Zanj
Zanj(Arabic:زَنْج,adj.زنجي,Zanjī;fromPersian:زنگ,romanized:Zang)[1][2]is a term used by medievalMuslim geographersto refer to both a certain portion ofSoutheast Africa(primarily theSwahili Coast) and to itsBantuinhabitants.[3]It has also been used to refer to East Africans collectively by Arab sources.[4]: 613 This word is also the origin of the place-namesZanzibar( "coast of the Zanji" ) and theSea of Zanj.
ThelatinizationZingiumserves as an archaic name for the coastal area in modernKenyaandTanzaniain southernEast Africa.The architecture of these commercial urban settlements is now a subject of study forurban planning.[5][6]For centuries the coastal settlements were a source of ivory, gold, andslaves,from sections of the conquered hinterland, to theIndian Ocean world.[7]
Etymology
[edit]ZanjorZangin Persian means the "country of the blacks". Other transliterations includeZenj,Zinj,andZang.[8][9]Anthony Christie argued that the wordzanjorzangmay not be Arabic in origin: a Chinese form ( tăng chỉsēngqí) is recorded as early as 607 AD. Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin.[10]: 33 TheJavanesewordjenggimeans African people, specifically the people of Zanzibar.[11]: 740
It is known that theIndonesianAustronesian peoplesreached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE.[12][13]As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesians came directly across the Indian Ocean fromJavatoMadagascar.It is likely that they went through theMaldives,where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.[14][10]: 32
Division of East Africa's coast
[edit]Geographers historically divided the eastern coast of Africa at large into several regions based on each region's respective inhabitants. Arab andChinesesources referred to the general area that was located to the south of the three regions ofMisr(Egypt),Al-Habasha(Abyssinia) andBarbara(Somalia), asZanj.[15]
Zanj was situated in theSoutheast Africavicinity and was inhabited byBantu-speaking peoples called theZanj.[3][15][16]The core area of Zanj occupation stretched from the territory south of present-dayRas Kamboni[17]toPembaIsland inTanzania.South of Pemba laySofalain modernMozambique,the northern boundary of which may have beenPangani.Beyond Sofala was the obscure realm ofWaq-Waq,also in Mozambique.[18][19]The 10th-century Arab historian and geographerAbu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdīdescribes Sofala as the furthest limit of Zanj settlement, and mentions its king's title asMfalme,a Bantu word.[3]
Zanj territory
[edit]History
[edit]
The Zanj traded with Persians, Arabs, andIndians,but according to some sources, only locally, since they possessed no ocean-going ships.[3]
The settlements in Zanzibar identified them as economically part of the cosmopolitan culture of the Indian Ocean Basin with trade links as far asArabia,Persia, and as far east as India and China.[5][20][21]
The main source of Zanj slaves was likely the frontier between Eastern Cushitic language speakers and Bantu language speakers, where warlike Somali pastoralists were expanding southwards and subjecting the scattered colonies of Bantu agriculturalists.[22]
Since Arab and Persian identity is patrilineal, eliteSwahiliclaimed, often correctly, prestigious Persian genealogy.[23]Modern conceptions of cultural fusion or Persian origins developed from the tendency of wealthy Swahili to claim Persian patrilineal origins (which has been supported by DNA studies) and the disproportionate 19th-century importation of Omani elements to Zanzibari and Swahili society. StandardSwahiliis the Zanzibari dialect and thus includes far more Arabic loanwords than the other, older Swahili dialects.[23]
Prominent settlements of the Zanj coast includedKilwa,Kunduchi,Mbuamaji,Tongoni,Kimbiji,Kaole,Malindi,Gedi,andMombasa.By the late medieval period, the area included at least 37 substantial Swahili trading towns, many of them quite wealthy.[citation needed]
The urban ruling and commercial classes of these Swahili settlements included male Arab, Persian, and Indian immigrants. However, Islamic culture prized familial origins from Persia or Arabia; consequently claims of Middle Eastern descent may be untrustworthy for modern genealogical research.[23][24][25]
The richest and most powerful slave trader in all of recorded history isTippu Tip,a man born in Zanzibar with mixed Bantu and Omani ancestry.[citation needed]
The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by slave and ivory traders to all the countries bordering theIndian Oceanin theIndian Ocean slave trade.[7]TheUmayyadandAbbasidcaliphsrecruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696 AD, we learn of slave revolts of the Zanj in Iraq (seebelow). Ancient Chinese texts also mention ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with twoSeng Chi(Zanji) slaves as gifts, andSeng Chislaves reaching China from theHindukingdom ofSri VijayainJava.[7]
The sea off the south-eastern coast of Africa was known as theSea of Zanj,and included theMascareneislands andMadagascar.During the anti-apartheidstruggle it was proposed thatSouth Africashould assume the nameAzania,to reflect ancient Zanj.[citation needed]
As of 2023, theLemba peoplestill refer to the populations of neighboring tribes as "Zenj."
Ancient DNA analysis
[edit]A study by Brielle et al in 2023 completed ancient DNA analysis of several samples from the ruins of Zanzibar. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was completed for 80 individuals from 6 medieval and early modern (AD 1250–1800) coastal towns and an inland town after AD 1650 in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. More than half of the DNA of many of the individuals from coastal towns originated from primarily female ancestors from Africa, with a large proportion — sometimes more than half—of the DNA coming from Asian ancestors. The Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men. Peoples of African and Asian (predominantly Persian) origins began to mix by about AD 1000.[26]Samples were taken from two boxes of human remains located the inBritish Institute in Eastern Africa(BIEA) in Nairobi, originally excavated in the 1950s and 1960s by Chittick.[27]
After AD 1500, the sources of male Asian DNA became increasingly Arabian, consistent with increased interactions with southern Arabia. From medieval times until the modern day, subsequent interactions with different Asian and African people have changed the ancestry of the present-day people living on the Swahili coast compared to the medieval individuals whose DNA was sequenced.[26]
Potentially dating from 1300-1600 AD (more precise radiocarbon dating techniques were unable to be completed in time for these samples), analysis was completed of the individuals'mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),autosomal DNA,Y chromosome DNA,and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, a DNA pattern found in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to the autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.[26]
Contemporary descriptions
[edit]We know from Kwale-ware sites that starting in the Iron Age Bantu-speaking people were spreading into the area south of Ethiopia and Somalia and these people were referred to as Zanj and were being exported as slaves all along the Indian Ocean. Chinese sources from the 9th century make a clear distinction between "Somali (Barbar) pastoralists of Po-Pa-Li" and "savage blacks of Ma-Lin," which is probably to be identified with Malindi in Kenya.[7][28]A description of the Zanj is found in the following passage fromKitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh,[29]by the medieval Arab writeral-Muqaddasī:
As for the Zanj, they are people of black color, flat noses, kinky hair, and little understanding or intelligence.
In 1331, the Arabic-speaking Berber scholar and explorerIbn Battutavisited theKilwa Sultanatein the Zanj.[30]Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the city around 1331, and commented favorably on the generosity, humility, and religion of its ruler,Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman.Ibn Battuta also describes how the sultan would go into the interior and raid the people taking slaves and other forms of wealth. He was also particularly impressed by the planning of the city and believed that it was the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast.[31]From this period, the construction of thePalace of Husuni Kubwaand a significant extension to theGreat Mosque of Kilwa,which was made ofcoralstones, the largest mosque of its kind. Kilwa was an important and wealthy city for the trade of gold and ivory. Because of trade, some of the people who lived in Kilwa had a higher standard of living, but many others were poor. The wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes and the poor lived in mud huts with thatched roofs.[32] Ibn Battuta characterized the enslaved Zanj people as "jet-black in color, and with scarification on their faces."[30]
Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world. The whole of it is elegantly built. The roofs are built with mangrove pole. There is very much rain. The people are engaged in a holy war, for their country lies beside the pagan Zanj. Their chief qualities are devotion and piety: they follow the Shafi'i sect. When I arrived, the Sultan was Abu al-Muzaffar Hasan surnamed Abu al-Mawahib [loosely translated, "The Giver of Gifts" ]... on account of his numerous charitable gifts. He frequently makes raids into the Zanj country [neighboring mainland], attacks them and carries off booty, of which he reserves a fifth, using it in the manner prescribed by the Koran [Qur'an].[33]
Zanj Rebellion
[edit]TheZanj Rebellionwas a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city ofBasrain present-dayIraqduringslavery in the Abbasid Caliphate.Many Zanj were taken asslave soldiers,but many had earned their freedom and chose to stay in Iraq as free persons and make Iraq their home living amongst theMarsh Arabs,[34]however the termZanjhere is thought to refer to all East Africans in general due to the lack of a prolific slave trade on theSwahili coastduring this period.[35]: 613
M. A. Shaban explains that the Zanj Rebellion was not a slave rebellion but rather an Arab rebellion supported by East African immigrants in Iraq:
It was not a slave revolt. It was a "zanj", i.e. a Negro, revolt. To equate Negro with slave is a reflection of nineteenth-century racial theories; it could only apply to the American South before the Civil War...On the contrary, some of the people who were working in the salt marshes were among the first to fight against the revolt. Of course there were a few runaway slaves who joined the rebels, but this still does not make it a slave revolt. The vast majority of the rebels were Arabs of the Persian Gulf supported by free East Africans who had made their homes in the region.[36]
See also
[edit]References
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ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks" ). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography
. - ^abDick-Read, Robert (July 2006)."Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons".The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa.2:23–45.doi:10.4102/td.v2i1.307.
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