.br
 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Portuguese.(August 2012)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
 | |
| Introduced | 18 April 1989 |
|---|---|
| TLDtype | Country code top-level domain(ccTLD) |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | Registro.br |
| Sponsor | CGI.br |
| Intended use | Entities connected withBrazil |
| Actual use | Very popular in Brazil (largestPortuguese languageWeb presence)[1] |
| Registered domains | 5,226,129 (2023-08-28)[2] |
| Registration restrictions | Varying restrictions based on which second-level name registration is within. In all cases the registrant must have either aCPForCNPJ,documents usually granted only to Brazilian residents or recognized companies |
| Structure |
|
| DNSSEC | yes |
| Registry website | registro |
.bris theInternetcountry codetop-level domain(ccTLD) forBrazil.It was administered by theBrazilian Internet Steering Committeeuntil 2005 when it started being administered byBrazilian Network Information Center.A local contact is required for any registration. Registrations of domain names with Portuguese characters are also accepted.
With the exception of universities, thesecond-level domainis fixed and selected from a list that defines the category. For example,.art.bris in theart(music, folkloreetc.) category, and.org.bris in thenon-governmental organizationcategory. Institutions oftertiary educationwere allowed to use theccSLD.edu.br,although some use.brand others (mainly public universities) use.br.There are also some other few exceptions that were allowed to use the second level domain until the end of 2000. As of April 2010, most domain registrations ignore categories and register in the.brdomain, which has over 90% of all registered domains. The.jus.br(Judiciary), and.b.br(banks) domains have mandatoryDNSSECuse.
History[edit]
Created and delegated to Brazil in 1989[3]byJon Postel,[4]initially the domain was operated manually byRegistro.brand administered by theFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo(FAPESP). Originally, only researchers and institutions to which they belonged had the interest and ability to adopt the new system and register domains under.br.
At the time, networks prevalent in the Brazilian academic setting were theBITNET( "Because It's Time NETwork" ), theHEPnet( "High Energy Physics Network" ) and theUUCP( "Unix-to-Unix Copy Program" ). As such, even before Brazil officially connected to the Internet in 1991, the.br domain was used to identify the machines participating in networks already in use by academics.
In 1995 theBrazilian Internet Steering Committee(Portuguese:Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil,or simply CGI.br) was created with an objective to coordinate the allocation of Internet addresses (IPs) and the registration of.br domain names. There were 851 domains registered with the BrazilianDNSby the beginning of 1996, thereafter experiencing rapid growth with the mass arrival of companies, Internet providers and media onto the Internet. The registration system was automated in 1997 and was developed using open source software.
In 2005, CGI.br created its own executive arm, theBrazilian Network Information Center(Portuguese:Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR,or simply NIC.br),[5]which currently serves in both administrative and operational capacity for the registry.
In 2017, accounts associated with DNS records of Brazilian banks were hacked.Kaspersky'sresearchers pointed out to a vulnerability in NIC.br's website and suggested its infrastructure had been compromised. NIC's director at the time, Frederico Neves, denied that NIC.br was "hacked", although NIC.br admitted the vulnerability.[6]
Domain registry[edit]
To register any domains under.br, it is necessary to enter into contact with Registro.br. Entities legally established in Brazil as a company ( "pessoa jurídica") or a physical person (" profissional liberal "and" pessoas físicas ") that has a contact within Brazil can register domains.[7]Foreign companies that have a power-of-attorney legally established in Brazil can also do it by followingspecific rules.
The registration of domains including non-ASCIIPortuguese characters(à, á, â, ã, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü and ç) is accepted since 2005.[8]
Syntactic rules for.br domains[edit]
- Minimum of 2 and maximum of 26 characters, not including the category. For example, in the field XXXX.COM.BR, this limitation relates to the XXXX.
- Valid characters are [A-Z, 0-9], the hyphen, and the following accented characters: à, á, â, ã, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ç.[8]
- Domains cannot contain only numbers.
- To maintain the integrity of the registry, Registro.br sets up an equivalence mapping to compare domain names with and without accented characters. The mapping is done by converting accented characters and the cedilla for their non-accented versions and "c", respectively, and discards hyphens. A new domain will only be allowed to be registered when there is no equivalent to a pre-existing domain, or when the applicant is the same entity that owns the domain equivalent.
- Specifically for the domain.NOM.BR, it is necessary to choose two names, i.e.: NAME1.NAME2.NOM.BR.
Usage statistics[edit]
The.BR TLD is the most commonPortuguese languagewebsite suffix,[1]surpassing all other Portuguese-speaking countries' TLDs as well as.COMin popularity.[citation needed][original research?]
Usage of the.BR space, highlighting its five most registeredsecond-level domains
Data as of 28 August 2023.[2]
As of 28 August 2023, Registro.br's statistics page reported the following:[2]
- 5,226,129total domains registered under.BR;
- 1,574,913(30.14%) domains usingDNSSEC.
| Category | Total domain count | Most registered | Least registered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Generic | 4,994,486(95.57%) | COM.BR (4,856,420,or 92.93% of the total) | EMP.BR (843,or 0.02% of the total) |
| Legal persons | 112,175(2.15%) | ORG.BR (52,423,or 1.00% of the total) | DEF.BR and TC.BR (28each, or 0.0005% of the total) |
| Professionals | 92,478(1.77%) | ADV.BR (46,574,or 0.89% of the total) | ZLG.BR (8,or 0.0002% of the total) |
| Cities | 13,711(0.26%) | RIO.BR (2,618,or 0.05% of the total) | SAOGONCA.BR (1,or 0.00002% of the total) |
| Natural persons | 8,594(0.16%) | BLOG.BR (6,519,or 0.12% of the total) | FLOG.BR (105,or 0.002% of the total) |
| Universities | 4,685(0.09%) | EDU.BR (3,478,or 0.07% of the total) | — |
The "Universities" category only has a single predefinedsecond-level domain,EDU.BR, but it also includes1,207(0.02% of the total) custom second-level domains registered directly under.BR – for example, theNational Observatoryat ON.BR.
Second-level domains[edit]
Direct registration[edit]
In 1991, it was decided that universities and research institutes would be allowed second-level.br domains directly. For example:Federal University of Rio de Janeirogotufrj.br;University of São Paulogotusp.br;National Institute for Space Researchgotinpe.br;and so on.[9]
In late 2000, the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee reported abuse in this system, and called for all institutions directly under.br to be moved to.edu.br – so, for example,ufrj.brwould becomeufrj.edu.br.During a meeting in early 2001, however, the Committee decided it would be of public interest to not move every second-level domain as to avoid confusion, but instead established rules regarding their registration:[10]
- No longer accepting automatic registration of second-level domains, and evaluating every request for one individually;
- Creating edu.br, and forwarding requests from education and research institutions to it;
- Concession to education and research institutes that already had a second-level.br domain, as long as its usage is appropriate and that domain name is related to the institution's name or acronym. Domains approved are automatically duplicated under edu.br as well, and both may exist concurrently – for example, the still existingufrj.bralso has a registeredufrj.edu.br,although the latter is not used;
- Other institutions not approved above must be migrated permanently to edu.br (but would be given sufficient time for the transition).
As of August 2023, Registro.br reports 1207 domains registered directly under.br.[2]
Predefined domains[edit]
As of August 2021, there are 140 different second-level domains of.br under which custom domains can be registered, and they are divided into six categories: "Generic", "Cities", "Universities", "Professionals", "Natural persons"and"Legal persons".[11]They are the following:
| "Generic" second-level.br domains | |
|---|---|
| Domain | Intended use |
| APP.br | Apps |
| ART.br | Arts: music, painting,folklore |
| COM.br | Commercial activities |
| DEV.br | Developers and development platforms |
| ECO.br | Eco- or environment focused activities |
| EMP.br | Small andmicro-enterprises |
| LOG.br | Transport and logistics |
| NET.br | Commercial activities |
| ONG.br | Non-governmental organizations |
| SEG.br | Security |
| TEC.br | Technology |
| "Universities" second-level.br domains | |
|---|---|
| Domain | Intended use |
| EDU.br | Higher education institutions |
| "Natural persons" second-level.br domains | |
|---|---|
| Domain | Intended use |
| BLOG.br | Web logs |
| FLOG.br | Photo logs |
| NOM.br | Natural persons |
| VLOG.br | Video logs |
| WIKI.br | Wiki-like pages |
| "Legal persons" second-level.br domains | |
|---|---|
| Unrestricted | |
| Domain | Intended use |
| AGR.br | Agriculture- orfarm-related companies |
| ESP.br | Sportin general |
| ETC.br | Companies that do not fit into other categories |
| FAR.br | Pharmaciesand drugstores |
| IMB.br | Real estate agencies |
| IND.br | Industries |
| INF.br | Media and information (radios, newspapers, libraries,...) |
| RADIO.br | "Companies wishing to transmit audio through the network" |
| REC.br | Recreational activities, games |
| SRV.br | Work for hire |
| TMP.br | Temporary events, such asfairsandexpos |
| TUR.br | Tourism-related companies |
| TV.br | "Internet transmission of sounds and images" |
| Restricted | |
| Domain | Intended use |
| AM.br | Radiocompanies |
| COOP.br | Cooperatives |
| FM.br | Radiocompanies |
| G12.br | Primaryorsecondary schools(K–12equivalent) |
| GOV.br | Federal governmentinstitutions |
| MIL.br | Brazilian Armed Forces |
| ORG.br | Not-for-profitnon-governmental organizations |
| PSI.br | Internet service providers |
| DNSSECrequired | |
| Domain | Intended use |
| B.br | Banks |
| DEF.br | Public defenders |
| JUS.br | Judiciaryinstitutions |
| LEG.br | Legislativeinstitutions |
| MP.br | Public Ministryinstitutions |
| TC.br | Tribunal de Contas da União |
| "Cities" second-level.br domains | |
|---|---|
| Domain | Intended use |
| 9GUACU.br | Nova Iguaçu,Rio de Janeiro |
| ABC.br | ABC Region,São Paulo |
| AJU.br | Aracaju,Sergipe |
| ANANI.br | Ananindeua,Pará |
| APARECIDA.br | Aparecida,São Paulo |
| BARUERI.br | Barueri,São Paulo |
| BELEM.br | Belém,Pará |
| BHZ.br | Belo Horizonte,Minas Gerais |
| BOAVISTA.br | Boa Vista,Roraima |
| BSB.br | Brasília,Federal District |
| CAMPINAGRANDE.br | Campina Grande,Paraíba |
| CAMPINAS.br | Campinas,São Paulo |
| CAXIAS.br | Duque de Caxias,Rio de Janeiro[12] |
| CONTAGEM.br | Contagem,Minas Gerais |
| CUIABA.br | Cuiabá,Mato Grosso |
| CURITIBA.br | Curitiba,Paraná |
| FEIRA.br | Feira de Santana,Bahia |
| FLORIPA.br | Florianópolis,Santa Catarina |
| FORTAL.br | Fortaleza,Ceará |
| FOZ.br | Foz do Iguaçu,Paraná |
| GOIANIA.br | Goiânia,Goiás |
| GRU.br | Guarulhos,São Paulo |
| JAB.br | Jaboatão dos Guararapes,Pernambuco |
| JAMPA.br | João Pessoa,Paraíba |
| JDF.br | Juiz de Fora,Minas Gerais |
| JOINVILLE.br | Joinville,Santa Catarina |
| LONDRINA.br | Londrina,Paraná |
| MACAPA.br | Macapá,Amapá |
| MACEIO.br | Maceió,Alagoas |
| MANAUS.br | Manaus,Amazonas |
| MARINGA.br | Maringá,Paraná |
| MORENA.br | Campo Grande,Mato Grosso do Sul |
| NATAL.br | Natal,Rio Grande do Norte |
| NITEROI.br | Niterói,Rio de Janeiro |
| OSASCO.br | Osasco,São Paulo |
| PALMAS.br | Palmas,Tocantins |
| POA.br | Porto Alegre,Rio Grande do Sul |
| PVH.br | Porto Velho,Rondônia |
| RECIFE.br | Recife,Pernambuco |
| RIBEIRAO.br | Ribeirão Preto,São Paulo[13] |
| RIO.br | Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro |
| RIOBRANCO.br | Rio Branco,Acre |
| RIOPRETO.br | São José do Rio Preto,São Paulo |
| SALVADOR.br | Salvador,Bahia |
| SAMPA.br | São Paulo,São Paulo |
| SANTAMARIA.br | Santa Maria,Rio Grande do Sul |
| SANTOANDRE.br | Santo André,São Paulo |
| SAOBERNARDO.br | São Bernardo do Campo,São Paulo |
| SAOGONCA.br | São Gonçalo,Rio de Janeiro |
| SJC.br | São José dos Campos,São Paulo |
| SLZ.br | São Luís,Maranhão |
| SOROCABA.br | Sorocaba,São Paulo |
| THE.br | Teresina,Piauí |
| UDI.br | Uberlândia,Minas Gerais |
| VIX.br | Vitória,Espírito Santo |
Special second-level domains[edit]
From 2000 until 2009, during election cycles, electoral candidates could register domains underCAN.br, with the format[name][number].can.br– where the name is the registered candidate name, and the number is the identification number for that candidate in the election (related to theparty's identification number).[14][15]The second-level domain was in a category of its own, called "natural persons, special".[16]
As an example, during the 2004 elections for mayor ofAracaju:[17]
- Marcelo Dédahad the websitededa13.can.br(his surname andWorker's Party's identification number, 13);
- Susana Azevedo had the websitesusana23.can.br(her first name andCidadania's identification number, 23);
- Jorge Alberto had the websitejorgealberto15.can.br(his name andMDB's identification number, 15).
Domains were free for registered candidates. Additionally, domains were automatically cancelled at the end of thefirst roundif the candidate lost, and remaining ones were cancelled after the end of the second round.[14]
No new.can.br domains have been registered since 2009.[18]
Agencies[edit]
There are multiple agencies registered directly under.br, as second-level domains, that are not higher education or research institutions. The following list might not be exhaustive:
| Domain | Domain meaning | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CGI.br | Acronym for "Comitê Gestor da Internet" (lit. 'Internet Administration Committee') | The Committee establishes strategic directives related to the use and development of the internet in Brazil, directives for the registration of domain names, IP allocation and administration regarding the.br TLD |
| NIC.br | Acronym forNetwork Information Center | Created to implement decisions and projects of the Committee (CGI.br) |
| IX.br PTT.br (old) |
IX: Acronym forInternet eXchange PTT: Acronym for "Ponto de Troca de Tráfego" (lit. 'Traffic Exchange Point') |
Handles the internet exchange point system of Brazil |
| REGISTRO.br | Portuguese for "registration" | .br registry |
| CETIC.br | Acronym for "CEntro de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação" (lit. 'Center of Information and Communications Technology') | Officially called "Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação", it monitors the adoption ofinformation and communications technologyin Brazil |
| CEPTRO.br | Acronym for "Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Tecnologia de Redes e Operações" (lit. 'Center for Studies and Research in Network Technology and Operations') | Responsible for initiatives and projects that support or perfect the internet infrastructure in Brazil |
| CERT.br | Acronym forComputer Emergency Response Team | Has the mission to increase the security levels and incident handling capabilities regarding networks connected to Brazil's internet |
| CEWEB.br | Acronym for "Centro de Estudos sobre Tecnologias Web" (lit. 'Center for Studies on Web Technologies') | Has the mission to enable the participation of the Brazilian community in the global development of the web |
| W3C.br | W3C | Brazilian branch of the World Wide Web Consortium |
| NTP.br | Acronym forNetwork Time Protocol | Provides the legal,standard timefor Brazil |
| IPV6.br | IPv6 | Promote and disseminate IPv6 usage in Brazil |
| ANTISPAM.br | Anti-spam | Has the mission to inform users and network administrators about spam, its implications and forms of protection and combat |
| INTERNETSEGURA.br | Portuguese for "Safe Internet" | Has the mission to incentivize the safe use of the internet |
| ZAPPIENS.br | Named afterPortugal's now defunctZappiens.pt,managed by theFCCN | Has the mission to be a free service for the aggregation and distribution of audiovisual scientific, educational, artistic and cultural content inPortuguese |
Most of these agencies are subsidiaries ofCGI.brand, as such, they follow a similarcorporate identity.The "logos" are combinations of the names of the agencies with the logo for.br, all of which are simply typed out with Brandon Schoech (Tepid Monkey)'sfreewarefont "Qhytsdakx":
-
Logo for.br, a slightly modified "br" in green -
Logo forCGI.br -
Logo forNIC.br -
Logo forIX.br -
Logo forRegistro.br -
Logo for IPv6.br
Networks[edit]
There are multiple networks registered directly under.br, usually of academic nature. Again, this list may not be exhaustive:
| Domain | Domain meaning | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RNP.br RNP2.br |
Acronym for "Rede Nacional de ensino e Pesquisa" (lit. 'National Network of Education and Research') | An academic backbone of Brazilian internet |
| RCT-SC.br | Acronym for "Rede Catarinense de Ciência e Tecnologia" (lit. 'Santa Catarina Network for Science and Technology') | Academic network for the state ofSanta Catarina |
| REDERIO.br | "Rede Rio" (lit. 'Rio Network') | Academic network for the state ofRio de Janeiro |
| REDNESP.br ANSP.br (old) |
Acronym for "Research and EDucation NEtwork at São Paulo" | Academic network for the state ofSão Paulo |
| TCHE.br | "Rede Tchê" (lit. 'Tchê Network'), named after the interjection common in the South of Brazil,tchê | Academic network for theSouth Regionof Brazil |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abAs of 18 August 2021, Google showed 2.76 billion pages forsite:.br,351 million forsite:.pt(Portugal) and 6.16 million forsite:.ao(Angola).Portuguese pagesin the domain were 2.19 billion.
- ^abcd"Estatísticas".Registro.br(in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 August 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2023.Retrieved28 August2023.
- ^IANA- Informações sobre a delegação do.br
- ^NIC.br- CGI.br comemora os 20 anos do ".br"
- ^"Comunicado ao Público".CGI.br.14 February 2006.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^Andy Greenberg (4 April 2017)."How Hackers Hijacked a Bank's Entire Online Operation".Wired.
Kaspersky believes the attackers compromised NIC.br (...) Kaspersky points to a January blog post from NIC.br that admitted to a vulnerability in its website (...) [Frederico Neves] denied that NIC.br had been "hacked." But he conceded that accounts may have been altered
- ^"Why Choose a.BR Domain for Your Business in Brazil?".nominus.
- ^abRegistro.br - Tips and Rules
- ^Getschko, Demi (1 April 2006)."Nomes de domínio na internet".Pesquisa sobre o uso das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação 2005(in Brazilian Portuguese).São Paulo:CGI.br:21–24.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"Nota de Esclarecimento sobre utilização do DPN.edu".NIC.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"Categorias de domínios.br"[Categories of.br domains].Registro.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved17 August2021.
- ^"Duque de Caxias terá domínios 'caxias.br'"[Duque de Caxias will have 'caxias.br' domains].NIC.br(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 September 2017.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^Santos, Leonardo (22 September 2017)."Ribeirão Preto ganha próprio domínio de internet"[Ribeirão Preto gets its own internet domain].NIC.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^abJanuário, Larissa (24 March 2008)."Eleições 2008: candidatos terão domínio can.br"[2008 Elections: candidates will have can.br domain].NIC.br(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2021.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"Ata da Reunião de 28 de fevereiro de 2002"(in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 February 2002. Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2014.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"Resolução CGI.br/RES/2008/008/P".CGI.br(in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 November 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 21 April 2014.Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^Franciscato, Carlos Eduardo (11 September 2004)."Como a Internet está ajudando eleitores e candidatos".Infonet(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved18 August2021.
- ^"can.br - 31/12/1995 a 17/08/2021".Registro.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2021.Retrieved18 August2021.
External links[edit]
- IANA.br whois information
- Registro.br: Brazil's official registry administrator
- Second-level domain statisticsfor.br
- TepidMonkey's archived website(source of the font used in the logos, "Qhytsdakx" )
