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Uzbek
oʻzbekcha, oʻzbek tili,
ўзбекча, ўзбек тили,
اۉزبېکچه، اۉزبېک تیلی
Uzbek in Latin, Perso-ArabicNastaliq,and Cyrillic scripts
PronunciationUzbek pronunciation:[ɵzˈbektʃʰæ,ɵzˈbektʰɪˈlɪ]
Native toUzbekistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,Russia,Tajikistan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,TurkmenistanandChina
RegionCentral Asia
EthnicityUzbeks
Native speakers
51 million (incl. 36 million Northern Uzbek & 8.48290 million Southern Uzbek) (2017–2023)[1]
Early forms
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1uz
ISO 639-2uzb
ISO 639-3uzb– inclusive code
Individual codes:
uzn– Northern
uzs–Southern
Glottologuzbe1247
Linguaspheredb 44-AAB-da, db
A map, showing that Uzbek is spoken throughout Uzbekistan, except the western third (where Karakalpak dominates) and Northern Afghanistan.
Dark blue = majority; light blue = minority
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Uzbek[b]is aKarluk Turkic languagespoken byUzbeks.It is the official and national language ofUzbekistanand formally succeededChagatai,an earlier Karluk language also known asTurki,as the literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s.[citation needed]

Uzbek is spoken as either a native or second language by around 32 million people around the world, making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language afterTurkish.[1]

There are two major variants of the Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken inUzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandChina;andSouthern Uzbek,spoken inAfghanistanandPakistan.[4][5]Both Northern and Southern Uzbek are divided into many dialects. Uzbek andUyghurare sister languages and they constitute theKarlukor "Southeastern" branch of Turkic.

External influences on Uzbek includeArabic,Persian,andRussian.[6]One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel/ɑ/to/ɒ/under the influence ofPersian.Unlike other Turkic languages,vowel harmonyis almost completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek, though it is still observed to some degree in its dialects, as well as in Uyghur.

Different dialects of Uzbek show varying degrees of influence from other languages such asKipchakand Oghuz Turkic (for example, in grammar) as well as Persian (in phonology), which gives literary Uzbek the impression of being a mixed language.[7]

In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from theCyrillicscript to aLatin-based Alpha bet by 1 January 2023.[8][9]Similar deadlines had been extended several times.[10]As of 2024, most institutions still use both Alpha bets.[11]

Classification

[edit]
Main article:Turkic languages

Uzbek is the western member of the Karluk languages, a subgroup of Turkic; the eastern variant is Uyghur. Karluk is classified as adialect continuum.Northern Uzbek was determined to be the most suitable variety to be understood by the most number of speakers of all Turkic languages despite it being heavilyPersianized,[12]excluding theSiberian Turkic languages.[13]A high degree ofmutual intelligibilityfound between certain specific Turkic languages has allowed Uzbek speakers to more easily comprehend various other distantly related languages.

Number of speakers

[edit]

Uzbek, being the most widely spoken indigenous language inCentral Asia,is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries.

The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity ofUzbek media,includingUzbekfilmand RizanovaUz, has spread among thePost-soviet states,particularly inCentral Asiain recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in theOsh Region of Kyrgyzstan[citation needed](and mothertongue of the cityOsh), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad Region), the ethnicKyrgyzesare, too, exposed to Uzbek, and some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: theTurkistan region of Kazakhstan,northernDaşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan,[14]Sughd regionand other regions ofTajikistan.[15]This puts the number of L2 speakers of Uzbek at a varying 1–5 million speakers.

The Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are common destination forimmigrationfor Uzbekistani citizens. Other thanUzbekistanand otherCentral Asian Republics,the ethnicUzbeksmost commonly choose theRussian Federation[16]in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within the Russian Federation. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 2.4 million fromTajikistan,and 920,000 fromKyrgyzstanwere working inRussiain 2021, with around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks.[16]

Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million.Ethnologueestimates put the number of native speakers at 35 million across all the recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia,Nationalencyklopedin,estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million,[17] and theCIA World Factbookestimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan,[18]4.5 million in Afghanistan,[19]1,630,000 in Pakistan,[4]1,500,000 in Tajikistan,[20]about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan,[21]600,000 in Kazakhstan,[22]600,000 in Turkmenistan,[23]and 300,000 in Russia.[24]

The Uzbek language is taught in more than fifty higher education institutions around the world.[25]

Etymology and background

[edit]

Historically, the language under the nameUzbekreferred to a totally different language ofKipchakorigin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouringKazakh,more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically. It was dissimilar to the area's indigenous and native language, known asTurki,until it was changed toChagataiby western scholars due to its origins from theChagatai Khanate.[26] The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by theUzbeks."

History

[edit]

Turkic speakers probably settled theAmu Darya,Syr DaryaandZarafshonriver basins from at least 600–650 AD, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of theEastern Iranian languageswho previously inhabitedSogdia,BactriaandKhwarazm.The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of theKara-Khanid Khanatefrom the 9th–12th centuries,[27]a confederation ofKarluks,Chigils,Yagma,and other tribes.[28]

Uzbek (along with Uyghur) can be considered the direct descendant of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm ofChagatai Khan,Timur(Tamerlane), and theTimurid dynasty[29](including the early Mughal rulers of theMughal Empire). Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabicloanwords.By the 19th century, it was rarely used for literary composition and disappeared only in the early 20th century.

Muhammad Shaybani(c. 1451– 2 December 1510), the firstKhan of Bukhara,wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of Chagatai poems by Muhammad Shaybani is currently kept in theTopkapı Palace Museummanuscript collection inIstanbul.The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work,Bahr al-Khudā,written in 1508, is located in London.[30]

Shaybani's nephewUbaydullah Khan(1486-1540) skillfully recited theQuranand provided it with commentaries in Chagatai. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Chagatai, Classical Persian, and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy.[31]

For the Uzbek political elite of the 16th century, Chagatai was their native language. For example, the leader of the semi-nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan (1451–1510), wrote poems in Chagatai.[32]

The poet Turdiy (17th century) in his poems called for the unification of the divided Uzbek tribes: "Although our people are divided, but these are all Uzbeks of ninety-two tribes. We have different names – we all have the same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Floors, sleeves and collars – it's all – one robe, So the Uzbek people are united, may they be in peace."[33]

Sufi Allayar (1633–1721) was an outstanding theologian and one of theSufi leadersof the Khanate of Bukhara. He showed his level of knowledge by writing a book calledSebâtü'l-Âcizîn.Sufi Allayar was often read and highly appreciated in Central Asia.[34]

The termUzbekas applied to language has meant different things at different times.

According to the Kazakh scholarSerali Lapin,who lived at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek.[35]Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th century, like L. N. Sobolev, believed that "Sart is not a special tribe, as many tried to prove. Sart is indifferently called both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade.[36]

InKhanate of Khiva,Sarts spoke a highly Oghuz-influenced variety of Karluk. All three dialects continue to exist within modern spoken Uzbek.

After the independence of Uzbekistan, the Uzbek government opted to reform Northern Uzbek by changing its Alpha bet from Cyrillic to Latin in an attempt to stimulate the growth of Uzbek in a new, independent state. However, the reform never went into full application, and As of 2024both Alpha bets are widely used, from daily uses to government publications and TV news. Uzbek language hasn't eclipsed Russian in the government sector since Russian is used widely in sciences, politics, and by the upper class of the country. However, the Uzbek internet, includingUzbek Wikipedia,is growing rapidly.[37]

Writing systems

[edit]
A 1911 text in theArabic Alpha bet
Covers of translated books in Uzbek. As can be seen, both Latin and Cyrillic scripts are widely used in the country. Most names are also transliterated, for exampleRobert Luis Stivensonis equivalent toRobert Louis Stevenson.
Main article:Uzbek Alpha bet

Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history:

  • 1000–1920s: The traditional Arabic script, first in the Qarakhanid standard and next in the Chagatai standard. This is seen as the golden age of the Uzbek language and literary history.
  • 1920–1928: the Arabic-basedYaña imlâ Alpha bet.[38]
  • 1928–1940: the Latin-basedYañalifwas imposed officially.
  • 1940–1992: theCyrillic scriptwas used officially.[39]
  • Since 1992: Switch back to Latin script, with heavy holdover usage of Cyrillic.

Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic.[40]The Arabic script is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts[40]or for the academic studies ofChagatai (Old Uzbek).[38]

In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin Alpha bet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively.[41]This would've reversed a 1995 reform, and brought the orthography closer to that ofTurkishand also ofTurkmen,Karakalpak,Kazakh(2018 version) andAzerbaijani.[42]In 2021, it was proposed to change "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" to "ş", "ç", "ō" and "ḡ".[43][44]These proposals were not implemented.[citation needed]

In the western Chinese region ofXin gian g,in northernAfghanistanand inPakistan,[45]where there is an Uzbek minority, the Arabic-based script is still used. In the early 21st century, in Afghanistan, standardization, publication of dictionaries, and an increase in usage (for example in News agencies' website, such as that ofthe BBC) has been taking place.

Modern Latin Alpha bet
А а B b D d Е е F f G g H h I i J j K k
L l М m N n О о P p Q q R r S s Т t U u
V v X x Y y Z z Oʻ oʻ Gʻ gʻ Sh sh Ch ch Ng ng
Cyrillic Alpha bet
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з
И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р
С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Ъ ъ
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Ў ў Қ қ Ғ ғ Ҳ ҳ
Modern Arabic Alpha bet
ا / آ ب پ ت ث ج چ ح
خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش
ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق
ک گ ل م ن ڭ و ۉ
ھ ی ی ې

Phonology

[edit]

Words are usuallyoxytones(i.e. the last syllable is stressed), but certain endings and suffixal particles are not stressed.[which?][citation needed]Consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords.

Vowels

[edit]

Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes.[46]Uzbek language has many dialects: contrary to many Turkic languages, Standard Uzbek no longer hasvowel harmony,but other dialects (Kipchak Uzbek and Oghuz Uzbek) retain vowel harmony.

Front Central Back
Close i~ɨ u
Mid e o
Open æ~ɑ ɔ
  • /i/and/u/can have short allophones[ɪ]and[ʊ],and central allophones[ɨ̞]and[ʉ]./ɔ/can have an open back allophone[ɒ].
  • /i/and/æ/can become[ɨ]and[a]when the syllable or the vowel is adjacent to the phonemes/q/,/ʁ/,and/χ/(yaxshi"good"[jaχˈʃɨ]).

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ (t͡s) t͡ʃ k q (ʔ)
voiced b d̪ d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless ɸ s ʃ χ h
voiced w~v z (ʒ) ʁ
Approximant l j
Tap / Flap ɾ

Grammar

[edit]

As a Turkic language, Uzbek isnull subject,agglutinativeand has nonoun classes(gender or otherwise). Although Uzbekhas no definitearticles[clarification needed],it has indefinite articlesbirandbitta.The word order issubject–object–verb(SOV).

In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs).

Nouns

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Plurals are formed by suffix-lar.Nouns take the-nisuffix as a definite article; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending-gachanges to-kawhen the noun ends in-k, -g,or-qawhen the noun ends in-q, -gʻ(notice*tog‘qa→toqqa). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants-kand-qto voiced-gand-gʻ,respectively (yurak→yuragim).[47]Unlike neighbouringTurkmenandKazakhlanguages, due to the loss of "pronominal-n"there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases (uyida"in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmenöýünde,though sayinguyindais also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts).[48]

Cases
Case Suffix Example
nominative -∅

uy

uy

house

genitive -ning

uyning

house-GEN

uyning

house-GEN

of (the) house

dative -ga

uyga

house-DAT

uyga

house-DAT

to the house

definiteaccusative -ni

uyni

house-DEF.ACC

uyni

house-DEF.ACC

the house

locative -da

uyda

house-LOC

uyda

house-LOC

in the house

ablative -dan

uydan

house-ABL

uydan

house-ABL

from the house

instrumental (literary) -la

uyla

house-INS

uyla

house-INS

with the house

similative -day,-dek,-daqa

uyday/uydek/uydaqa

uyday/uydek/uydaqa

like (a) house

Possessive cases
Possessor
number 		Singular Plural
1st -(i)m -(i)miz
2nd -(i)ng -(i)ngiz
3rd -(s)i

Verbs

[edit]

Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has moreperiphrases.Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses:[49]

Non-finite tense suffixes
Function Suffix Example
Infinitive -moq

koʻrmoq

koʻrmoq

to see

Finite tense suffixes
Function Suffix Example
Present-future -a/-y

koʻra

koʻra

see/will see

Focal present -yap

koʻryap

koʻryap

(currently) seeing

Momentary present -yotir[1]

koʻryotir

koʻryotir

seeing (at the moment)

Progressive present -moqda

koʻrmoqda

koʻrmoqda

am seeing

Present perfect -gan

koʻrgan

koʻrgan

have seen

Simple past -di

koʻrdi

koʻrdi

saw

Indirective past -ib

koʻrib

keldi

koʻribkeldi

came (to see)

Definite future -(y)ajak[2]

koʻrajak

koʻrajak

will see (at a defined point in the future)

Obligatory future -adigan/ydigan

koʻradigan

koʻradigan

(shall) see

Conditional -sa

koʻrsa

koʻrsa

if (it) sees

Intentional -moqchi

koʻrmoqchi

koʻrmoqchi

(want to) see

Imperative -(a)y (men)

-(a)ylik (biz)

-∅ (sen)

-(i)ng (siz)

-(i)nglar (sizlar)

-sin (u)

-sinlar (ular)

koʻray!

koʻray!

(1st person singular)

koʻraylik!

koʻraylik!

(1st person plural)

koʻr!

koʻr!

(2nd person informal singular)

koʻring!

koʻring!

(2nd person formal singular/plural)

koʻringlar!

koʻringlar!

(2nd person formal plural)

koʻrsin!

koʻrsin!

(3rd person singular)

koʻrsinlar!

koʻrsinlar!

(3rd person plural)

  1. ^Cognate withTurkishpresent continuous suffix-(i)yor[50]
  2. ^This suffix is likely a borrowing fromOttoman Turkish,[51]but is usually used as a noun gerund

Notes

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Vowels marked with parentheses in the suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends on a vowel. (e.g.Qara+(i)ng=Qarang!;"Look!")

Third person plural is commonly replaced by third person singular.

In the simple past and conditional tenses, the possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked.

Negation

[edit]

Negative is expressed by adding-maafter the verb root, or with auxiliary verbemas. Examples:

Koʻrmay(man)"(I) don't see"

Koʻrmoqchi emas(man)"(I) don't want to see"

The particleyoʻqis used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action.

Gerund

[edit]

The gerund is formed with the verb root +ish.

Example:Chekish mumkin emas"Smoking is not allowed"

Pronouns

[edit]
Pronoun Suffix Translation
men -man I
biz -miz we
sen -san you
(formal singular and informal singular without respect)
senlar -sanlar you
(informal plural without respect)
siz -siz you
(formal plural and informal singular with respect)
sizlar -sizlar you
(informal plural with respect)
u -∅ he/she/it
ular -lar they

Word order

[edit]

The word order in the Uzbek language issubject–object–verb(SOV), like all other Turkic languages. Unlike in English, the object comes before the verb and the verb is the last element of the sentence.

Men

1SG

kitobni

book-DO.SG.ACC

koʻrdim

see-PAST.IND.1SG

Men kitobni koʻrdim

1SG book-DO.SG.ACC see-PAST.IND.1SG

I saw the book

Influences

[edit]

The influence ofIslam,and by extension,Arabic,is evident in Uzbekloanwords.There is also a residual influence ofRussian,from the time whenUzbekswere under the rule of theRussian Empireand theSoviet Union.There are a large number of Russian loanwords in Uzbek, particularly when related to technical and modern terms, as well everyday and sociopolitical terms. Most importantly, Uzbek vocabulary, phraseology and pronunciation has been heavily influenced byPersianthrough its historic roots. It is estimated that Uzbek contains about 60 Mongolian loanwords,[52]scattered among the names of animals, birds, household items, chemical elements and especially military terms.

Dialects

[edit]
A man speaking Uzbek

Uzbek can be roughly divided into three dialect groups. The Karluk dialects, centered on Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and the Ferghana Valley, are the basis for the standard Uzbek language. This dialect group shows the most influence of Persian vocabulary, particularly in the important Tajik-dominated cities of Bukhara and Samarkand. The Kipchak dialect, spoken from theSurxondaryo regionthrough north-central Uzbekistan intoKarakalpakstan,shows significant influence from theKipchakTurkic languages, particularly in the mutation of [j] to [ʑ] as inKazakhandKyrgyz.The Oghuz dialect, spoken mainly inKhorezmalong the Turkmenistan border, is notable for the mutation of word-initial [k] to [g].

By country

[edit]

Turkmenistan

[edit]

In Turkmenistan since the 2000s the government conducted a forced "Turkmenization"of ethnic Uzbeks living in the country.[53][54][55]In the Soviet years and in the 1990s, the Uzbek language was used freely in Turkmenistan. There were several hundred schools in the Uzbek language, many newspapers were published in this language. Now there are only a few Uzbek schools in the country, as well as a few newspapers in Uzbek. Despite this, the Uzbek language is still considered to be one of the recognized languages of national minorities in this country. Approximately 300,000–600,000 Uzbeks live in Turkmenistan. Most of the Uzbek speakers live inDashoghuz Velayat,as well as inLebap Velayatand partly inAshghabad.[56]

Russia

[edit]

Uzbek is one of the many recognized languages of national minorities inRussia.More than 400 thousandUzbeksare citizens of the Russian Federation and live in the country. Also in Russia there are 2 to 6 million Uzbeks from theCentral Asianrepublics (mainlyUzbekistan,KyrgyzstanandTajikistan) who are immigrants and migrants. Large diasporas of Uzbeks live in large cities of Russia such asSaint Petersburg.Signs in Uzbek are often found in these cities. Signs refer mainly to various restaurants and eateries, barbershops, shops selling fruits, vegetables and textile products. There is a small clinic, where signs and labels are in the Uzbek language. Uzbeks in Russia prefer to use the Cyrillic Uzbek Alpha bet, but in recent years Uzbek youth in Russia are also actively using the Latin Uzbek Alpha bet. Small newspapers in Uzbek are published in large cities of Russia.[57][58][59]Some instructions for immigrants and migrants are duplicated, including in Uzbek. Uzbek language is studied by Russian students in the faculties ofTurkologythroughout Russia.[citation needed]The largest Uzbek language learning centers in Russia are located in the universities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. There are also manyRussianswho are interested in and love the Uzbek language and culture and who study this language for themselves. Uzbek is one of the most studied languages among the many languages of the former USSR in Russia.[60]

Uzbek language researchers

[edit]

Scientific interest in the history of the Uzbek language arose in the 19th century among European and Russian orientalists.A. Vambery,V. Bartold, Sh. Lapin and others wrote about the history of the Uzbek language. Much attention was paid to the study of the history of the language in the Soviet period. E. Polivanov,N.Baskakov,[61]A.Kononov,[62]U. Tursunov, A. Mukhtarov, Sh. Rakhmatullaev and others wrote about the history of the Uzbek language among famous linguists.

Sample text

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The following is a sample text in Uzbek Arabic script of Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights(with English version in the bottom), contrasted with a version of the text in Uzbek written in Latin script.

Uzbek Arabic برچه آدملر ایرکین، قدرقیمت و حقوقلرده تیڭ بولیب توغیلهدیلر. اولر عقل و وجدان صاحبیدیرلر و بیربیرلری ایله برادرلرچه معامله قیلیشلری ضرور.
Uzbek Latin Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng boʻlib tugʻiladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur.
Uzbek Cyrillic Барча одамлар эркин, қадр-қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар. Улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир-бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур.
IPA [bæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ ɒd̪æ̞mˈlæ̞ɾ eɾˈkʰɪ̞n qäˈd̪ɨ̞ɾ qɨ̞mˈmät̪ ʋæ̞ huqŭqläɾˈd̪æ̞ t̪ʰeŋ bɵˈlɪ̞p t̪ʰuʁɨ̞läd̪ɪ̞ˈlæ̞ɾ ‖ uˈlæ̞ɾ äˈqɨ̞l ʋæ̞ ʋɪ̞d͡ʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɪ̞bɪ̞dɪ̞ɾˈlæ̞ɾ ʋæ̞ bɪ̞ɾ bɪ̞ɾlæ̞ˈɾ̞ɪ̞ iˈlæ̞ bɪ̞ɾɒdæ̞ɾlæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ muɒmæ̞ˈlæ̞ qɨ̞lɨ̞ʃlæ̞ˈɾɪ̞ zæ̞ˈɾuɾ ‖]
English original All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Used in Afghanistan, Pakistan and China
  2. ^

References

[edit]
  1. ^abUzbekatEthnologue(27th ed., 2024)Closed access icon
    NorthernatEthnologue(27th ed., 2024)Closed access icon
    SouthernatEthnologue(27th ed., 2024)Closed access icon
  2. ^Scott Newton (20 November 2014).Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge.Routledge. pp. 232–.ISBN978-1-317-92978-9.
  3. ^Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fu gian Provincial Government (13 September 2022)."Dân tộc thiểu số ngôn ngữ văn tự có này đó?".fu gian.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 28 October 2022.Retrieved28 October2022.
  4. ^ab"Uzbek, Southern".Ethnologue.Retrieved29 December2022.
  5. ^"Uzbek, Northern".Ethnologue.Retrieved29 December2022.
  6. ^Dalby, Andrew (1998).Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN1-4081-0214-5.OCLC320322204.
  7. ^Turaeva, Rano (19 November 2015).Migration and Identity in Central Asia.Routledge.ISBN9781317430070.
  8. ^Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023,12 February, 2021 12:54 GMT, RadioFreeEurope
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Sources

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[edit]
Uzbek editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has more on the topic of:Uzbek language
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook forUzbek.
Converters
Dictionaries
Grammar and orthography
Learning/teaching materials

[2],Learn Uzbek (in Russian)

[3],Learn Uzbek (in English)

Ona tili uz,a website about Uzbek

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