1544
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1544 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2297 |
| Armenian calendar | 993 ԹՎ ՋՂԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6294 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1465–1466 |
| Bengali calendar | 951 |
| Berber calendar | 2494 |
| English Regnal year | 35Hen. 8– 36Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2088 |
| Burmese calendar | 906 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7052–7053 |
| Chinese calendar | Quý mãoNăm (WaterRabbit) 4241 or 4034 — to — Giáp thần năm (WoodDragon) 4242 or 4035 |
| Coptic calendar | 1260–1261 |
| Discordian calendar | 2710 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1536–1537 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5304–5305 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1600–1601 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1465–1466 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4644–4645 |
| Holocene calendar | 11544 |
| Igbo calendar | 544–545 |
| Iranian calendar | 922–923 |
| Islamic calendar | 950–951 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun13 ( thiên văn １３ năm ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1462–1463 |
| Julian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Korean calendar | 3877 |
| Minguo calendar | 368 beforeROC Dân trước 368 năm |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 76 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2086–2087 |
| Tibetan calendar | Âm thủy thỏ năm (female Water-Rabbit) 1670 or 1289 or 517 — to — Dương mộc long năm (male Wood-Dragon) 1671 or 1290 or 518 |
1544(MDXLIV) was aleap year starting on Tuesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1544th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 544th year of the2nd millennium,the 44th year of the16th century,and the 5th year of the1540sdecade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 4– InIndia,Maldeo Rathore,King of Marwar (now part of the state ofRajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread byMughal Emperorand Afghan ShahSher Shah Suriinto departing fromJodhpur.TheBattle of Sammelbegins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.[1]
- January 13– AtVästerås,the estates ofSwedenswear loyalty to KingGustav Vasaand to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.[2][3]Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with theKingdom of France.
- January 24– During a solar eclipse visible over the Netherlands, Dutch mathematician and designerGemma Frisiusmakes the first recorded use of acamera obscuraand uses it to observe the event without directly looking at the Sun. Frisius writes about the event the next year and illustrates it in his bookDe Radio Astronomica et Geometrica(Regarding rays of light in astronomy and geometry).[4]
- February 20– TheFourth Diet of Speyeris convened.[5][6]
- March 7– Five Roman Catholic priests—John Larke,John Ireland,the vicar of ElthamandRobert Singletonare executed atTyburn,outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in thePrebendaries' Plotto removeThomas Cranmer,the ProtestantArchbishop of Canterbury.[7]
- March 16–
- TheBattle of Glasgowis fought for control of Scotland betweenMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennoxand the troops of the Regent,James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
- Friedrich IIbecomes the newElector Palatineof Germany's Rhineland within theHoly Roman Empireupon the death of his brotherLudwig VatHeidelberg.
- March 29–Royal assentis given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including theThird Succession Act,the amendedTreason Actand theKing's Style Act.
April–June[edit]
- April 11–Battle of Ceresole:Frenchforces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of theHoly Roman Empire,under the Marques Del Vasto, nearTurin.[8]
- April 21– The Italian town ofAgropoli,frequently targeted by pirates from North Africa, is sacked by Ottoman raiders and 100 people are taken prisoner.
- May 3–Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford,with anEnglisharmy, capturesLeithandEdinburghfrom theKingdom of Scotland.[9]
- May 7–Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford,carries out theburning of Edinburgh,capital of the Kingdom of Scotland, by the English Navy, then proceeds to destroy neighboring areas.
- May 17– AtLima,Blasco Núñez Velatakes office as the first Spanish Governor of theViceroyalty of Peru,which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.
- May 23–
- TheTreaty of Speyeris signed between theHoly Roman Empireand the Kingdom of Denmark (which includes Norway).Charles V, Holy Roman Emperoragrees to recognizeChristian IIIas the ruler of Denmark and Norway, and abandons further attempts to restoreKing Christian IIto the throne. In return, Denmark and Norway agree to support the Habsburg monarchy in the Empire.[10]
- The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port ofMarseillesand travel toConstantinople,the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded byAntoine Escalin des Aimars,known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.
- May 25– On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded byThomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk,begins crossing theEnglish Channelto invade from the west with 19,000 troops, whileCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor,commences an invasion ofFrancefrom the east.[11]
- June 4– A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by Emperor Henry V, defeat the Italian French defenders ofSan Marinoin theBattle of Serravalleafter three days of fighting.
- June 8– The Duke of Norfolk crosses the English Channel after having landed troops in Normandy.[11]
- June 24– Theplundering of the Italian islandofIschia,part of theKingdom of Naplesis carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded byHayreddin Barbarossa,who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.
July–September[edit]
- July 10– Troops of theHoly Roman Empirebegin the six-week siege ofSaint-Dizierin eastern France.[12]
- July 15–Battle of the Shirts:TheClan Fraser of Lovatand Macdonalds ofClan Ranaldfight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight or ten Macdonalds survive.[13][14]
- July 19–Italian War of 1542–46:KingHenry VIII of Englandbeginsthe siegeof the city ofBoulognein northern France and continues for almost two months before the city surrenders.[15][16]
- July 20–Albert, Duke of Prussiasigns a deed granting land for creation of theUniversity of Königsberg.[17]
- August 17–
- TheUniversity of Königsbergis inaugurated in Prussia.[17]
- In France,Saint-Diziersurrenders to theHoly Roman Empireafter a siege of more than a month.[12][16]
- September 14– Thesiege of Boulogneends as the city surrenders to King Henry VIII.[18]
- September 18
- Peace of Crépy:Peace is declared betweenCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor,andFrancis I of France.The war between France and England continues.[19]
- The expedition ofJuan Bautista Pastenemakes landfall inSan Pedro Bay,southern Chile,claiming the territory for Spain.[20]
- September 22– CaptainJuan Bautista Pasteneleads the first European expedition to the estuary ofValdivia, ChileandCorral Bay.[21]
October–December[edit]
- October 9–Second Siege of Boulogne:French forces under theDauphinassaultBoulogne,but are ultimately unsuccessful.[22]
- November 24–Rüstem Opuković Pasha,son-in-law of the SultanSuleiman the Magnificent,is appointed as the newGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire,replacingHadım Suleiman Pasha.[23]
- December 9–Crown Prince Yi Hobecomes the newKing of Koreaupon the death of his father,King Joseon.Yi Ho reigns for eight months before being poisoned by his own mother, and is posthumously named as King Injong of Joseon.[24]
Date unknown[edit]
- Mongols,led byAnda,burn the suburbs ofPekinginChina.[25][26]
- After being asked byCosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany,botanistLuca Ghinicomes to theUniversity of Pisaas the chair ofbotany,where he had the year prior established theOrto botanico di Pisa.[27][28]
- Ratsmake their first appearance inSouth America,arriving in Peru with the speciesblack rat.[29]
- Portugueseexplorers encounter the island ofTaiwan,and call itIlha Formosa( "Beautiful Island" ).[30][31]
Births[edit]
- January 19– KingFrancis II of France(d.1560)[32]
- January 24–Gillis van Coninxloo,Flemish painter (d.1607)[33][34]
- February 3–César de Bus,French Catholic priest (d.1607)[35]
- March 11–Torquato Tasso,Italian poet (d.1595)[36]
- April –Thomas Fleming,English judge (d.1613)[37]
- April 20–Renata of Lorraine,duchess consort of Bavaria (d.1602)[38]
- May 24–William Gilbert,English scientist and astronomer (d.1603)[39]
- July 14–Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton,English politician (d.1589)[40]
- August 9–Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania(d.1606)[41]
- September 1–John Gordon,Scottish bishop (d.1619)[42]
- September 28orSeptember 29–Giovanni de' Medici,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1562)[43]
- November 1–Hasan Kafi Pruščak,Bosnian scholar and judge (d.1615)[44]
- November 15–Dorothea Susanne of Simmern,Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d.1592)[45]
- December 23–Anna of Saxony,only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d.1577)[46]
- date unknown
- Richard Bancroft,Archbishop of Canterbury(d.1610)[47]
- Thomas Hobson,English carrier and origin of the phraseHobson's choice(d.1631)[48]
- Maddalena Casulana,Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d.1590)[49]
- probable
- George Whetstone,English writer (d.1587)[50]
Deaths[edit]
- March 16–Louis V, Elector Palatine(1508–1544) (b.1478)[51]
- March 22–Johannes Magnus,last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b.1488)[52]
- April 30–Thomas Audley,Lord Chancellor of England(b.1488)[53]
- June 14–Antoine, Duke of Lorraine(b.1489)[54]
- July 15–René of Châlon,Prince of the House of Orange (b.1519)[55]
- June 23–Eleonore of Fürstenberg,wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b.1523)[56]
- August 19–Hans Buser,Swiss noble (b.1513)
- September 12–Clément Marot,French poet (b.1496)[57]
- September 25–Valerius Cordus,German physician and scientist (b.1515)[58]
- October 10–Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy,English courtier and patron of learning (b.1516)[59]
- October 12–Antonio Pucci,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1485)[60]
- November 13–Ursula van Beckum,Dutch Anapabtist (b.1520)[61]
- November 15–Lucy Brocadelli,Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (b.1476)[62]
- November 29–Jungjong of Joseon(b.1488)
- December 9–Teofilo Folengo,Italian poet (b.1491)[63]
- date unknown
- Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde[64][65]
- Chen Chun,Chinese painter (b.1483)[66]
- Margaret Roper,English writer (b.1505)[67]
- Nilakantha Somayaji,Indian mathematician and astronomer (b.1444)[68]
- Manco Inca Yupanqui,Inca ruler (b.1516)[69]
- Bonaventure des Périers,French author (b.1500)[70]
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