Internationalized country code top-level domain

Aninternationalized country code top-level domainis atop-level domainin theDomain Name System(DNS) of theInternet.IDN ccTLDs are specially encoded domain names that are displayed in an end user application, such as aweb browser,in their language-native script orAlpha bet,such as theArabic Alpha bet,or a non- Alpha beticwriting system,such asChinese characters.IDN ccTLDs are an application of theinternationalized domain namesystem to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions.

Although the domain class uses the termcode,some of these ccTLDs are not codes but full words. For example, السعودية(as-Suʻūdiyya)is not an abbreviation of "Saudi Arabia", but the commonwealth short-form name of the country inArabic.

Countries with internationalized ccTLDs also retain their traditional ASCII-based ccTLDs.

As of August 2018 there are 59 approved internationalized country code top-level domains, of them at least 47 used. The most used are.рф(theRussian Federation) with over 900,000 domains names,.Đài Loan(Taiwan) with around 500,000 and.Trung Quốc(China) with over 200,000 domains.Still as of 2018 around 20 countries using non-Latin script do not have an internationalized country code top-level domain, includingJapan.

History

TheICANNboard approved the establishment of an internationalized top-level domain name working group within theCountry Code Names Supporting Organization(ccNSO) in December 2006.They resolved in June 2007inter aliato proceed and asked the IDNC Working Group to prepare a proposal, which the group delivered in June 2008, "to recommend mechanisms to introduce a limited number of non-contentious IDN ccTLDs, associated with the ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes in a short time frame to meet near term demand." The group proposed a methodology using ICANN's Fast Track Processbased on the ICANN charter to work with theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority

1. Identify technical basis of the TLD strings and country code specific processes, select IDN ccTLD personnel and authorities, and prepare documentation;
2. Perform ICANN due diligence process for technical proposal and publish method;
3. Enter delegation process within established IANA procedures.

In October 2009,ICANNresolved to start accepting applications for top-levelinternationalized domain namesfrom representatives of countries and territories in November.Starting 16 November 2009, nations and territories could apply for IDN ccTLDs.Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and theRussian Federationwere among the first countries to apply for the new internationalized domain name country code top-level domains. In January 2010 ICANN announced that these countries' IDN ccTLDs were the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.In May 2010, twenty-one different countries representing eleven languages, including Chinese,Russian,Tamil,andThai,had requested new IDN country codes.

On 5 May 2010, the first implementations, all in theArabic Alpha bet,were activated.Egypt was assigned theمصر.country code, Saudi Arabiaالسعودية.,and the United Arab Emiratesامارات.,(all reading right to left as is customary in Arabic).ICANN CEORod Beckstromdescribed the launch as "historic" and "a seismic shift that will forever change the online landscape.""This is the beginning of a transition that will make the Internet more accessible and user friendly to millions around the globe, regardless of where they live or what language they speak," he added.Senior director for internationalised domain names Tina Dam said it was "the most significant day" since the launch of the Internet.According to ICANN, Arabic was chosen for the initial roll out because it is one of the most widely used non-Latin languages on the Internet.There are problems entering a mixed left-to-right and right-to-left text string on a keyboard, making fully Arabic web addresses extra useful.

Additional IDN ccTLDs had been implemented by the end of June 2010: one usingCyrillic,.рф(forRussia), and five using Chinese characters (the first using a non- Alpha beticalwriting system) approved by the ICANN board on 25 June 2010:

• .Trung Quốc(encoded as ".xn--fiqs8s") and.Trung Quốc(encoded as ".xn--fiqz9s";".zhongguo"), delegated toChina Internet Network Information Center(CNNIC), the registrar for ccTLD.cn;
• .Hong Kong(encoded as ".xn--j6w193g";".hongkong"), delegated toHong Kong Internet Registration Corporation(HKIRC), the registrar for ccTLD.hk;
• .Đài Loan(encoded as ".xn--kpry57d") and.Đài Loan(encoded as ".xn--kprw13d";".taiwan"), delegated toTaiwan Network Information Center(TWNIC), the registrar for ccTLD.tw.

The dual domains delegated to each of CNNIC and TWNIC are synonymous, being purelyorthographicalvariations differing only in usingsimplified forms(QuốcandLoan), as preferred inmainland China,versustraditional formsof the same characters (QuốcandLoan), as used inTaiwan.

The new country codes were available for immediate use, although ICANN admit they may not work properly for all users initially.According to Egypt's communication and information technology minister, three Egyptian companies were the first to receive domain licenses on the new "masr" [مصرtransliterated] country code.Egypt's Ministry of Communications was possibly the first functional website with an entirely Arabic address.The ccTLD.рфfor Russia launched on 13 May.Bulgaria's.бгwas rejected by the ICANN due to its visual similarity with.br..бгwas eventually approved in 2014.

The Ukrainian string.укрwas approved by the ICANN Board on 28 February 2013. The zone was added to the root servers on March 19, 2013. The Bulgarian string.бгwas rejected a second time in March 2011 but was approved by the ICANN Board in 2014, and the Greek.ελstring in 2015, both after controversies about possibilities of confusion with existing Latin strings. India has applied for top-level domains in each of its local scripts, at first seven, later eight more. The first one,.भारत,was approved 2011 and became active in 2014. The general flow of applications has ceased after 2016.

The Pakistan string پاکستان. was approved by the ICANN BOARD on 7 January 2011 to represent Pakistan in Arabic script. On 4 February 2017, IDN ccTLD پاکستان. was delegated to the National Telecommunication Corporation and the zone was added to the root servers on February 15, 2017.

The European Union applied in 2016 for the Cyrillic domain.еюand the Greek domain.ευ.ею was approved and put into operation, but ευ was rejected as being too similar to.eualso belonging to the European Union. In 2019 ευ was approved on the condition that the same registry organisationEURidown both, and makes sure two equal or equally looking second-level domains are not registered in both ccTLD. Second-level domains under eu, ею and ευ shall have same script as the ccTLD (older Greek or Cyrillic domains under.eu got cloned into the new domain, but kept under.eu)

See also

• List of Internet top-level domains
• Country code top-level domain#Internationalized ccTLDs
• Punycode