1525
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1525 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1525 MDXXV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2278 |
| Armenian calendar | 974 ԹՎ ՋՀԴ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6275 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1446–1447 |
| Bengali calendar | 932 |
| Berber calendar | 2475 |
| English Regnal year | 16Hen. 8– 17Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2069 |
| Burmese calendar | 887 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7033–7034 |
| Chinese calendar | Giáp thânNăm (WoodMonkey) 4222 or 4015 — to — Ất dậu năm (WoodRooster) 4223 or 4016 |
| Coptic calendar | 1241–1242 |
| Discordian calendar | 2691 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1517–1518 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5285–5286 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1581–1582 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1446–1447 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4625–4626 |
| Holocene calendar | 11525 |
| Igbo calendar | 525–526 |
| Iranian calendar | 903–904 |
| Islamic calendar | 931–932 |
| Japanese calendar | Daiei5 ( đại vĩnh ５ năm ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1443–1444 |
| Julian calendar | 1525 MDXXV |
| Korean calendar | 3858 |
| Minguo calendar | 387 beforeROC Dân trước 387 năm |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 57 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2067–2068 |
| Tibetan calendar | Dương mộc năm con khỉ (male Wood-Monkey) 1651 or 1270 or 498 — to — Âm gà gỗ năm (female Wood-Rooster) 1652 or 1271 or 499 |
Year1525(MDXXV) was acommon year starting on Sunday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 21– TheAnabaptistMovement is born[1]whenConrad Grebel,Felix Manz,George Blaurock,and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse,Zürich,[2]breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
- February 24–Battle of Pavia:German andSpanishforces underCharles de Lannoyand the Marquis of Pescara defeat theFrencharmy, and captureFrancis I of France,after his horse is wounded byCesare Hercolani.While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form aFranco-Ottoman alliancewithSuleiman the Magnificentagainst theHabsburg Empireare made.[3]
- February 28– The last Aztec Emperor,Cuauhtémoc,is killed byHernán Cortés.[4]
- March 20– In theGermantown ofMemmingen,the pamphletTheTwelve Articles:The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressedis published,[5]the first human rights related document written in Europe.
April–June
[edit]- April 4–German Peasants' Warin theHoly Roman Empire:Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked byGeorg, Truchsess von Waldburgand the town ofLeipheimis forced to surrender.[6]Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
- April 10–Albert, Duke of PrussiacommitsPrussian Homage.
- May 14–15–German Peasants' War:Battle of Frankenhausen–Insurgentpeasants led by radical pastorThomas Müntzerare defeated.[7]Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates ofMühlhausen.[8]
- June 13–Martin Luthermarries ex-nunKatharina von Bora.[9]The painterLucas Cranach the Elderis one of the witnesses.[10]
- June 18–Henry VIII of Englandappoints his six-year old illegitimate sonHenry FitzRoyDuke of RichmondandSomerset.[11][12]
- June 23–24–German Peasants' War:Battle of Pfeddersheim– Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.
July–September
[edit]- July 29–Santa Marta,the first city inColombia,is founded by SpanishconquistadorRodrigo de Bastidas.[13]
- August 13– The coronation ofSophie of Pomeraniaas Queen consort of Denmark takes place inCopenhagen,a little more than a year after her husband's coronation asKing Frederick I.She is grantedLollandandFalster,thecastles in KielandPlön,and several villages inHolsteinfor her income.[14]
- August 30– The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign theTreaty of the Moreat a castle, "The More",inHertfordshire.[15]
- September 14– InSwitzerland,the burning of most of the book collection of theStiftsbibliothekof theGrossmünsterAbbey inZurichbegins, by order ofHuldrych Zwingli,as part of theSwiss Reformation.After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since1259for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.[16]
- September 24–Jeremias Iis restored to the position ofEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople,leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire SultanSuleiman the Magnificent.[17]
October–December
[edit]- October 10–the Earl of Angus,Scotland'sLord Warden of the Marchesin charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town ofBerwick-upon-Tweed.[18]
- November 25–Charles V, Holy Roman Emperoracting in his capacity as theKing of Spain,issues an edictordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslimsin theCrown of Aragon,similar to that issued for theCrown of Castileby Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to theKingdom of Valenciaand thePrincipality of Catalonia.[19]
- December 8– A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).[19]
- December 31– The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.[19]
- December – The first French ambassador to reach theSublime Porte,Jean Frangipani,sets out forConstantinople.
Date unknown
[edit]- Mixco Viejo,capital of the PocomansMayaState, falls to the SpanishconquistadoresofPedro de Alvarado(in modern-dayGuatemala) after a three-month siege.[20]
- European-brought diseases sweep through theAndes,killing thousands, including theInca.
- TheBubonic plaguespreads in southernFrance.
- Printing of the first edition ofWilliam Tyndale'sNew TestamentBible translationinto English inCologneis interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees toWorms[21](finished copies reach England in 1526).[22][23]
- Printing ofHuldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German byChristoph Froschauerbegins.
- TheNavarre witch trials (1525-26)begins.[24]
- The Chinese Ministry of War under theMing dynastyorders ships having more than onemastsailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort tocurb piracyand limit private commercial trade abroad.
- Kasurestablished as a city by theKheshgitribe ofPashtunsfromKabulwho migrate to the region in 1525 fromAfghanistan.
- The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according toJohannes Trithemius.[25]
Births
[edit]
- January 29–Lelio Sozzini,Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d.1562)
- February 5–Juraj Drašković,Croatian Catholic cardinal (d.1587)[26]
- March 19–Caspar Cruciger the Younger,German theologian (d.1597)[27]
- March 25–Richard Edwardes,English choral musician, playwright and poet (d.1566)
- March 26–Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied,German noblewoman (d.1581)
- June 1–Caspar Peucer,German reformer (d.1602)[28]
- June 29–Peter Agricola,German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d.1585)
- September 1–Christoffer Valkendorff,Danish politician (d.1601)[29]
- September 11–John George, Elector of Brandenburg(d.1598)[30][31]
- September 25–Steven Borough,English explorer (d.1584)[32]
- November 7–Georg Cracow,German lawyer and politician (d.1575)[33]
- December 1–Tadeáš Hájek,Czech astronomer (d.1600)
- December 23–John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg(d.1576)[34]
- date unknown–Maharal of Prague,Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d.1609)[35]
- probable
- Pieter Bruegel the Elder,Flemish painter (d.1569)[36]
- Baldassare Donato,Italian composer and singer (d.1603)[37]
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina,Italian composer (d.1594)[38]
- Hans Staden,German soldier and sailor (d.1579)[39]
Deaths
[edit]
- January 14–Franciabigio,Florentine painter (b.1482)[40]
- February 24(in action at theBattle of Pavia)
- Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet,French soldier (b. c.1488)[41][42]
- Jacques de La Palice,French nobleman and military officer (b.1470)[43]
- Richard de la Pole,last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b.1480)[44]
- Louis II de la Trémoille,French military leader (b.1460)[45]
- Bartolomeo Fanfulla,Italian mercenary (b.1477)
- René de Brosse,French noble[46]
- February 28–Cuauhtémoc,lastTlatoaniof theAztec Empire(b. c.1495)[47]
- April 2orApril 3–Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai,Italian Renaissance man of letters (b.1475)[48]
- May 5–Frederick III, Elector of Saxony(b.1463)[49]
- May 12–Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,Mecklenburgian royal (b.1485)[50]
- May 18–Pietro Pomponazzi,Italian philosopher (b.1462)[51]
- May 27–Thomas Müntzer,German pastor and rebel leader (b.1489) (executed)[52]
- July 5–Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia,German noble (b.1493)
- July 22–Richard Wingfield,English diplomat (b. c.1456)[53]
- August 4–Andrea della Robbia,Italian artist (b.1435)[54]
- October 24–Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre,Knight of Henry VIII of England (b.1467)[55]
- November 17–Eleanor of Viseu,queen ofJoão II of Portugal(b.1458)
- December 30–Jakob Fugger,German banker (b.1459)[56]
- probable
- Jean Lemaire de Belges,Walloon poet and historian (b.1473)[57]
- Anna Bielke,Swedish noble and commander (b.1490)[58]
References
[edit]- ^Gordon, Bruce (2002).The Swiss Reformation.Manchester University Press. p. 196.ISBN978-0-7190-5118-0.RetrievedJuly 30,2023.
- ^Hershberger, Guy Franklin (1963).Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung(in German). Evangelisches Verlagswerk. p. 59.RetrievedJuly 30,2023.
- ^Jean Giono (1965).The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525.P. Owen. p. 134.
- ^Ludlow, Úrsula Camba; Rosas, Alejandro (October 21, 2018).Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés(in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México.ISBN978-607-31-7361-2.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.
- ^Franz, Günther (December 1, 1939)."Die Entstehung der" Zwölf Artikel "der deutschen Bauernschaft".Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History(in German).36(jg): 193–213.doi:10.14315/arg-1939-jg14.ISSN2198-0489.S2CID163739674.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Engels, Friedrich (1926).The Peasant War in Germany.International Publishers. p. 118.ISBN978-91-40-09955-6.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Wienecke-Janz, Detlef (2007).Die Chronik der Deutschen(in German). Wissenmedia Verlag. p. 136.ISBN978-3-577-14374-5.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Sternal, Bernd (July 31, 2014).Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg(in German). Books on Demand. p. 32.ISBN978-3-7357-5965-8.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Christopher Ocker (August 30, 2018).Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West.Cambridge University Press. p. 437.ISBN978-1-107-19768-8.
- ^Bowers, Diane V. (March 2020)."To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance".Religions.11(3): 116.doi:10.3390/rel11030116.ISSN2077-1444.
- ^Powell, Roger S.; Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter de Vere (2008).Royal bastards: illegitimate children of the British Royal family.Stroud: Tempus. p. 191.ISBN978-0-7524-4668-4.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^"Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20".british-history.ac.uk.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Castro, Ricardo (1912).Páginas históricas colombianas(in Spanish). Imprenta Editorial. p. 415.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Laurs Laursen,"Sophie",Dansk Biografisk Lexikon(Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164
- ^"The Treaty of the More".Henry VIII,the Reign.
- ^Martin Germann,Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie( "The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography" )(Harrassowitz, 1994)
- ^Kiminas, Demetrius (2009).The Ecumenical Patriarchate.Wildside Press LLC. p. 38,46.ISBN978-1-4344-5876-6.
- ^George Ridpath; Philip Ridpath (1979).The border history of England and Scotland.Mercat Press. pp. 261–363.ISBN978-0-901824-58-5.
- ^abcL. P. Harvey,Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614(University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93
- ^Mahler, Richard (1999).Guatemala: Adventures in Nature.John Muir Publications. p. 113.ISBN978-1-56261-430-0.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^"Tyndale's New Testament, 1525".bl.uk.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Tenney, Merrill C. (August 10, 2010).The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition.Zondervan Academic.ISBN978-0-310-87700-4.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.
- ^Daniell, David (January 1, 2001).William Tyndale: A Biography.Yale University Press. p. 134.ISBN978-0-300-06880-1.RetrievedJuly 31,2023.
- ^Clark, Stuart; Monter, William (January 1, 2002).Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials.A&C Black. p. 45.ISBN978-0-485-89004-4.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (October 14, 2008).The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction.Oxford University Press. p. 52.ISBN978-0-19-971756-9.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1887).Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih(in Croatian). Matice Hrvatske. p. 6.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Kohnle, Armin; Dingel, Irene (April 1, 2021).Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation(in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 298.ISBN978-3-374-06808-1.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Harrisse, Henry (1872).A Description of Works Relating to America.p. 173.
- ^Helms, H. Jørgen (1917).Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden(in Danish). trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche. p. 25.ISBN978-87-11-64161-3.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Grabner, C. (1904).Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern(in German). p. 3.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Grossmann, Julius (1905).Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern(in German). W. Moeser. p. 22.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Mayers, Kit (2005).North-east passage to Muscovy: Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations.Stroud: Sutton. p. 5.ISBN978-0-7509-4069-6.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Schnabel-Schüle, Helga (September 13, 2017).Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 87.ISBN978-3-476-05411-1.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Rudloff, A. (1898).Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte(in German). Wilhelm Susserott. p. 71.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Sládek, Pavel (2017)."Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal".Judaica Bohemiae.LII(2): 5–31.ISSN0022-5738.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein (1969).The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel.H. N. Abrams. p. 25.
- ^"DONATO, Baldassare".treccani.it(in Italian).RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Marvin, Clara (October 15, 2013).Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide.Routledge. p. 1.ISBN978-1-135-61754-7.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^Ribas, Rosa (2005).Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI(in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 32.ISBN978-3-935004-80-0.RetrievedAugust 1,2023.
- ^McKillop, Susan Regan (January 1, 1974).Franciabigio.University of California Press. p. 252.ISBN978-0-520-01688-0.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Sulte, Benjamin (1919).Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte(in French). G. Ducharme. p. 32.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Herbst, Wilhelm (1881).Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen(in German). Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes. p. 396.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais(in French). Moulins: Impr. É. Auclaire. 1919. p. 69.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Grummitt, David (January 20, 2014).A Short History of the Wars of the Roses.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 182.ISBN978-0-85772-329-1.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^John Powell; Christina J. Moose; Rowena Wildin (2001).Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel.Salem Press. p. 873.ISBN978-0-89356-017-1.
- ^VAUGEOIS, J. F. Gabriel (1841).Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse(in French). P.E. Bredif. p. 319.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Morris Rosenblum (1969).Heroes of Mexico.Fleet Press Corporation. p. 41.ISBN978-0-8303-0082-2.
- ^Rucellai, Giovanni (1887).Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai(in Italian). N. Zanichelli. p. lx.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature.R. S. Peale & Company. 1890. p. 741.
- ^Schilling, Johannes (1997).Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation(in German). Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 30.ISBN978-3-579-01735-8.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Garin, Eugenio (January 1, 2008). "ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI".History of Italian Philosophy.Brill. p. 356.ISBN978-94-012-0522-1.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Roper, Lyndal (June 16, 2016).Martin Luther.Random House. p. 265.ISBN978-1-4735-4524-3.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.Vol. 1. Macmillan. 1859. p. 275.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^"Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della".Grove Art Online.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^"Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50220.RetrievedJuly 29,2023.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^Pölnitz, Götz von (1949).Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen(in German). Vol. 2. Mohr Siebeck. p. 592.ISBN978-3-16-814572-1.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^Munn, Kathleen Miriam (1936).A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges.Slatkine. p. 84.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.
- ^"Anna Eriksdotter (Bielke)".skbl.se.RetrievedAugust 2,2023.