Akava'ine

Akava'ineis aCook Islands Māoriword which has come, since the 2000s, to refer totransgenderpeople of Māori descent from theCook Islands.

It is not an old custom but rather a contemporary identity almost solely influenced by other Polynesians, naturally, through cross-cultural interaction of Polynesians living inNew Zealand,especially theSamoan"Fa'afafine",transgender people who hold a special place in Sāmoan society.

Etymology

Akava'ineis aCook Islands Māoriword for women who have an inflated opinion of themselves, draw attention to themselves in ways that disrupt groupness, do not heed others advice, or who act in a self-serving or self-promoting way.The term uses the prefixaka( "to be or to behave like" ) andva'ine( "woman" ).(Antonym:'akatāne( "act manly, or tomboyishly" ).)

The New ZealandMāoriwordWhakawahinehas a parallel meaning.

Other terms

Sometimes the wordlaelaeis also used (similar toRae raeused in French Polynesia) typically when implying criticism or ridicule offemininebehaviour displayed by a man, for example being described aseffeminateorhomosexual.Laelae is the colloquial Cook Islands term; the wordtutuva'ine(meaning "like a woman" ) is used less frequently and normally refers to across-dresseror adrag queen.Homosexuality is illegal for males in the Cook Islands.

Culture

In the late 1990s, the termlaelae,a borrowing from the Tahitianraerae,was the most commonly used term to describe "traditional" transgender categories and individuals considered to be "gay".

The usage of the Māori word "'Akava'ine" for a transgender person seems to be recent, as no evidence of it as an established gender role in Cook Islands Māori society: it is not documented in the various detailed written encounters of the Māori people during the pre-Christian era to the mid-late 1800s to early 1900s. In contrast, Transgender people are mentioned in records of Samoa (Fa'afafine),Tahitiand Hawai'i (Māhū).

Homosexuality is outlawed in the Cook Islands for men whereas women are free to have homosexual relations.

Some 'akava'inetake part in the making oftivaevae(quilts), an activity traditionally done by the women of the community.

Te Tiare Association Inc (TTA) was formally incorporated on 30 November 2007 at the Rarotonga High Court; an organisation set up to bring together 'akava'ine in the Cook Islands, to help nurture, strengthen and educate them so that they can help themselves. On 21 June 2008, there was the official launch of Te Tiare Association and the launch of a partnership between Te Tiare Association and the Pacific Islands Aids Foundation.

History

Pacific Islanders have a long history of integration, positions of authority, respect and acceptance towardsgender-variantindividuals. After the arrival of English missionaries during the 19th-century, this quickly began to change.

Marshall (1971:161) denied that there were "homosexuals" onMangaiain the Cook Islands, while estimating there were two or threeberdache"men on Mangaia who enjoy women's work, may have a feminine figure, and—to some degree—may dress like a woman" (Marshall 1971:153). "There is no social disapproval of the indications of transvestism". The boys and men he observed who enjoyed and excelled at women's work and who "are frequently called upon to assist in cooking, feasts, sewing pillowcases, and cutting out dresses and dress patterns" and "show no apparent wish for male sexual partners".Beaglehole (1938:287) also asserted of another locale in the Cook Islands that

perversions, in the sense of sexual practices that take the place of sexual intercourse, are probably unknown inPukapuka.This is without prejudice to acts or feeling attitudes that may accompany ontogenetic character development in the strict analytical sense but which, even if they occur may not properly be classed as perversions. There is no word in Pukapukan speech to indicate homosexuality, nor could informants say that it ever occurred. At present there is one youth in Yato village who is said towakawawine(be like a woman): between 16 and 17 years old, he appears fully developed physically but has a rather effeminate high-pitched voice. He wears men's clothes. He does not stroll about the village as do other young men who congregate first in one open house, then in another, for gossip. He performs general women's work, make plaited and beaded objects, sews more than is usual for a male, and cooks. He also does a little men's work, fishing, nut gathering and husking, and sennit-making. He occasionally wrestles with other men but does not participate in most sports. Peculiarities in his behavior are noticed by fellow villagers but not commented upon openly.

Nearly two decades later Beaglehole (1957:191) did not follow-up on thewakawawine—or even recall him—in writing that

Homosexuality is an unknown practice inAitutaki.Only two instances of berdache-like behaviors could be recalled by informants. Two adolescent boys gave up fishing and gardening in favour of women's work and acquired a high reputation in the community for their skills at housework, embroidery and mat-making. One boy ultimately married and adjusted to a man's role; the other left the island and settled elsewhere.

See also

• LGBT rights in the Cook Islands
• List of transgender-related topics

Bibliography

• Alexeyeff, Kalissa (2009).Dancing from the heart: movement, gender, and Cook Islands globalization.University of Hawaii Press.ISBN978-0-8248-3244-5.
• G. G. Bolich Ph.D. (2007).Transgender History & Geography: Crossdressing in Context, Volume 3.Psyche's Press.ISBN978-0-6151-6766-4.
• Murray, Stephen O. (2002).Pacific Homosexualities.iUniverse.ISBN0-595-22785-6.
• Buse, Jasper; Taringa, Raututi (1995). Bruce Biggs; Rangi Moeka'a (eds.).Cook Islands Maori dictionary.The Ministry of Education, Government of the Cook Islands.ISBN978-0-7286-0230-4.
• Marshall, Donald S.; Suggs, Robert C., eds. (1971). "Sexual Behavior on Mangaia".Human Sexual Behavior, Variations in The Ethnographic Spectrum.New York: Basic Books.
• Beaglehole, Ernest (1957).Social change in the South Pacific; Rarotonga and Aitutaki.London: Allen & Unwin.
• Beaglehole, Ernest & Pearl (1938).Ethnology of Pukapuka.Honolulu: B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 150.