Saponaria

Saponaria
	Saponaria ocymoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Caryophyllaceae
Genus:	Saponaria; L.(1753)
Species
	30-40, see text
Synonyms
	BootiaNeck. (1768), nom. illeg.; PleioneuraRech.f. (1951); Proteinia(Ser.) Rchb. (1841); SmegmathamniumFenzl ex Rchb. (1844); SpaniziumGriseb. (1843);

Saponariais agenusofflowering plantsin thefamily Caryophyllaceae,nativeto Asia and Europe, and are commonly known assoapworts.^[2]They areherbaceous perennialsandannuals,some with woody bases. The flowers are abundant, five-petalled and usually in shades of pink^[3]or white.^[2]The genus is closely related to the genusSilene,being distinguished from these by having only two (not three or five)stylesin the flower.^[3]It is also related toGypsophila,but itscalyxis cylindrical rather than bell-shaped.^[4]

The most familiar species might becommon soapwort(S. officinalis), which is native to Eurasia but is known in much of the world as anintroduced species,often aweed,and sometimes a cultivatedornamental plant.^[2]The genus nameSaponariaderives from the Latinsapo( "soap" ) and -aria( "pertaining to" ),^[2]and at least one species,S. officinalis,has been used to makesoap.^[5]It containssaponins,and a liquid soap can be produced by soaking the leaves in water.^[2]This soap is still used to clean delicate antique tapestries.^[6]It is also sometimes stated that it is used as anemulsifierinTurkish delightconfections, but this is a case of double confusion. The roots of plants in genusGypsophilaare used to make the Turkish confectionhelvaandSaponariaspecies are not used.^[7]

Saponariaspecies are eaten by thelarvaeof somebutterflies and moths,including theLychnisandColeophora saponariella,which is exclusive to the genus.

Diversity

There are thirty^[4]^[8]to forty^[2]^[9]^[10]species in the genus.

Plants of the World Onlineaccepts 39 species:^[1]

Saponaria aenesiaHeldr.
Saponaria bargylianaGomb.
Saponaria bellidifoliaSm.
Saponaria biovulata(Stapf) Barkoudah
Saponaria bodeanaBoiss.
Saponaria caespitosaDC.
Saponaria calabricaGuss.
Saponaria cerastoidesFisch. ex C.A.Mey.
Saponaria cypriaBoiss.
Saponaria dalmasiH.Boissieu
Saponaria emineanaGemici & Kit Tan
Saponaria glutinosaM.Bieb.
Saponaria griffithianaBoiss.
Saponaria gypsaceaVved.
Saponaria halophilaHedge & Hub.-Mor.
Saponaria iranicaDashti, Assadi & Sharifnia
Saponaria jageliiPhitos & Greuter
Saponaria karapinarensisVural & Adıgüzel
Saponaria kotschyiBoiss.
Saponaria luteaL.
Saponaria mesogitanaBoiss.
Saponaria ocymoidesL.
Saponaria officinalisL.
Saponaria orientalisL.
Saponaria pachyphyllaRech.f.
Saponaria pamphylicaBoiss. & Heldr.
Saponaria pictaBoiss.
Saponaria pinetorumHedge
Saponaria prostrataWilld.
Saponaria pumilaJanch.
Saponaria pumilioBoiss.
Saponaria sewerzowiiRegel & Schmalh.
Saponaria siculaRaf.
Saponaria stenopetalaRech.f.
Saponaria subrosularisRech.f.
Saponaria suffruticosaNábělek
Saponaria syriacaBoiss.
Saponaria tadzhikistanica(Botsch.) V.A.Shultz
Saponaria tridentataBoiss.

References

^^a ^b"SaponariaL. "Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved9 March2024.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fThieret, John W.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2005)."Saponaria".In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA).Vol. 5. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
^^a ^bRHS A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008.ISBN 978-1405332965.
^^a ^bGhazanfar, Shahina A.; Nasir, Yasin J."Saponaria".Flora of Pakistan– via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
^Coombes, A. J. (2012).The A to Z of Plant Names.USA: Timber Press. p.265.ISBN 9781604691962.
^Elliot, Doug (July 1995).Wild Roots: Forager's Guide to the Edible and Medicinal Roots, Tubers, Corms and Rhizomes of North America.Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.ISBN 978-0892815388.
^Işın, Priscilla Mary (2013).Sherbet & Spice: the complete story of Turkish sweets and desserts(1st ed.). New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 128, 270.ISBN 978-1-84885-898-5.Retrieved9 March2024.
^Lu, Dequan; Lidén, Magnus; Oxelman, Bengt."Saponaria".Flora of China.Vol. 6 – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
^Jürgens, Andreas; Witt, Taina; Gottsberger, Gerhard (2003)."Flower scent composition inDianthusandSaponariaspecies (Caryophyllaceae) and its relevance for pollination biology and taxonomy "(PDF).Biochemical Systematics and Ecology.31(4): 345–57.Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..345J.doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00173-4.
^Hartman, Ronald L.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2012)."Saponaria".In Jepson Flora Project (ed.).Jepson eFlora.The Jepson Herbarium,University of California, Berkeley.

External links

Saponaria.ITIS.

[POWO-1] "SaponariaL. "Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved9 March2024.

[fna-2] Thieret, John W.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2005)."Saponaria".In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA).Vol. 5. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.

[RHSAZ-3] RHS A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008.ISBN 978-1405332965.

[pak-4] Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Nasir, Yasin J."Saponaria".Flora of Pakistan– via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.

[AZPLA-5] Coombes, A. J. (2012).The A to Z of Plant Names.USA: Timber Press. p.265.ISBN 9781604691962.

[6] Elliot, Doug (July 1995).Wild Roots: Forager's Guide to the Edible and Medicinal Roots, Tubers, Corms and Rhizomes of North America.Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.ISBN 978-0892815388.

[7] Işın, Priscilla Mary (2013).Sherbet & Spice: the complete story of Turkish sweets and desserts(1st ed.). New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 128, 270.ISBN 978-1-84885-898-5.Retrieved9 March2024.

[china-8] Lu, Dequan; Lidén, Magnus; Oxelman, Bengt."Saponaria".Flora of China.Vol. 6 – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.

[jurg-9] Jürgens, Andreas; Witt, Taina; Gottsberger, Gerhard (2003)."Flower scent composition inDianthusandSaponariaspecies (Caryophyllaceae) and its relevance for pollination biology and taxonomy "(PDF).Biochemical Systematics and Ecology.31(4): 345–57.Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..345J.doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00173-4.

[10] Hartman, Ronald L.; Rabeler, Richard K. (2012)."Saponaria".In Jepson Flora Project (ed.).Jepson eFlora.The Jepson Herbarium,University of California, Berkeley.

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