.yu
| Introduced | 15 June 1989 |
|---|---|
| Removed | 30 March 2010 |
| TLDtype | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Discontinued |
| Registry | nic.yu (Yugoslav Internet Domain Registry) |
| Sponsor | YUNET Association |
| Intended use | Entities connected with the former Yugoslaviaand Serbia and Montenegro |
| Registration restrictions | Registration not available since 10 March 2008. |
| Structure | Registrations were made at third level beneath established subdomains |
| Documents | Policy statement |
| Registry website | nic.yu (formerly) |
.yuwas theInternetcountry codetop-level domain(ccTLD) that was assigned toSFR Yugoslaviain 1989 and was mainly used bySerbia and Montenegroand its two successor states. AfterMontenegroandSerbiaacquired separate.meand.rsdomains in 2007, a transition period started, and the.yu domain finally expired in 2010.[1]
History[edit]
The.yu ccTLD was assigned originally to theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were theUniversity of Mariborand theJožef Stefan Institute,which were located inSlovenia.Computer scientistBorka Jerman Blažičregistered the domain in 1989, which allowed Yugoslavia to have an Internet connection.[2]
When the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia registered their own ccTLDs (.si,.hr,.baand.mk).SerbiaandMontenegroformed theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia,but wasunder international sanctions at the timebecause of ongoingYugoslav wars.The old.yu domain registry had been left inSlovenia,and the domain became asuccession matterwhen the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to theUniversity of BelgradeinSerbia,which had requested they do so.
In 1994, theInternet Assigned Numbers Authorityfinally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. After that, the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at theUniversity of Belgrade.
The FR Yugoslavia renamed itselfSerbia and Montenegroin February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD.cswas reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However,.cs was never actually used, and.yu remained one of the few ccTLDs thatdid not correspondto a currentISO 3166-1two-letter code.
The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in June 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change ofISO 3166-1 Alpha -2code CS to RS. The new domains.rsfor Serbia and.mefor Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.
In September 2007ICANNresolved that the.yu domain would be operated temporarily under theSerbian National Register of Internet Domain Names(RNIDS), operators of the new.rs domain registry.[3]A two-year transition period started, and the.yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009.[4]However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension[5]and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the.yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010.[1][6]All.yu websites that failed to transition were deleted, including historical ones.[7] RNIDS estimated there to have been around four thousand active websites using the.yu domain at the time of its deprecation.[8]
Former use of.yu domains[edit]
All of the domains directly under.yu were reserved forlegal entitiesonly. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well asInternet service providers.TheSerbian Orthodox Churchwas also allowed to use.yu domain.
Thesecond-level domainsunder.yu included:
- Academic organizations, such as universities, used the.ac.yudomain. For example, the School of Electrical Engineering (ETF) at the University of Belgrade (BG) had the etf.bg.ac.yu domain.
- Educational institutions, such as primary and high schools, used the.edu.yudomain.
- Independent organizations used the.org.yudomain.
- Corporations used the.co.yudomain.
- The Government used the.gov.yudomain.
Montenegrinwebsites often used the.cg.yusubdomain which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which controlled the domain, which made it a popular option for those who opted not to purchase a domain for their website.
In the media[edit]
The domain is part of the story in the 2013 mini-documentary filmFrom Yu to Me.[2][9]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ab"The Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names Home Page".RNIDS. Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2010.Retrieved30 March2010.
- ^abPirnat, Andrej J. (30 May 2016)."To je znanstvenica, ki je v Slovenijo pripeljala internet #intervju"[This is the scientist who brought the internet to Slovenia #interview].Siol.net(in Slovenian). Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2017.Retrieved29 November2018.
- ^"Preliminary Report for Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors".ICANN. 11 September 2007.Retrieved24 January2023.
- ^"Preliminary Report of Special Board Meeting".ICANN. 30 September 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2009.Retrieved13 October2009.
- ^"End in sight for Yugoslav domains".BBC News.29 September 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 29 September 2009.Retrieved29 September2009.
- ^Ben-David, Anat (1 August 2016). "What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the former Yugoslav top-level domain".New Media & Society.18(7): 1103–1119.doi:10.1177/1461444816643790.ISSN1461-4448.S2CID2906701.
- ^O'Toole, Frani (20 February 2019)."The New Museum Hits" Save "on Net Art".Hyperallergic.Retrieved11 March2021.
- ^"YU domain becomes history".rnids.rs. 30 March 2010.Retrieved23 January2023.
- ^"From yu to me".Tanya Leighton.Retrieved2 May2019.
External links[edit]
- IANA.yu whois information
- "Srbija i Crna Gora – koje će biti ime domena? Internet domen Srbije: RS, SS, SP, SQ, SW ili SX"Archived21 November 2019 at theWayback Machine,Elitesecurity, 5 February 2003.(in Serbian)