temporarily disturbed bysectarian violence in 1999.[22]SultanMudaffar SjahII died in 2015. The male members of his wife's family, the Dutch Van Gelders, were named Prince of Ternate in 2012, and tried to control the sultanate after Mudaffar's death[citation needed].
Administration of the Sultanate
[edit]The basic unit in Ternatan society was thesoa,a territorial unit that consisted of descent groups that originated from a common ancestor. In Ternate, there were four groups ofsoacalled Soa Sio, Soa Sangaji, Soa Heku and Soa Cim. These four were divided into 43 sub-soa.The palace orkadatonof the Sultan was at the center of this social order. The Soa Sio (ninesoa) resided close to the ruler. Among the various descent groups, the houses of Marsaoli, Tomaito, Tomagola, and Tamadi were highest in rank, being collectively known as Fala Raha (the Four Houses). Their leaders bore the titlekimalaha.When Ternate expanded its territory in the 16th century, Fala Raha leaders set themselves up as governors in various parts of Maluku. The most important was Tomagola whose members governed in the Ambon Quarter and were based on the Hoamoal Peninsula onCeramup to 1656.[23]
Detailed records about the administration are known from the 17th century onwards. By that time, the Sultan governed with the help of a council that consisted of eighteen dignitaries calledbobato,consisting of the leaders of the ninesoasof Soa Sio and the nine of Soa Sangaji. Apart from these, the ruler consulted four officials known asbobato ma dopolo.The most important was the first minister (jogugu), who was ideally a member of Marsaoli, the oldest noble house. He was counted as the authochtonous "lord of the land" in relation to the Sultan who supposedly had foreign origins. Other main officials were the sea lord (kapitan laut) and two magistrates (hukum) who saw it that the commands of thejoguguwere followed by thesoaleaders. Inside the palace, the secretary orjurutulishad important tasks as archivist and caretaker of communications with other realms. For economic relationships, thesyahbandarwas an important figure who served as contact between the Sultan and foreign traders.[24]
The Sultan was the religious and political headman of the realm. As the main representative of the Islamic community, he was known asamir ul mu'minin,leader of the believers. Under him were various religious dignitaries who were collectively known asbobato akhirat.They included judges (kadi), imams, preachers (khatib) and leaders of prayers (modin). The most important figures were four imams from Soa Sio and Soa Sangaji, who were known asimam jiko,imam jawa,imam sangaji,andimam moti.[25]
Outside of Ternate, the Sultan held suzerainty over a realm shifting in size, usually including parts ofHalmahera,Buru,the Ambon Quarter, theSula Islands,and the east coast ofSulawesi.Local Malukan rulers who acknowledged Ternate's rule were calledsangajiand must send tribute to the Sultan. Fields in Halmahera and elsewhere which belonged to the royal court, were worked by serfs calledngofangareand non-Muslim locals, so-called Alfurs. These workers provided the court with provisions such as sago, meat, palm wine, betel, wood, and water. Most importantly, they tended and harvested the clove trees, which gave the Sultan most of his income up to the onset of Dutch colonialism.[26]
List of Sultans
[edit]Kolano of Ternate | Reign[27] |
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Baab Mashur Malamo[Cico] | 1257–1277 |
Poit[Jamin Qadrat] | 1277–1284 |
Komala 'Abu Said[Siale] | 1284–1298 |
Bakuku[Kalabata] | 1298–1304 |
Ngara Malamo[Komala] | 1304–1317 |
Patsaranga Malamo[Aitsi] | 1317–1322 |
Cili Aiya[Sidang Arif Malamo] | 1322–1331 |
Paji Malamo[A'ali] | 1331–1332 |
Shah Alam | 1332–1343 |
Tolu Malamo[Fulu] | 1343–1347 |
Kie Mabiji[Buhayati I] | 1347–1350 |
Ngolo-ma-Caya[Muhammad Shah] | 1350–1357 |
Mamoli[Momole] | 1357–1359 |
Gapi Malamo[Muhammad Bakar] | 1359–1372 |
Gapi Baguna I | 1372–1377 |
Komala Pulu[Bessi Muhammad Hassan] | 1377–1432 |
Marhum[Gapi Baguna II] | 1432–1486 |
Zainal Abidin | 1486–1500 |
Bayan Sirrullah | 1500–1522 |
Abu Hayat | 1522–1529 |
Hidayatullah | 1529–1533 |
Tabariji | 1533–1535 |
Hairun Jamilu | 1535–1570 |
Babullah Datu Shah | 1570–1583 |
Said Barakat Shah | 1583–1606 |
Muzaffar Shah I | 1607–1627 |
Hamzah | 1627–1648 |
Mandar Shah[Manlarsaha] | 1648–1650 |
Manilha | 1650–1651 |
Mandar Shah | 1651–1675 |
Sibori Amsterdam | 1675–1689 |
Said Fathullah | 1689–1714 |
Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Saifuddin | 1714–1751 |
Ayan Shah | 1751–1754 |
Syah Mardan | 1755–1763 |
Jalaluddin | 1763–1774 |
Harun Shah | 1774–1781 |
Achral | 1781–1796 |
Muhammad Yasin | 1796–1801 |
Muhammad Ali | 1807–1821 |
Muhammad Sarmoli | 1821–1823 |
Muhammad Zain | 1823–1859 |
Muhammad Arsyad | 1859–1876 |
Ayanhar | 1879–1900 |
Muhammad Ilham [Kolano Ara Rimoi] | 1900–1902 |
Haji Muhammad Usman Shah | 1902–1915 |
Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah | 1929–1975 |
Haji Muzaffar Shah II[Dr Mudaffar Syah] | 1975–2016 |
Sjarifuddin Sjah | 2016-2019 |
Hidayatullah Sjah | 2021-present |
Palace
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg/220px-Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg)
The old sultan's palace was abandoned between 1781 and 1813, when construction of the existing palace (kadaton) began.[28]It was restored in a semi-colonial style and is now partly amuseum as well as the sultan's home.The museum exhibits the genealogy of the Ternatean royal family from 1257, a collection of Portuguese and Dutch helmets, swords and armour, and memorabilia from the previous sultans.
Legacy
[edit]Theeastern Indonesian archipelagoempire led by Ternate had indeed fallen apart since the middle of the 17th century but the influence of Ternate as a kingdom with a long history continued to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has a very large share in the eastern archipelago culture, especiallySulawesi(north and east coast) andMaluku.These influences include religion, customs and language.[29]
As the first kingdom to embrace Islam, Ternate had a large role in the efforts to convert and introduce Islamic Sharia in the eastern part of the archipelago and the southern part of thePhilippines.The form of the organization of the empire and the application of Islamic law which was first introduced by SultanZainal Abidinand later implemented by his successors in the 16th century, became the standard followed by all the kingdoms in Maluku without significant changes.[30]
The success of the Ternate people under Sultan Baabullah in expelling Portugal in 1575, was the first indigenous victory of an archipelagic polity over western powers. The 20th-century writer Buya Hamka praised the victory of the Ternate people as it delayed the western occupation of the archipelago for 100 years while at the same time strengthening the position of Islam.[31]If Ternate had not halted European political and missionary efforts, the eastern part of Indonesia might have become a Christian center like the Philippines.
The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate Language as the language of association in various regions which were under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow, in his text "Ternate Language in the context of Austronesian and Non-Austronesian languages", suggested that Ternate had the greatest impact on theMalay languageused by the people of eastern Indonesia. 46% ofMalayvocabulary inManadois taken from Ternate. Ternate Malay orNorth Moluccan Malaylanguage is now widely used in Eastern Indonesia, especially inNorth Sulawesi,the east coast of Central and South Sulawesi, Maluku andPapuawith different dialects.
Two original letters by SultanAbu Hayat IIto the King of Portugal, the first written between 27 April and 8 November 1521 and the second in early 1522, are recognized as the oldest Malay manuscripts in the world after the Tanjung Tanah manuscripts. Abu Hayat's letters are currently stored in theMuseum of Lisbon,Portugal.[32]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcd"Sejarah Kesultanan Ternate: Kerajaan Islam Tertua di Maluku Utara".tirto.id(in Indonesian). 9 July 2019.Retrieved17 August2019.
- ^Ningsih, Widya Lestari (1 May 2021)."Sejarah Berdirinya Kerajaan Ternate Halaman 2".KOMPAS(in Malay).Retrieved18 January2022.
- ^Jäger, Kirsten (2018)Das Sultanat Jailolo: Die Revitaliserierung von "traditionellen" politischen Gemeinwesen in Indonesien.Münster: Lit Verlag, p. 41-6.
- ^*Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia
- ^Witton, Patrick (2003).Indonesia(7th ed.). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 821.ISBN1-74059-154-2.
- ^abFederspiel, Howard M. (2007).Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia.University of Hawaii Press. p. 52.ISBN978-0-8248-3052-6.
- ^Azra, Azyumardi(2006).Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation.Mizan Pustaka. pp. 39–40.ISBN978-979-433-430-0.
- ^Jahja, Abdjan, et al. (2012)Sejarah sosial Kesultanan Ternate.Yogyakarta: Ombak, p. 67.
- ^Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993)The world of Maluku.Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
- ^Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003)."Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563".The Journal of History.49(1–4): 144.
The Ternatan king planned a retaliatory attack against the Boholanos. He succeeded with his plans by covertly sending his twentyjoangasto Bohol one by one deceitfully saying that "they are traders attending only to the sale of their goods"
- ^Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 114-7
- ^Meirison, Meirison; Trinova, Zulvia; Eri Firdaus, Yelmi (20 December 2020)."The Ottoman Empire Relations with the Nusantara (Spice Islands)".Tabuah.24(2): 140–147.doi:10.37108/tabuah.v24i2.313.ISSN2614-7793.S2CID238960772.
- ^Ricklefs, M.C. (1993).A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition.London: MacMillan. p. 24.ISBN0-333-57689-6.
- ^Ricklefs, M.C. (1993).A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition.London: MacMillan. p. 25.ISBN0-333-57689-6.
- ^Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909) pp. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. 119-20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp. 249-50.
- ^Hanna, Willard A.& des Alwi (1990)Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore.Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 132-73.
- ^MAGUINDANAO AND TERNATE CONNECTION AND DISCONNECTION DURING THE AGE OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION: AN OVERVIEW By Shane Patrick Sordilla
- ^Hanna, Willard A. & Des Alwi (1990), p. 174-84.
- ^Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987)Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel,Vol. I. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 54-60.
- ^Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 60-1.
- ^Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 61-5.
- ^Sidel, John T. (2007)Riots, pogroms, jihad: Religious violence in Indonesia.Singapore: NUS Press, p. 181-2.
- ^Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 83-4.
- ^Jäger, Kirsten (2018), p. 50-4.
- ^Jäger, Kirsten (2018), p. 53.
- ^Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 65.
- ^Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. II, p. 2-4, 13-4. All dates up to 1500 are traditional and unverifiable.
- ^Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 102.
- ^Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993).
- ^Andaya, Leonard (1993), p. 57-8, 132-4.
- ^""Ternate, Terima kasih"".goodnewsfromindonesia.id.Retrieved11 October2020.
- ^Blagden, C.O. (1930) "Two Malay Letters from Ternate in the Moluccas, Written in 1521 and 1522",Bulletin of the School of oriental and African Studies6-1, p. 87-101.[1]