 | |
| Introduced | January 1, 1985 |
|---|---|
| Registry | Verisign |
| Sponsor | None |
| Intended use | Commercialentities |
| Actual use | Used for general purposes and is widely regarded as the standard for TLDs |
| Registration restrictions | None |
| Structure | Registrations are conducted at second level. |
| Documents | RFC920;RFC1591;ICANN registry agreement |
| Dispute policies | UDRP |
| DNSSEC | Yes |
| IDN | Yes |
| Registry website | Verisign Registry |
The domaincomis atop-level domain(TLD) in theDomain Name System(DNS) of theInternet.Created in the first group of Internet domains at the beginning of 1985, its name is derived from the wordcommercial,[1]indicating its original intended purpose for subdomains registered by commercial organizations. Later, the domain opened for general purposes.
The domain was originally administered by theUnited States Department of Defense,but is today operated byVerisign,and remains under ultimate jurisdiction of U.S. law.[2][3][4]Thedomain is also more commonly used than the more specific.usby American businesses and enterprises.[5]Verisign registrations in the domain are processed viaregistrarsaccredited byICANN.The registry acceptsinternationalized domain names.
The domain was one of the original TLDs of the Internet when the Domain Name System was implemented in January 1985, the others beingedu,gov,mil,net,org,andint.[6]It has grown into the largest top-level domain,[7]and has lent its name to thedot-com bubble,the era of the late 1990s during which excessive speculation in Internet-related concepts and companies led to rapid growth in the use and adoption of theInternet.By 2001 it led to astock market bubbleand crash of company valuations and stock pricing.
History[edit]
The domaincomwas one of the first set of top-level domains when the Domain Name System was first implemented for the Internet on January 1, 1985.[8]The domain was administered by the U.S. Department of Defense, but the department contracted the domain maintenance toSRI International.SRI created DDN-NIC, also known as SRI-NIC, or simplythe NIC(Network Information Center),[9]then accessible online with the domain name nic.ddn.mil. Beginning October 1, 1991, an operations contract was awarded to Government Systems Inc. (GSI), which sub-contracted it toNetwork SolutionsInc. (NSI).[10]
On January 1, 1993, theNational Science Foundationassumed responsibility of maintenance, as com was primarily being used for non-defense interests. The NSF contracted operation toNetwork Solutions(NSI). In 1995, the NSF authorized NSI to begin charging registrants an annual fee for the first time since the domain's inception. Initially, the fee was US$50 (equivalent to $100 in 2023) per year, with US$35 going to NSI, and US$15 going to a government fund. New registrations had to pay for the first two years, making the new-domain registration fee US$100. In 1997, theUnited States Department of Commerceassumed authority over these first seven generic TLDs. It is currently operated by Verisign, which had acquired Network Solutions. Verisign later spun off Network Solutions' non-registry functions into a separate company that continues as a registrar. In theEnglish language,the domain is often spelled with a leading period and commonly pronounced asdot-com,and has entered common parlance this way.
Although com domains were initially intended to designate commercial entities,[11]the domain has had no restrictions for eligible registrants since the mid-1990s. With the commercialization and popularization of the Internet, the domain was opened to the public and quickly became the most common top-level domain forwebsites,email,and networking. Manycompaniesthat flourished in the period from 1997 to 2001—the time known as the "dot-com bubble"—incorporated the labelcominto company names; these became known as dot-coms ordot-com companies.The introduction of domainbizin 2001, which was aimed at companies that failed to register a suitable com-domain name, intended to make customers realize that they had arrived at a legitimate business website, although it did not achieve widespread use.[12]
Although companies anywhere in the world can registercomdomains, many countries have a second-level domain with a similar purpose under their country code top-level domain (ccTLD), such as Australia (com.au), China (com.cn), Greece (com.gr), Israel (co.il), India (co.in), Indonesia (co.id), Japan (co.jp), Mexico (com.mx), Nepal (.np), South Korea (co.kr), Sri Lanka (com.lk), United Kingdom (co.uk), and Vietnam (.vn).
Many non-commercial sites and networks use com names to benefit from the perceived recognizability of a com domain. However, the registration statistics show varying popularity over the years.[7]
In December 2011, Verisign reported that approximately 100 million com domains were registered.[13]According to the Domain Name Industry Brief published in March 2020, which publishes every quarter, com domain registration totaled 145.4[14]million. As of March 2009, Verisign reported that 926 accredited registrars serve the domain.[13]
On November 29, 2012, the U.S. Department of Commerce approved the renewal of the com Registry Agreement between Verisign, Inc., andICANN.Through this agreement, Verisign managed the com registry until November 30, 2018.[15]
List of oldest second-level domains[edit]
The following are the 100 oldest still-existing registeredcomdomains.[16]
| Rank | Creation date | Domain name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | March 15, 1985 | symbolics |
| 2 | April 24, 1985 | BBN |
| 3 | May 24, 1985 | think |
| 4 | July 11, 1985 | MCC |
| 5 | September 30, 1985 | DEC |
| 6 | November 7, 1985 | northrop |
| 7 | January 9, 1986 | xerox |
| 8 | January 17, 1986 | SRI |
| 9 | March 3, 1986 | HP |
| 10 | March 5, 1986 | bellcore |
| 11 | March 19, 1986 | IBM |
| 11 | March 19, 1986 | sun |
| 13 | March 25, 1986 | intel |
| 13 | March 25, 1986 | TI |
| 15 | April 25, 1986 | ATT |
| 16 | May 8, 1986 | GMR |
| 16 | May 8, 1986 | tek |
| 18 | July 10, 1986 | FMC |
| 18 | July 10, 1986 | UB |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | bell-atl |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | GE |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | grebyn |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | ISC |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | NSC |
| 20 | August 5, 1986 | stargate |
| 26 | September 2, 1986 | boeing |
| 27 | September 18, 1986 | ITCorp |
| 28 | September 29, 1986 | siemens |
| 29 | October 18, 1986 | pyramid |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | Alpha DC |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | BDM |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | fluke |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | inmet |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | kesmai |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | mentor |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | NEC |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | ray |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | rosemount |
| 30 | October 27, 1986 | vortex |
| 40 | November 5, 1986 | alcoa |
| 40 | November 5, 1986 | GTE |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | adobe |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | AMD |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | DAS |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | data-IO |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | octopus |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | portal |
| 42 | November 17, 1986 | teltone |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | 3Com |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | amdahl |
| Rank | Creation date | Domain name |
|---|---|---|
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | CCUR |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | CI |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | convergent |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | DG |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | peregrine |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | quad |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | SQ |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | tandy |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | TTI |
| 49 | December 11, 1986 | unisys |
| 61 | January 19, 1987 | CGI |
| 61 | January 19, 1987 | CTS |
| 61 | January 19, 1987 | SPDCC |
| 64 | February 19, 1987 | apple |
| 65 | March 4, 1987 | NMA |
| 65 | March 4, 1987 | prime |
| 67 | April 4, 1987 | philips |
| 68 | April 23, 1987 | datacube |
| 68 | April 23, 1987 | KAI |
| 68 | April 23, 1987 | TIC |
| 68 | April 23, 1987 | vine |
| 72 | April 30, 1987 | NCR |
| 73 | May 14, 1987 | cisco |
| 73 | May 14, 1987 | RDL |
| 75 | May 20, 1987 | SLB |
| 76 | May 27, 1987 | parcplace |
| 76 | May 27, 1987 | UTC |
| 78 | June 26, 1987 | IDE |
| 79 | July 9, 1987 | TRW |
| 80 | July 13, 1987 | unipress |
| 81 | July 27, 1987 | dupont |
| 81 | July 27, 1987 | lockheed |
| 83 | July 28, 1987 | rosetta |
| 84 | August 18, 1987 | toad |
| 85 | August 31, 1987 | quick |
| 86 | September 3, 1987 | allied |
| 86 | September 3, 1987 | DSC |
| 86 | September 3, 1987 | SCO |
| 89 | September 22, 1987 | gene |
| 89 | September 22, 1987 | KCCS |
| 89 | September 22, 1987 | spectra |
| 89 | September 22, 1987 | WLK |
| 93 | September 30, 1987 | mentat |
| 94 | October 14, 1987 | WYSE |
| 95 | November 2, 1987 | CFG |
| 96 | November 9, 1987 | marble |
| 97 | November 16, 1987 | cayman |
| 97 | November 16, 1987 | entity |
| 99 | November 24, 1987 | KSR |
| 100 | November 30, 1987 | NYNEXST |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Postel, J.; Reynolds, J.K. (October 1984).RFC 920: Domain Requirements.p. 2.doi:10.17487/RFC0920.RFC920.
COM = Commercial, any commercial related domains meeting the second level requirements.
- ^Pott, Trevor; Thomson, Iain (March 1, 2012)."US shuts down Canadian gambling site with Verisign's help".The Register.
- ^"Les" "peuvent être saisis par les autorités américaines"(in French). PC World magazine. Archived fromthe originalon February 27, 2013.RetrievedNovember 28,2012.
- ^Kaelin, Lee (March 1, 2012)."No need for SOPA, VeriSign seizes bodog for US authorities".TechSpot.
- ^"The Most Popular Domain Extensions | Top 10 TLDs".Ionos.October 17, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on May 10, 2023.RetrievedMay 10,2023.
- ^"ICANN | Archives | Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)".
- ^ab"Domain Name Industry Brief (DNIB)".Verisign.December 31, 2022.RetrievedMarch 23,2023.
- ^"Domain Delegation Data".IANA.RetrievedFebruary 1,2020.
- ^Sitzler, Dana D.; Smith, Patricia G.; Marine, April N. (February 1992).Building a Network Information Services Infrastructure.p. 3.doi:10.17487/RFC1302.FYI 12.RFC1302.
- ^[email protected] (September 25, 1991)."SRI-NIC services moving".Newsgroup:ddn.mgt-bulletin.Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2011.
- ^Jon Postel(March 1994).RFC 1591 Domain Name System Structure and Delegation.p. 2.doi:10.17487/RFC1591.RFC1591.
- ^ "Introducing.COM,.ORG,.NET,.BIZ, &.COMDomains".November 17, 2020.
- ^ab"Monthly Transaction Report".icann.org.December 2011. Archived fromthe original(CSV)on May 20, 2013.
- ^"Executive Summary"(PDF).The Domain Name Industry Brief.17(1).Verisign:2. March 2020.
- ^"Department of Commerce Approves Verisign-ICANN Registry Renewal Agreement".ntia.doc.gov(Press release). November 30, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon December 3, 2012.
- ^"100 oldest domains".iWhois. Archived fromthe originalon October 14, 2013.RetrievedMarch 10,2012.