.se
 | |
| Introduced | 4 September 1986 |
|---|---|
| TLDtype | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Sponsor | The Internet Foundation in Sweden |
| Intended use | Entities connected withSweden |
| Actual use | Very popular in Sweden. Also used fordomain hacks. |
| Registered domains | 1,466,636 (31 March 2024)[1] |
| Documents | Terms and regulations for registration |
| Dispute policies | Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) |
| DNSSEC | yes |
| Registry website | internetstiftelsen |
.se,formerly branded as.SE,is thecountry code top-level domain(ccTLD) forSweden.It is operated byThe Swedish Internet Foundation(Internetstiftelsen), but domains must be registered through one of the approved registrars. The Internet Foundation in Sweden is managed on the basis of its charter of foundation and its statutes. The Foundation is managed by a board of directors, whose decisions are executed by the executive management.
Pre 2003 system[edit]
Prior to April 2003, the rules governing domains under the.se top domain were highly restrictive. Only companies, associations and authorities registered nationwide were allowed to register a domain, and it had to be very similar to the registered name. Individual products were not eligible for separate second-level domain names, even if they wereregistered trademarks.(Trademarks could register under tm.se but that was not considered satisfactory. Several companies formed daughter companies named after products to circumvent this rule and protect the trademark.) Individuals could register one (and only one) domain with the suffix.pp.se (ppis an abbreviation for "private person" ), and companies and organizations registered in just a singlecountywere eligible for domains with a <county letter>.se suffix.[2]Non-profit organisation names are registered on county level in Sweden. Sports clubs do not need to register their name, but that was needed in order to register a "county.se" name, which made it complicated. Many who could not register directly under.se instead registered underor.nu.These rules were introduced in 1996. Before that there were unofficial rules that were even more restrictive, where private people and sports clubs could not register a domain.
The former Second Level Domains were:[3]
| Domain | Use |
|---|---|
| a.se | StockholmCity |
| b.se | Stockholm County |
| ac.se | Västerbotten County |
| bd.se | Norrbotten County |
| c.se | Uppsala County |
| d.se | Södermanland County |
| e.se | Östergötland County |
| f.se | Jönköping County |
| g.se | Kronoberg County |
| h.se | Kalmar County |
| i.se | Gotland County |
| k.se | Blekinge County |
| l.se | Kristianstad County |
| m.se | Skåne County |
| n.se | Halland County |
| o.se | Västra Götaland County |
| p.se | Älvsborg County |
| r.se | Skaraborg County |
| s.se | Värmland County |
| t.se | Örebro County |
| u.se | Västmanland County |
| w.se | Dalarna County |
| x.se | Gävleborg County |
| y.se | Västernorrland County |
| z.se | Jämtland County |
| org.se | Non-profit organizations |
| pp.se | Private persons |
| tm.se | Trademarks |
| parti.se | Political parties |
| press.se | Periodicals |
Only a few of these second level domains are still (2021) used as in active web addresses.
Since å, ä, ö were not available for technical reasons, organisations could register the name with a and o instead if available, sometimes causing trouble. TheHaboandHåbomunicipalities had a legal battle about the name habo.se which Håbo won since they registered first. After many years, in 2011, they agreed to makehabo.selink to both municipalities' websites. From 2003 Sweden allowed registering å, ä, ö in web addresses.
Post 2003 system[edit]
With the new rules, any entity or person may register any number of domains, subject to few restrictions. Individuals may register whatever.se domain, as long as it is available, not in.SE's Blocked or Reserved list.At the same time, the rules for domain name allocation were changed to the principle of first-come, first-served, and simpler rules fordispute resolutionwere created.
As of October 2003,.SE started accepting registrations ofinternationalized domain names,containing the letterså,ä,ö,üandé.On 6 September 2007, a total of 250 characters became available, supporting names in all of the legally recognizedminority languages of Sweden:Finnish, Meänkieli (Tornedalsfinska), Sami, Romani and Yiddish.
Domain names with å, ä, ö have not seen much use, partly since browsers on the user's side must have special support. As of 2013, organisations having å, ä, ö in their name (likeSkåne) mainly use domains without these letters (e.g.skane.se), and redirect from their proper name (e.g.skåne.se). Many organisations have however not registered their proper name with å, ä or ö.
There are some second-level TLDs still in use under.se, for example.domstol.sereserved for Swedish courts. These might not be recognized by the NIC as second-level TLDs, though in practice they are.
.se is the first TLD to offerDNSSECservices. It does so usingOpenDNSSEC.
The entire.se domain was unavailable for 58 minutes on 12 October 2009, when an error during routine maintenance by.SE corrupted all names in thedomain name registry.[4]
Known hacks[edit]
Many Swedishdomainswere reserved forEnglishwords that end with "se". As of today, there are practically no suchdomain namesleft available on the domain prime market as the result ofdomain name speculation.Most of them can be bought on the domain secondary market. Only a few domains were developed.
References[edit]
- ^"Tillväxtstatistik för.se".Internetstiftelsen(in Swedish).Retrieved2024-04-02.
- ^"Swedes Abandoning.SE Country Code".InternetNews. 1998-12-14. Archived fromthe originalon 14 December 2008.Retrieved2009-02-19.
- ^Google searchon a.seon b.seon c.seon d.seon org.seon tm.seon press.seetc
- ^"Sweden's Internet broken by DNS mistake".Pingdom. 13 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2009.Retrieved2009-10-13.
External links[edit]
- IANA.se whois information
- iis.se,.SE (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation)
- List of approved registrars