1550s
Appearance
The1550sdecade ran from January 1, 1550, to December 31, 1559.
Millennium |
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2nd millennium |
Centuries |
Decades |
Years |
Categories |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/220px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png)
Events
1550
January–March[edit]
- January 6– Spanish CaptainHernando de Santanafounds the city ofValledupar,in modern-dayColombia.[1]
- February 7– After a10-week conclaveinRometo elect a new Pope, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, Bishop of Palestrina, is selected on the 61st ballot afterReginald Poleof England falls two votes short of winning. Ciocchi del Monte takes the namePope Julius IIIand is crowned the next day, succeeding the latePope Paul III.[2]
- February 25– (10th day of 2nd month of Tenbun 19) InOita,Ōita Prefecture,an attack within theŌtomo clanof Japanese samurais takes place after clan leader Ōtomo Yoshikazu seeks to disinherit his oldest son and to make his third son, Ōtomo Shioichimaru, as his designated successor. Supporters of the oldest son,Ōtomo Yoshishige,invade Yoshikazu's home and kill Shioichimaru and four other family members.[3]
- March 12
- Arauco War:Battle of Penco– Several hundredSpanishand indigenous troops under the command ofPedro de Valdiviadefeat an army of 60,000Mapuchein modern-dayChile.
- Acapulcois founded by 30 families sent fromMexico City.[4]
- March 24– "Rough Wooing":England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne, by which England withdraws fromBoulognein France and returns territorial gains in Scotland.[5]
- March 29–Sherborne Schoolin England is refounded by KingEdward VI.[6][7]
April–June[edit]
- April 16– TheValladolid debateon the rights and treatment ofindigenous peoples of the Americasby their Spanish conquerors opens at theColegio de San GregorioinValladolid,Castile.[8][9]
- April 30–KingTabinshwehtiof Burma is assassinated by two of his bodyguards while he is on a hunting trip. The two swordsmen, sent bySmim Sawhtut,Governor of Sittaung, behead the King, and a civil war begins as major governors rebel against the new Burmese KingBayinnaung.[10]
- May 6– Italian ProtestantMichelangelo Florio,jailed since 1548 before being brought to trial for and sentenced to death for heresy, escapes from prison and is able flee to France.[11]
- May 15– Thevestments controversyis resolved in the Church of England with a compromise on the style of clothing worn by Anglican priests.John Hopperis allowed ordination as the Bishop of Gloucester without being required to wear Anglican vestments, but must not forbid anyone in his bishoporic from wearing the vestments if they wish.[12]
- May 20– The Spanish Catalan city ofCullerais plundered by the Ottoman Empire GeneralDragut Reis,[13]and most of its inhabitants are sold into slavery inAlgeria.
- June 12– The city ofHelsinki(now inFinlandbut known as Helsingfors inSwedenat this time) is founded by KingGustav I of Sweden.[14]
- June 28–Capture of Mahdia (1550):The Spanish Armada arrives inNorth Africato begin the process of capturing the fortress ofMahdia(now inTunisia) from control of theOttoman Empire.[15]
July–September[edit]
- July 21– TheSociety of Jesus(Jesuits) is approved byPope Julius III.[16]
- July 25–Capture of Mahdia (1550):Troops commanded by Ottoman General Turgut Reis make a counterattack on the Spanish invaders, led by General Andrea Doria. Both sides sustain heavy losses, and the Spanish succeed in forcing the Ottomans to retreat back inside Mahdia.[15]
- August 5– TheUniversity of Santa Catalinais authorized inSpainby a canonical bull fromPope Julius III.[17]
- September 2(5th waning of Tawthalin 912 ME) – KingBayinnaungofBurmabegins a four-month siege of the former Burmese capital,Toungoo,occupied by the king's rebellious brotherMinkhaung.
- September 10– Spanish troops, commanded by Genoa's GeneralAndrea Doria,capture the Tunisian fortressofMahdiafrom the Ottoman Empire after fighting that began on June 28.[15]
October–December[edit]
- October 2–Battle of SauðafellinIceland:Daði Guðmundssonof Snóksdalur defeats the forces of Catholic BishopJón Arason,resulting inIceland becoming fully Protestant.[18]Arason is captured; he is executed, along with his two sons, on November 7.
- November 25–Luis de Velascobecomes the secondViceroy of New Spain,which encompasses all Spanish territory in North America and Central America. Velasco succeedsAntonio de Mendoza,the first Viceroy, who has been ordered to become theViceroy of Peru.
- December 29–Bhuvanaikabahu VII,King ofKotteon most of the island ofSri Lanka,is assassinated by a gunman hired by the government ofPortuguese India.[19]
Date unknown[edit]
- Altan Khancrosses theGreat Wall of Chinaand besiegesBeijing,burning the suburbs.[20]
- Thesummit level canalbetween theAlsterand theTravein Germany ceases to be navigable.[21]
- The first grammatical description of theFrench languageis published byLouis Maigret.[22]
- The first book inSlovene,Catechismus,written byProtestantreformerPrimož Trubar,is printed inSchwäbisch Hall,Holy Roman Empire.[23]
- Nostradamus' firstalmanacis written.[24]
- Approximate date – The discovery ofsilveratGuanajuatoinMexicostimulates silver rushes.[25]
1551
January–March[edit]
- January 4–Luca Spinolais elected to a two-year term as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoa,succeedingGaspare Grimaldi Bracelli.[26]
- January 11(5th wa xing of Tabodwe 912 ME) – KingBayinnaungof Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city ofToungoofrom his rebellious half-brotherMinkhaung II,and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539.[27]Minkhaung is forgiven by King Bayinnaung rather than being executed, and assists in the King's campaign to capture the neighboringKingdom of Prome.
- January–Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow,and TsarIvan IV of Russiapreside over the reformingStoglavy Synod( "Hundred-Chapter" ) church council.[28]A calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code (Stoglav) are introduced.
- February 14–Alice Ardenand her lover, Richard Mosbey, carry out the murder-for-hire of her husband,Thomas Ardenof Faversham with the assistance of ahighwaymanknown as "Black Will", two of Arden’s domestic servants (Michael Saunderson and Elizabeth Stafford) and Mosbye's sister (Cicely Pounder). The body is carried outside, and Thomas is reported as missing, but a discovery is made that the murder was committed inside the house. The conspirators are later executed.[29]
- February 23– At theKremlininMoscow,Tsar Ivan IVandthe Metropolitan Macarius,present the proposed code of laws, drafted by theStoglavy Synod,to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.[30]
- March 27– French mechanical engineerAubin Olivierbecomes the director of the new Royal Mint, theMoulin des Etuveson theÎle de la Citéin Paris after having learned the technique of producing uniformmilled coinageduring a sabbatical in Germany.[31]
April–June[edit]
- April 4–Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor,issues an edict to reduce tensions among the three major ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary, with an administration to have equal representation of for ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks and Germans.[32]
- May 1– TheCouncil of Trentreconvenes by order ofPope Julius IIIafter having been adjourned on September 17,1549.[33]
- May 12– TheNational University of San Marcosis founded inLimain theViceroyalty of Peru,being the first officially established university in theAmericas.[34]
- May 27–Italian War of 1551–1559:A defensive alliance, placing theDuchy of Parma and Piacenzaunder the protection ofFrance,is signed between representatives of KingHenry II of FranceandOttavio Farnese, Duke of Parmasigned placing Parma under French protection.
- May 30–Ilie II Rareș,Ruler of Moldavia since 1556, is forced by the Ottoman Empire to abdicate the throne.[35]
- June 11– With the approval of the Ottoman SultanSuleiman the Magnificent,Prince Ilie's brotherȘtefan VI Rareșbecomes the newPrince of Moldavia.[35]
- June 27– TheEdict of Châteaubriantis promulgated in France by King Henri II, providing for an increasingly severe series of measures in the Roman Catholic Kingdom to be taken against Protestants, considered to beheretics.[36]
July–September[edit]
- July 7– The fifth, and final outbreak ofsweating sicknessinEnglandreachesLondon,as documented byHenry Machynin his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that "ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd." ( "There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified." )[37]John CaiusofShrewsburywrites the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
- July 12– Theregency over the Kingdom of SpainbyArchduchess Mariaand her husband,Archduke Maximilian of Austria,ends after almost three years when Maria's brotherCrown Prince Philipreturns toMadrid.[38]Philip resumes his role as regent forKing Charles I,the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.
- July 18–Invasion of Gozo:Ottoman TurksandBarbary piratesinvade the Mediterranean island ofGozo(now part ofMalta), and enslave almost all of its 6,000 inhabitants.[39]
- July 19– TheTreaty of Weissenburggoes into effect asJohn Sigismund Zápolya,King of Hungarysince 1540, abdicates in favor ofArchduke Ferdinand of Austria.[40]In addition, the independent Kingdom ofTransylvania,ruled byIsabella Jagiellon,is ceded to theKingdom of Hungaryas part of peace with Ferdinand.
- July 30– With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them toTarhuna Wa Msalata(in modern-dayLibya), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.[39]
- August 15– TheSiege of Tripoliends, with theKnights of MaltasurrenderingTripolito theOttoman Empire.
- August 30(1st wa xing ofThadingyut913 ME)– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebelliousKingdom of Prome(with a capital atPyay) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself asKing Thado Dhamma Yazaafter the 1550 assassination of KingTabinshwehti.[41]
- September 21– TheRoyal and Pontifical University of Mexicois founded inMexico City(Mexico), being the second officially established university in theAmericas.
- September 30– (1st day of 9th month ofTenbun21)Tainei-ji incident:A coup inYamaguchi,by the military establishment of theŌuchi clan,forces their lordŌuchi Yoshitakato commit suicide, and the city is burned.[42]
October–December[edit]
- October 11–John Dudley, Earl of Warwick,de factoLord Protectorof theKingdom of England,is createdDuke of Northumberland.[43]
- November 20– The Office ofCardinal Secretary of State,the second highest position in the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope, is created to temporarily fill the vacancy between the death of one Pontiff and the election of another. CardinalGirolamo Dandiniis appointed byPope Julius IIIto serve as the first Secretary of State.
- December 16–George Martinuzzi,the Hungarian Archbishop of Esztergom and the Governor of Transylvania, is assassinated by Marco Aurelio Ferrari on orders of Ferdinand, King of Hungary. Martinuzzi had been suspected of treason after attempting to negotiate a separate peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire.[44]
Date unknown[edit]
- Qizilbash forces under the command ofTahmasp Iraid and destroy the cave monastery ofVardziainGeorgia.
- InHenanprovince,China,during theMing dynasty,a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a largetornadodemolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort tocannibalism.This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years1528,1531,1539,and1545.
- InSlovakia,Guta (modern-dayKolárovo) receives town status.
- Portugalfounds a sugarcolonyatBahia.
- Juan de Betanzosbegins to write hisNarrative of theIncas.
- The new edition of theGenevan psalter,Pseaumes octantetrois de David,is published, withLouis Bourgeoisas supervising composer, including the first publication of thehymn tuneknown as theOld 100th.
1552
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg/110px-Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg)
January–March[edit]
- January 15–Henry II of FranceandMaurice, Elector of Saxony,sign theTreaty of Chambord.[45]
- February 12–Pedro de Valdiviafounds theChileancity ofValdivia,asSanta María la Blanca de Valdivia.
- February 24– The privileges of theHanseatic Leagueare abolished inEngland.
- March 26–Guru Amar Dasbecomes the ThirdSikhGuru.
April–June[edit]
- April 8–Maurice, Elector of Saxony,liberatesAugsburgand sets about to captureCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[46]
- April 11–Metz Cathedralis consecrated.[47]
- April 15– TheAct of Uniformityis givenroyal assentand imposes use of theProtestantBook of Common PrayeronEngland.
- April 16–Pedro de Valdiviafounds the city ofLa Imperial, Chile.
- April 18– KingHenry II of Franceenters the city ofMetz,ceded to France by Saxony by the January 15Treaty of Chambord.
- April 28– The delegates to theCouncil of Trentadjourn for two years after learning that the Holy Roman Emperor is fleeing from Maurice of Saxony.[48]
- May 20– Learning of the rapid approach of the Elector Maurice, the Emperor Charles V flees fromInnsbruckahead of being captured.[49]
- June 6(14th wa xing of Waso 914ME) –Minye Sithuis appointed as the BurmeseViceroyofMartabanby his older brother,Bayinnaung,King of Burma.[50]
- June 16–Yuri of Uglich,the only brother of the Russian TsarIvan the Terrible,is placed in charge of Russia's domestic affairs as Ivan departsMoscowto lead 150,000 troops in theRusso-Kazan War.
- June 22–Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort,theSpanish Governor of Luxembourg,is taken prisoner by France and remains captive for almost five years.
- June 24– ThePortugueseshipSão Joãois wrecked off of the coast of South Africa.[51]While 480 people survive initially, all but 25 of them die during the next 165 days while trying to reach the mouth of the Maputo River in what is nowMozambique.
July–September[edit]
- July 6– In Hungary,Drégely Castleis attacked by theOttoman Empire.CaptainGyörgy Szondyand c. 140 soldiers in the castle die, after 4 days of fighting against 8,000 Turkish raiders.
- July 27– TheOttomanscapturethe city ofTemesvar.
- August 2
- John Frederick, Elector of SaxonyandPhilipp I of Hesse,taken prisoner byCharles Vin1546,are released.
- ThePeace of Passaurevokes theAugsburg Interimof1548,and promises religious freedom to theProtestantprinces.
- September 9– TheSiege of Egerbegins as thousands of Ottoman troops, led by GeneralKara Ahmed Pashaof theOttoman Empireattack a greatly outnumbered force of Hungarian defenders, captained byIstván Dobó
- September 24– TheDebatable Landson the border ofEnglandandScotlandare divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating theScots' Dikein an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.
October–December[edit]
- October 2– TheKhanate of Kazanfalls to troopsofIvan IV of Russia
- October 17– After heavy losses by the Ottoman Empire, the Siege of Eger in Hungary is broken off by the Ottomans.
- November 15–Radu Ilie Haidăulbecomes the newPrince of Wallachiain what is now Romania after defeating Prince Mircea the Shepherd at thebattle of Mănești.Prince Mircea retakes the throne seven months later.
- November 18–Simeon Sulakaarrives inRomefrom the Middle Eastern city ofMosuland brings a letter askingPope Julius IIIto appoint him as the Patriarch of theChurch of the East,leader of the Chaldean Catholic Church.
- November 24–Thomas Cranmer,Archbishop of Canterburyand top cleric of theChurch of England,delivers the proposedForty-two Articlesto the Privy Council ofKing Edward VI.[52]
- December 26–Pope Julius IIIissues a papal brief revoking resolutions passed by thecolegiiPapal State of Bolognain Italy.[53]
Date unknown[edit]
- Miguel de Buríaleads the first African rebellion in South America's history. This may be because Buría has more slaves than other regions inVenezuela,of which most join Miguel, and is still being contested between the Europeans and the natives, who also join his side. During this insurrection he takes over the Gold mines de San Felipe de Buría, established within the area with the consent of the Spanish Crown, to pull out the ore that was discovered in the Buria river, a task that heavily depends on slave work.
- In thePersian Gulf,theOttoman EmpireRed Sea Fleet attacks thePortuguesestronghold ofHormuz,but fails to capture it.[54]
- InItaly,Bartolomeo Eustachicompletes hisTabulae anatomicae,presenting his discoveries on the structure of theinner earandheart,[55]although, for fear of theInquisition,it will not be published until1714.
- KingEdward VI of Englandfounds 35grammar schoolsby royal charter,[5]includingShrewsbury;Leeds Grammar Schoolis also established.
1553
January–March[edit]
- January 2– Thesiege of Metzin France, started byCharles V, Holy Roman Emperorduring theItalian War of 1551–59on October 19 last[56]is lifted after 75 days. During the city's defense by theDuke of Guiseand 6,000 soldiers, Charles V had lost two-thirds of his original force of at least 20,000 men.[57]
- February 17– InIndia,Timmaraja Wodeyar IIbecomes the sixthmaharajaof theKingdom of Mysore(a vassal state of theVijayanagara Empire), after the death of his father, the MaharajaChamaraja Wodeyar III.
- February 21– Lieutenant General Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio temporarily serves as theSpanish Viceroy of Naples(in modern-day Italy) upon the death of his father,Pedro Álvarez de Toledo.Luis steps down afterPedro Pacheco de Villenais appointed as the new Viceroy in June.
- March 1– The second (and last) session of the Parliament of England during the reign of King Edward VI is opened by the King at Westminster and lasts until March 31. SirJames Dyerserves during the session as Speaker of the House of Commons.[58]
April–June[edit]
- April 28–Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa,leader of theChaldean Catholic Churchin modern-dayIraq,is recognized byPope Julius IIIas the Patriarch ofMosul.[59]
- May 12–St Albans,inEngland,receives its firstroyal charteras a borough.[60][61]
- May 25– LadyJane Grey,a 16-year-old first cousin of King Edward VI of England, marriesLord Guildford Dudley,son of theDuke of Northumberland,who has engineered the marriage.
- June 3– The first of the fiveBattles of Kawanakajima,the "Battle of the Fuse," commences in Japan betweenTakeda ShingenofKai ProvinceandUesugi KenshinofEchigo Province.The clash, fought 12 days after Shingen has takenKatsurao Castle,takes place at a shrine ofHachiman(near modern-dayYashiro,Hyōgo prefecture), is part of a major series of conflicts during the JapaneseSengoku period.[62]
- June 15– On his deathbed, King Edward summons prominent English judges and signs his devise of the throne to Lady Jane Grey.
- June 21– Under threats from the Duke of Northumberland, the devise by King Edward to make Jane Grey the heir to the throne is signed by over 100 prominent persons.
- June 26– Two new schools,Christ's Hospital[63][64]andKing Edward's School, Witley,are created byroyal charterin accordance with the will of KingEdward VI of England;St Thomas' Hospital,London, in existence since the 12th century, is named in the same charter.[65]
July–September[edit]
- July 6– KingKing Edward VI of Englanddies at the age of 15 after a reign of only six years.
- July 9–Battle of Sievershausen:Prince-electorMaurice of Saxonydefeats theCatholicforces ofMargrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.Maurice is mortally wounded.[66]
- July 10– Four days after the death of her cousin KingEdward VI of England,Lady Jane Greyis proclaimedQueenof England – a position she holds for the next nine days.[67]
- July 19– TheLord Mayor of LondonproclaimsMary Ithe rightfulQueen,following a change of allegiance by the Privy Council;Lady Jane Greyvoluntarilyabdicates.[68]
- August 3– QueenMary I of Englandarrives in London fromEast Anglia.[69]
- August 18–John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland,is tried and convicted of treason for his role in putting his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne.[70]
- August 24–EnglishexplorerRichard Chancellorenters theWhite Seaand reachesArkhangelsk.[71]He goes on afterwards to the court ofIvan IV of Russia,opening up trade between England andRussia.
- September 23– TheSadiansconsolidate their power inMorocco,by defeating the last of their enemies.
- September–Anglicanbishopsin England are arrested, andRoman Catholicbishopsare restored.
October–December[edit]
- October 6–Şehzade Mustafa,oldest son ofSuleiman the Magnificent,is executed inKonyaby order of his father.[72]
- October 27–Geneva'sgoverning councilburnsMichael Servetusat the stake as aheretic.[73]
- November 13–Lady Jane Grey,who had claimed the title of Queen of England for nine days, is convicted ofhigh treason,along with her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, two of Dudley's brothers, andThomas Cranmer,the formerArchbishop of Canterbury,after trial conducted by a special commission atGuildhallin theCity of London.[74]Referred to by the court as "Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford", Lady Jane is found to have treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch of England, as evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene". All five defendants are sentenced to death. Beheading is the sentence for the men, while Lady Jane is to either be "burned alive onTower Hillor beheaded as the Queen pleases ", with the decision (for a private decapitation) to be made by Queen Mary.[75]
- November 16– A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain'sPrince Philip,and suggestsEdward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon.[76]Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead toWyatt's rebellion.
- November 17(13th wa xing of Natdaw 915 ME) –Bayinnaung,King of Burma, commissions the building of theKanbawzathadi Palacein his capital,Pegu(modern-day Bago in Myanmar).[77]The palace is completed in 1556 but is burned down in 1599.
- November 25–Italian War of 1551–1559:Cosimo I de' Medici,Duke of the Florentine Republic,signs a secret treaty withCharles V, Holy Roman Emperorto conquer theRepublic of Sienato bring it back into the Empire.[78]
- November 25–Second Margrave War:The city ofKulmbach,near Brandenburg in Bavaria in Germany, is sacked and burned to the ground after its margrave,Albert Alcibiades,makes an unsuccessful attempt to bring all of the Duchy of Franconia under his control.[79]
- December 25–Battle of Tucapel:Mapucherebels underLautarodefeat the Spanishconquistadors,and executePedro de Valdivia,the firstRoyal Governor of Chile.[80]
Date unknown[edit]
- Tonbridge Schoolis founded by SirAndrew Judde,underletters patentofEdward VI of England.[81]
- The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose Poete Virgill,the first complete translation of any major work ofclassical antiquityinto one of theEnglish languages,is published inLondon.
- InMing dynastyChina:
- The addition of a new section of theOuter City fortificationsis completed in southern Beijing, bringing the overall size of Beijing to 18square miles(4662hectares).
- Shanghaiis fortified for the first time.[82]
1554
January–March[edit]
- January 5– A great fire breaks out inEindhoven,Netherlands.
- January 12(10th wa xing of Tabodwe 915 ME) –Bayinnaungis crowned king of the BurmeseTaungoo Dynastyat his new capital atPegu,after a previous coronation on January 11, 1551, and takes the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Yaza.[83]
- January 21–Edward Courtenay,one of the four plotters ofWyatt's rebellionin England, is arrested and reveals that an attempt will be made to overthrow the English government.[84]
- January 25–São Paulo,Brazil,is founded.[85]
- January 27–Wyatt's rebellionbegins in England atMaidstoneasSir Thomas Wyattreads a proclamation that Queen Mary of England’s marriage to King Philip of Spain will "bring upon this realm most miserable servitude, and establish popish religion". Within two days, Wyatt has raised 2,000 soldiers to join his plan to overthrow Queen Mary.[86]
- January 30–Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk,one of the English conspirators in Wyatt's rebellion, leads troops fromLeicestertoCoventry,but the group finds that the gates of the city are closed because the rebellion has been exposed.[87]
- February 9–Thomas Wyattsurrenders to government forces inLondon.[88]
- February 12– After claiming the throne ofEnglandthe previous year,Lady Jane Greyis beheaded for treason.
- March 18– PrincessElizabethis imprisoned in theTower of Londonon charges of working with the organizers ofWyatt's rebellionfor the overthrow of Queen Mary of England.[89]
April–June[edit]
- April 12–Mary of GuisebecomesRegentof Scotland.
- May 9–Elizabethis released from the Tower of London, although she continues to be confined at home after she is cleared of suspicion of conspiracy to overthrow the government.
- June 11– Italian GeneralPiero Strozzisuccessfully defends an attack on theRepublic of Sienaby French troops, led byCosimo de' Mediciat the battle ofPontedera,but suffers a tremendous loss of his own troops in the process.
July–September[edit]
- July 25– QueenMary I of EnglandmarriesKingPrince Philip of Naples,the only son ofCharles V, Holy Roman Emperorand heir to the throne of Spain, atWinchester Cathedraljust two days after their first meeting.[90][91]
- August 2–Battle of Marciano:Senese–French forces are defeated by theFlorentine–Imperialarmy.
- August 12–Battle of Renty:French forces led byFrancis, Duke of Guiseturn back an invasion ofPicardy,by Charles V.
- September 13(Shawwal 15, 961 AH) – At theBattle of Tadlain Morocco,Mohammed ash-Sheikh,ruler of theSaadi dynastyenters the city of Fez and becomes the undisputed sultan.Ali Abu Hassun,last ruler of the Wattasid dynasty, flees.[92]
October–December[edit]
- October 8– In Peru, an 11-month long rebellion byFrancisco Hernández Girónis ended at theBattle of Pucaráwith the rebels defeated by the Viceroy of Peru nearCuzco.[93][94]
- October 21– ThePlassenburgcastle in Bavaria, residence of the rulingHouse of Hohenzollernin thePrincipality of Ansbach,is destroyed during theSecond Margrave War.[95]
- November 1– English captainJohn Lok,commanding three ships (theTrinitie,theBartholomewand theJohn Evangelist), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to theGuinea Coastat West Africa.[96][97][98]
- November 22– Upon the death of his father, SultanIslam Shah Suri,10-year-oldFiruz Shah Suribecomes the Sultan of theSur EmpireatDelhi,but he is murdered within a few days.
- December 22– The John Lok expedition reachesGuinea,anchoring at the Sesto River and remains for seven days to begin trading.[96]"[99]
Date unknown[edit]
- Mikael Agricolabecomes the bishop ofTurku.
- Saadiconquers theKingdom of Fez.
- Exact center year ofCounter Reformation.
- The name of the beer brewed byNew Belgium Brewing Companyis based on a recipe from this date, called "1554."
- Luso-Chinese agreement:Portugal reaches an agreement with theMing Dynastyof China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong.
- Rao Surjan Singhbecomes ruler ofBundi.
1555
January–March[edit]
- January 22– TheKingdom of AvainUpper Burmafalls.
- February 2– TheDiet of Augsburgbegins.
- February 4–John Rogersisburned at the stakeatSmithfield, London,becoming the first of the 284Protestant martyrs of the English Reformationto be killed during the five and one-half year reign of QueenMary I of England.[100]His death is followed within the week by that ofLaurence Saunderson February 8 inCoventry,andRowland Taylor,RectorofHadleigh, Suffolk,andJohn Hooper,deposedBishop of Gloucesteron February 9.
- February 26– TheMuscovy Companyis chartered in England to trade with theTsardom of Russia[101][102]andRichard Chancellornegotiates with the Tsar.
- March 25–Valencia, Venezuela,is founded by Captain Alonso Díaz Moreno.
April–June[edit]
- April 9– Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor toPope Julius III,who died on March 23, and takes the name ofPope Marcellus IIas the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.[103]
- April 17– After 18 months of siege, theRepublic of Sienasurrenders to theFlorentine–Imperialarmy.
- May 1– Foundation ofSt John's College, Oxford,England, to teach Catholic theology.
- May 30– Foundation ofTrinity College, Oxford,England, to teach Catholic theology.
- May 15– Theconclaveopens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.[104]
- May 23– Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval.[105]Carafa, the 223rd Pope, takes the namePope Paul IV.[106]
- May 25–Jeanne d'Albretbecomes theQueen of Navarreupon the death of her father,King Henry II.[107]
- June 1– TheTreaty of Amasyabetween theOttoman EmpireandSafavid Persiaconcludes theOttoman-Safavid War.
- June 22–Adil Shah Suribecomes the Sultan of theSur EmpireatDelhiinIndiaafterSikandar Shah Suriis forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.
July–September[edit]
- July 12–Pope Paul IVcreates theRoman Ghetto,the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
- August 24– England'sThomas Thirlby,the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy toPope Paul IV,returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.[108]
- September 25– ThePeace of Augsburgis signed betweenCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor,and theLutheranSchmalkaldic League,establishing the principleCuius regio, eius religio,that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.
- September – The1555 Kashmir earthquakecauses widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.[109]
October–December[edit]
- October 16
- (1st day of 10th monthTenbun 24) – At theBattle of MiyajimaIsland,Mori MotonaridefeatsSue Harukata.[110]
- The first two ProtestantOxford Martyrs,Hugh LatimerandNicholas Ridley,are burned at the stake in England.
- October 25–Charles Vabdicates asHoly Roman Emperorand is succeeded by his brotherFerdinand.
- November 1– French Navy Vice-AdmiralNicolas Durand de Villegaignonleads a small fleet of two ships and 200 soldiers and colonists to take possession ofSerigipe Island,near modern-dayRio de JaneiroinBrazilatGuanabara Bay,and buildsFort Coligny.[111]
- November 13–Thomas Cranmeris officially removed from office as the ProtestantArchbishop of Canterburyby order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.[112]
- December 11– CardinalReginald Poleis made a cardinal-priest in the Roman Catholic Church and made the administrator of theSee of Canterburyin England,[113]though he will not become the new Archbishop of Canterbury until the following March 20.
Date unknown[edit]
- Russiabreaks a 60-year-old truce withSwedenby attacking Finland.
- Humayunresumes rule of theMughal Empire.
- TheAdal Sultanatein theHorn of Africacollapses.
- English captainJohn Lokreturns fromGuinea,with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
- Richard EdenpublishesThe Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India,a translation into English of parts ofPietro Martire d'Anghiera'sDe orbe novo decades,theGonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y ValdésworkNatural hystoria de las Indiasand others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring theNew World;[114]the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.
- Establishment in England of the followinggrammar schools:Boston Grammar School,Gresham's SchoolatHolt, Norfolk(founded bySir John Gresham) andRipon Grammar School(re-foundation).
- William Annyasbecomes the Mayor ofYoughal,Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.[115]
- John Deeis charged, but cleared, of treason in England.
- Orlande de Lassus' first book ofmadrigalsis published, inAntwerp.
1556
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October–December[edit]
- October 7– TheBattle of Delhiis fought in India, atTughlaqabad) nearDelhibetween forces of theSur Empire(ruled byMuhammad Adil Shah) and theMughal Empire(ruled byAkbar the Great). GeneralHemchandra Vikramaditya(Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi,Tardi Beg Khanwithin one day.[116]
- November 5–Second Battle of Panipat:Fifty miles north ofDelhi,aMughalarmy defeats the forces ofHemuand recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeingAkbar's rule.[117][118]
- November 10– The English shipEdward Bonadventure,commanded byRichard Chancelloris wrecked on the coast ofScotlandatPitsligo,killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.[119]
- November 17– In the Holy Roman Empire, theSteter Kriegsratis founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.[120]
- December 7– The Mughal EmperorAkbarpersonally travels withBairam Khanto lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire,Sikandar Shah Suri.[121]
- December 27–Péter Erdődyis appointed as theOttoman Viceroy of Croatiaafter the death on September 7 ofNikola IV Zrinski.
- December 31– All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.
Date unknown[edit]
- The kings ofSpaintake control of theFlandersregion, including what is now the FrenchdépartementofNord.[122]
- ThePlantations of Irelandare started in King's County (nowCounty Offaly) and Queen's County (nowCounty Laois), the earliest attempt at systematicethnic cleansingin Ireland, by theRoman Catholicruler QueenMary I of England.
- Future KingPrince John,younger son of KingGustav I of SwedenbecomesDuke of Finland.[123]
- Ivan the TerribleconquersAstrakhan,opening theVolga Riverto Russian traffic and trade.
- TheWelserbanking families ofAugsburglose colonial control ofVenezuela.[124]
- The falseMartin Guerreappears in theFrenchvillage of Artigat.[125]
- The firstprinting pressin India is introduced byJesuits,atSaint Paul's College, Goa.[126]
1557
January–March[edit]
- January 4–Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibobecomes the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoafor a term of 2 years as the term of the DogeAgostino Pinelli Ardimenticomes to an end.[127]
- January 6–Italian War of 1551–1559:Gaspard II de Coligny,the French governor ofPicardy(in northern France), launches surprise attacks onDouaiandLensin theSpanish Netherlandsand captures both cities for France.[128]
- January 13–Sigismund II Augustus,King of PolandandGrand Duke of Lithuania,issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the ArchbishopMikołaj Dzierzgowski,Primate of Poland.
- January 28–Bayinnaung,King of Burma and head of theToungoo dynasty,conquers two theShan States,MongmitandHsipawin what is now northernMyanmar.[129]The event is later commemorated with an inscription on theShwezigon Pagoda Bell.[130]
- February 4–Pope Paul IVcreates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province ofLisbon.
- February 24– Delegates from Sweden, Finland and Russia arrive atNovgorodto negotiatea treaty to endthewar between the two empires.[131]
- March 11– The Burmese conquest of the Shan States continues as the capital of theMongkawngstate,Mong Kawng,falls to theToungoo dynastyinvaders, five days after the March 6 surrender of the town ofMong Yang.The event is later commemorated on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell.
- March– TheTakeda clanbesiege Katsurayama Castlein eastern Japan.[132]The siege ends with thelast standof the castle garrison, and the complete destruction of Katsurayama, allowing the Takeda to further expand inShinano Province.
April–June[edit]
- April 2– TheTreaty of Novgorodbetween Sweden and Russia is put into effect as delegates kiss the cross, as demanded by the Tsar Ivan IV.[131]
- April 12– TheSpanishsettlement ofCuenca, Ecuador,is founded.[133]
- April 25– English aristocratThomas Staffordattempts a rebellion againstQueen Mary,landing atScarborough, North Yorkshirewith two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel fromDieppeinFrance.Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself "Protector of the Realm".[134]
- April 28–Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland,arrives in Scarborough and ends the Stafford rebellion, arresting Stafford and the small rebel force.[134]
- April 30–Arauco War–Battle of Mataquito:Spanishforces of GovernorFrancisco de Villagralaunch a dawn surprise attack against theMapuche(headed by theirtoquiLautaro), in present-dayChile.
- May 4– TheStationers' Company,officially the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers, is granted a royal charter and a monopoly on the English publishing industry.[135]For the next 150 years, the Stationers will regulate and censor the printing industry until the passage of theCopyright Act 1710on April 10, 1710.
- May 23– TheShwezigon Pagoda Bell,weighing 7,560 pounds (3,430 kg), is dedicated. The Bell, commissioned by King Bayinnaung and located in the Myanmar city ofBagan,bears a detailed inscription of the 16th century Burmese conquest of the Shan States.
- May 28– English rebel Thomas Stafford and 32 of his followers are beheaded at theTower of Londonafter being convicted of treason.[134]
- May 29– King Philip II of Spain signs a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to rule of the Principality of Piombino a bargain with Cosimo I de' Medici.[136][137]
- June 7–Mary I of Englandjoins her husbandPhilip II of Spain,in his war againstFrance.[138]
- June 10– TheNew Testamentof theGeneva Bible,aProtestantBible translation into English(produced under the supervision ofWilliam Whittingham,and printed inRoman type), is published inGeneva.[139]
- June 16Sebastião Iis crowned as the newKing of Portugal,five days after the death of his father,King João III.
- June 18–Mass executions by burning at the stakeresume in England for Protestants convicted ofheresyunder the law of England's Catholic ruler,Queen Mary.On the first day, four women and three men are put to death atMaidstoneatKent.The next day, atCanterbury,another seven prisoners are burned.On June 22,ten more people(six men and four women) burn at the stake atLewesatSussex.In all, 24 people (12 men and 12 women) are killed in a five-day period[140]
- ByJune– The1557 influenza pandemic,probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.[141]
July–September[edit]
- July 3– The smallStato dei Presidi,a 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast ofItaly,is created by a treaty betweenCosimo I de' Medici(Duke of the Florentine Republicand the futureGrand Duke of Tuscany) andKing Felipe II of Spain.In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the formerRepublic of Siena.[142]
- July 24– TheEdict of Compiègneis issued byKing Henri II of France,providing for the death penalty to be applied to Protestants for a variety of crimes, including a relapse after having renounced Protestantism; unauthorized travel toGeneva;publication of Protestant books; possessing graven images; and unauthorized participation in Protestant religious gatherings, whether public or private.[143]
- July 25– InIndia,Sikandar Shah Suri,Sultan of theSur Empirein Punjab, surrenders the fortress atMauin theNurpur kingdom(now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal GeneralBairam Khanallows Sikandar to live in exile inBihar,whileBakht Mal,Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned atLahoreand later beheaded.[144]
- August 27–Battle of St. Quentin:French forces under MarshalAnne de Montmorencyare decisively defeated by the Spanish and English underEmmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy,after a 17-day battle. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.[145]
- September 11– TheColloquy of Wormsconvenes in Germany as a dialog on religious issues between clerics of the German Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church.[146][147]
- September 12– The Spanish occupation of the Papal States is confirmed asPope Paul IVsigns a separate peace treaty, the Peace of Cave-Palestrina, with Spain'sDuke of Alba,who has massed troops outside of Rome in preparationfor an attack.[148][149]
October–December[edit]
- October 8– TheColloquy of Wormsis adjourned with no resolution on reconciling the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, after the parties are unable to agree on the concepts oforiginal sinandtheological justification.[146]
- October 23–Mohammed al-Shaykh,Sultan of Morocco since 1549, is assassinated by Ottoman soldiers who had infiltrated the Moroccan army. The assassination comes on orders of the Ottoman sultan after Mohammed makes plans for an alliance with Spain against the Ottoman Empire.[150]Mohammed is succeeded by his son,Abdallah al-Ghalib.
- November 17(27th day of the 10th month ofKōji 3) – Prince Michihito of Japan becomes theEmperor Ōgimachialmost two months after the September 27 death of his father, theEmperor Go-Nara.
- December 24– InBucharest,Mircea the Shepherdbecomes the
Prince of Wallachiafor the third time, succeedingPătrașcu the Good,who has died suddenly.[151]
- December 30–Italian War of 1551–1559:King Henri II of France,through his ambassadorJean Cavenac de la Vignesends a letter toSuleiman the Magnificent,Sultan of the Ottoman Empirefor the dispatch of 150 Ottoman Navy ships to protect the French coast.[152]
Date unknown[edit]
- Özdemir Pasha conquers theRed Seaport ofMassawafor theOttoman Empire.[153][154]
- With the permission of theMing dynastygovernment ofChina,and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, thePortuguesesettle inMacau(retroceded in1999).[155]Direct Sino-Portuguese trade has existed since1513,but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement.
- Spainbecomesbankrupt,throwing the German banking houses into chaos.[156]
- Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,is refounded byJohn Caius.[157]
- The following schools are founded inEngland:
- Brentwood School,Essex,by Sir Antony Browne.[158][159]
- Hampton School,Hampton, London,by Robert Hammond.[160]
- Repton School,bySir John Port.[161]
- Welsh-born mathematicianRobert RecordepublishesThe Whetstone of WitteinLondon,containing the first recorded use of theequals sign,and the first use inEnglishofplus and minus signs.[162]
- GermanadventurerHans Stadenpublishes a widely translated account of his detention by theTupí peopleofBrazil,Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen( "True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America" ).[163]
1558
January–March[edit]
- January 7–Frenchtroops, led byFrancis, Duke of Guise,takeCalais,the last continental possession of theKingdom of England,in theSiege of Calais.
- January 22– TheLivonian Warbegins.
- February 2– TheUniversity of Jenais founded inThuringia,Germany.[164]
- February 4– (16th day of 1st month ofEiroku1)Takeda Shingenbecomes theshugo(military governor) ofShinano Provinceafter his successful military campaign there.
- February 5–Arauco War:Pedro de Avendaño,with sixty men, capturesCaupolicán(theMapucheGranToqui), who is leading their first revolt against theSpanish Empire(nearAntihuala), encamped with a small band of followers.
- March 8– The city ofPori(Swedish:Björneborg) is founded byDuke Johnon the shores of theGulf of Bothnia.[165]
April–June[edit]
- April 17– Thesiege of Thionvillein the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led byFrancis, Duke of Guise.
- April 24–Mary, Queen of Scots,marriesFrancis,Dauphin of France,atNotre Dame de Paris.[166]
- May 3– The Imperial Diet ofthe Holy Roman Empiregives recognition toFerdinandasHoly Roman Emperor,two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brotherCharles V.
- June 13– An armada of ships from theOttoman Empire,dispatched by SultanSuleyman the Magnificentat the request of KingHenry II of France,sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city ofSorrento.
- June 23– France is successful in thesiege of Thionvillein the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.
July–September[edit]
- July 9– The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison atCiutadella de Menorcaat Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.[167]
- July 13–Battle of Gravelines:Near the border between theKingdom of Franceand theSpanish Netherlands,Spanishforces led byLamoral, Count of Egmont,and assisted by theEnglish Navy,inflict a major defeat on the French forces of MarshalPaul de Thermes.
- July 18– The city ofTartu,capital of theBishopric of Dorpat(in modern-dayEstonia) surrenders toRussia.
- August 22– In Spain,Bartolomé Carranza,theRoman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo,is arrested atTorrelagunaon orders of theGrand Inquisitor,Fernando de Valdés y Salas.Carranza is brought a prisoner toValladolidto face accusations ofheresy.[168]He remains in prison for eight years before being transferred to Rome for the Pope to hear his appeal.[169]
October–December[edit]
- October 17–Postal history of Poland:KingSigismund II Augustusappoints an Italian merchant living inKrakówto organise a consolidated postal service inPoland,the origin ofPoczta Polska.
- November 6– On her deathbed,Queen Mary of Englanddesignates her half-sister,Elizabeth,as her successor.[170]Both Mary and Elizabeth are daughters of the lateKing Henry VIII.
- November 15– The fiveCanterbury Martyrs,three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death forheresyduring the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler,Queen Mary.[171]Queen Mary dies two days later, bringing an end to her campaign. During the final year of Mary's reign, 49 Protestants are burned at the stake and three others die in prison while awaiting execution.
- November 17– Queen Mary, a devout RomanCatholicdies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sisterElizabeth,an adherent to the ProtestantChurch of England,beginning theElizabethan erain British history.
- December 5– Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of theEnglish Parliamentwith orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of theEnglish Reformation,and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.
Unknown[edit]
- John Knox's attack on female rulers,The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women,is published anonymously fromGeneva.[172]
- English explorerAnthony Jenkinsontravels from Moscow toAstrakhanandBukhara.[173]He is the first Englishman to note that theAmu Daryachanged course, to start flowing into theAral Sea.[174]
- Queen Elizabeth I of England grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by theHoly Well SpringatMalvernin England.
Ongoing[edit]
1559
January–March[edit]
- January 15–Elizabeth I of England is crowned,inWestminster Abbey.[175]
- February 27– QueenElizabeth I of Englandestablishes theChurch of England,with theAct of Uniformity 1558and theAct of Supremacy 1558.TheOath of Supremacyis reinstated.
- March 23– EmperorGelawdewos of Ethiopia,defending his lands against the invasion ofNur ibn Mujahid,Sultan ofHarar,is killed in battle. His brother,Menas,succeeds him as king.
- March 31– TheWestminster Conference 1559opens atWestminster Hallin London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of theChurch of England.[176]The conference adjourns on April 3 forEasterand never reconvenes.
April–June[edit]
- April 3–Peace of Cateau Cambrésis:After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending theItalian War of 1551–59.France gives up most of its gains in Italy (includingSavoy), retaining onlySaluzzo,but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics ofMetz,Toul,andVerdun,and the formerly English town ofCalais.
- May 2–John Knoxreturns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginningScottish Reformation.
- May 8–Queen Elizabeth of Englandgivesroyal assentto theAct of Supremacy 1558(requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of theChurch of England) and to theAct of Uniformity 1558(requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).
- May 13– AtBasel,the body of Dutch Anabaptist leaderDavid Jorisis exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.
- June 11–Scottish Reformation:A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacksSt Andrews Cathedral.
- June 22– KingPhilip II of Spainand the 14-year-oldElisabeth of Valoisare married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.[177]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg/200px-Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg)
- June 30–King Henry of Franceparticipates in ajoustingtournament at thePlace des Vosgesin Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition againstGabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery,commander of King Henry's bodyguards, theGarde Écossaise,King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured.[178]Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying fromsepsis.
July–September[edit]
- July 10–Francis IIbecomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.[179][180]Members of theHouse of Guiseand the new king's motherCatherine de' Medicidispute control over the kingdom.
- July 25– TheArticles of Leithare signed inEdinburghbetween the ProtestantLords of the Congregationand the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent,Mary of Guise,the widow ofKing James V,who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-oldMary, Queen of Scots.The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.[181]
- July 31–Pope Paul IVauthorizes the creation of theUniversity of Douai(which will later become theUniversity of Lille).[182]
- August 15– Led by DonTristán de Luna y Arellano,aSpanishmissionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives fromVera CruzatPensacola Bay,founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustineis founded in1565.)
- August 18–Pope Paul IV,leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.
- September 4–Gorkhastate is established byDravya Shah,beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country ofNepal.
- September 5– Thepapal conclave to elect a new popeopens 18 days after the death ofPope Paul IVat theApostolic PalaceinRomewith 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.[183]The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.
- September 19– Just weeks after arrival atPensacola,the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by ahurricanethat kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with agalleon,and grounds acaravel;the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in1561.
- September 21–Francis II of Franceis crowned atReims.The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.[184]
- September 25– At the age of 12,Petru cel Tânăr(Peter the Younger) is named as the newPrince of Wallachiaat the capital,Târgoviște(now in Romania) after the death of his father,Mircea the Shepherd.In response, members of Wallachian nobility (boyars) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.
October–December[edit]
- October 24– Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. TheOttoman central governmentat Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.
- October 27–Frederick IIIis terminated from his post asDuke of Legnicaon orders ofFerdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son,Henry XIas Duke of Legnica.
- November 5– In Scotland,Crichton Castle,home of the powerfulEarl of Bothwell,is besieged and captured in an attack by theEarl of Arran.[185]
- November 6– The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island ofBahrainfrom Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.[186]
- December 25– After aconclave of almost four months,Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the namePope Pius IV.[183]
Date unknown[edit]
- TheUniversity of Genevais founded byJohn Calvin.[187]
- John Calvin publishes the final edition of theInstitutes of the Christian Religion.[188]
- Oda Nobunagawins control of his native province ofOwari.
- Margaret of Parmabecomes Governor of theNetherlands,in place of her brother, KingPhilip II of Spain.
- Jean Nicot,French ambassador to Portugal, introducestobaccoto the French court in the form ofsnuff,and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "nicotine"in his honor.[189]
- Pope Paul IVpromulgates thePauline Index,an early version of theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum.
- The first generation of the ProtestantReformationis completed, according to some historians.[190][191]
Births
1550
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg/110px-Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg/110px-Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg/110px-Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg)
- January 18–Tsugaru Tamenobu,Japanese daimyō (d.1607)
- February 17–Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein,Dutch army commander (d.1606)[192]
- February 22–Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg(d.1616)[193]
- March 6–Michelangelo Naccherino,Italian sculptor (d.1622)[194]
- March 8–William Drury,English politician (d.1590)[195]
- April 5–Andrés Pacheco,Spanish churchman and theologian (d.1626)[196]
- April 9–Giulio Pace,Italian philosopher (d.1635)[197]
- April 12–Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford,Lord Great Chamberlain of England (d.1604)[198]
- April 16–Francis Anthony,English apothecary and physician (d.1623)[199]
- April 18–Alessandro Pieroni,Italian painter (d.1607)[200]
- May 8–John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken(d.1604)[201]
- May 25–Camillus de Lellis,Italian saint and nurse (d.1614)[202]
- June 16–Marie Eleonore of Cleves,Duchess consort of Prussia (1573–1608) (d.1608)[203]
- June 27– KingCharles IX of France(d.1574)[204]
- June 28–Johannes van den Driesche,Flemish Protestant clergyman and scholar (d.1616)[205]
- July 3–Jacobus Gallus,Slovenian composer (d.1591)
- August 6–Enrico Caetani,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1599)[206]
- August 8–Petrus Gudelinus,Belgian jurist (d.1619)[207]
- September 2–
- September 10–Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia,commander of the Spanish Armada (d.1615)
- September 17–Pope Paul V(d.1621)[208]
- September 29–Joachim Frederick of Brieg,Duke of Wołów (1586–1602) (d.1602)[209]
- September 30–Michael Maestlin,German astronomer and mathematician (d.1631)[210]
- October 1–Anne of Saint Bartholomew,Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun (d.1626)[211]
- October 4– KingCharles IX of Sweden(d.1611)[212]
- October 8–Antonio Zapata y Cisneros,Spanish cardinal (d.1635)[213]
- October 25–Ralph Sherwin,English Roman Catholic priest (martyred1581)
- October 28–Stanislaus Kostka,Polish saint (d.1568)[214]
- November 1–Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg,Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck and Paderborn (d.1585)[215]
- November 6–Karin Månsdotter,Swedish queen (d.1612)[216]
- December 2–Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona,Spanish diplomat (d.1606)
- December 6–Orazio Vecchi,Italian composer (d.1605)[217]
- December 7– Lithuanian nobleBarbara Radziwiłł,wife ofSigismund II Augustus,King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania since 1547, has an elaborate coronation inKrakówas Queen consort and Grand Duchess, five months before her death at the age of 30.[218]
- December 21
- Aegidius Hunnius,German theologian (d.1603)[219]
- Man Singh I,Mughal noble (d.1614)[220]
- December 22–Cesare Cremonini,Italian philosopher (d.1631)[221]
- December 28–Vicente Espinel,Spanish writer (d.1624)[222]
- December 28–Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III,the Sultan ofIfriqiya(now Tunisia), signs a six-year treaty with Spain.[223]
- December 29–García de Silva Figueroa,Spanish diplomat and traveller (d.1624)[224]
- December 31–Henry I, Duke of Guise(d.1588)[225]
- date unknown
- Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi,Polish Jewish author (d.1625)[226]
- Willem Barentsz,Dutchnavigatorandexplorer(d.1597)
- Anselmus de Boodt,Belgian mineralogist and physician (d.1632)[227]
- Matthijs Bril,Flemish painter (d.1583)[228]
- Helena Antonia,Austrian court dwarf (d.1595)
- Sarsa Dengel,Emperor of Ethiopia(d.1597)[229]
- Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone,Irish rebel (d.1616)[230]
- John Napier,Scottish mathematician (d.1617)[231]
- probable
- Robert Balfour,Scottish philosopher (d.1625)[232]
- Henry Barrowe,English Puritan and Separatist (d.1593)[233]
- Emilio de' Cavalieri,Italian composer (d.1602)[234]
- Cornelis Corneliszoon,Dutch inventor of thesawmill(d. c.1600)
- Philip Henslowe,English theatrical entrepreneur (d.1616)[235]
- Brianda Pereira,Azorean Portuguese heroine (d.1620)
1551
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg/110px-Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg)
- January 5–Jean Chapeauville,Belgian theologian and historian (d.1617)
- January 14–Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak,Grand vizier of the Mughal emperorAkbar(d.1602)
- January 26–Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer,English politician (d.1616)
- February 2–Nicolaus Reimers,German astronomer (d.1600)
- March 9–Alessandro Alberti,Italian painter (d.1596)
- March 21–Maria Anna of Bavaria(d.1608)
- March 30–Salomon Schweigger,German theologian (d.1622)
- April 9–Peter Monau,German physician (d.1588)
- April 30–Jacopo da Empoli,Italian painter (d.1640)
- May 2–William Camden,English historian (d.1623)[236]
- May 8–Thomas Drury,English government informer and swindler (d.1603)
- May 17–Martin Delrio,Flemish theologian and occultist (d.1608)
- September 19– KingHenry III of France(d.1589)[237]
- October 4–Philip VI, Count of Waldeck(1567–1579) (d.1579)
- October 8–Giulio Caccini,Italian composer (d.1618)
- October 26–Charlotte de Sauve,French courtesan (d.1617)
- November 11–Giovanni I Cornaro,Doge of Venice (d.1629)
- date unknown
- Bhai Gurdas– original scribe ofGuru Granth Sahib
- George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven(d.1617)
- Fausto Veranzio,Dalmatian/Croatian polymath, bishop, humanist (d.1617)
- Job of Pochayiv,Ukrainian Christian Orthodox Saint (d.1651)
- probable
- Patrick Galloway,Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (d. c.1626)
- Boris Godunov,Tsar of Russia (d.1605)
- Stanisław Stadnicki,Polish nobleman (d.1610)
1552
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/110px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf2c.jpg/110px-Rudolf2c.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/110px-Ricciportrait.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SimondeRojasOSS.jpg/110px-SimondeRojasOSS.jpg)
- January 14–Alberico Gentili,Italian jurist (d.1608)
- January 22–Walter Raleigh,English explorer (d.1618)[238]
- February 1–Edward Coke,English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (d.1634)
- February 8–Agrippa d'Aubigné,French poet and soldier (d.1630)[239]
- February 19–Melchior Klesl,Austrian statesman and cardinal (d.1630)
- February 20–Sengoku Hidehisa,Japanese daimyō (d.1614)
- February 25–Magdalene of Lippe,Countess of Lippe by birth, and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d.1587)
- February 28–Joost Bürgi,Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d.1632)
- March 1–Anna of Cleves,Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Neuburg (d.1632)
- March 18–Polykarp Leyser the Elder,German theologian (d.1610)
- March 20–Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch(d.1592)
- April 20–Frederick IV of Liegnitz,German noble (d.1596)
- May 8–Petrus Ryff,Swiss scientist (d.1629)
- May 12–Edmund Bowyer,English politician (d.1627)
- June 2–Raja Wodeyar I,King of Mysore (d.1617)
- June 8–Gabriello Chiabrera,Italian poet (d.1638)
- June 17–John George of Ohlau,Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586-1592) (d.1592)
- June 29–Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon,English baroness (d.1618)
- July 18–Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1612)[240]
- July 22
- Anthony Browne,Sheriff of Surrey and Kent (d.1592)
- Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton,Lady of English peer and others (d.1607)
- August 14–Paolo Sarpi,Italian writer (d.1623)
- August 21–Muhammad Qadiri,Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d.1654)
- August 24–Lavinia Fontana,Italian painter (d.1614)
- September 12–Andreas Schott,Flemish academic, linguist, translator, editor and aJesuitpriest (d.1629)
- September 20–Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau,German botanist (d.1599)
- September 21–Barbara Longhi,Italian painter (d.1638)
- September 22– TsarVasili IV of Russia(d.1612)
- September 27–Flaminio Scala,Italian playwright and stage actor (d.1624)
- October 6–Matteo Ricci,Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d.1610)
- October 11–Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia,Grand Prince of Moscow (d.1553)
- October 18
- Elisabeth of Saxony,Countess Palatine of Simmern (d.1590)
- Francis Cherry,English diplomat (d.1605)
- October 23–Odet de Turnèbe,French dramatist (d.1581)
- October 28–Simón de Rojas,Spanish saint (d.1624)
- December 18–Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi,Moroccan writer, judge and mathematician (d.1616)
- November 20–Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury,English politician and Earl (d.1616)
- November 26–Seonjo of Joseon,King of Joseon (d.1608)
- December 27–William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire,English politician and Earl (d.1626)
- December 29–Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé(d.1588)
- December 31–Simon Forman,English occultist and astrologer (d.1611)
- Date unknown:
- Hans von Aachen,German mannerist painter (d.1615)
- Thomas Aufield,English Catholic martyr (d.1585)
- Jean Bertaut,French poet (d.1611)[241]
- Philemon Holland,English translator (d.1637)
- Prince Masahito,Japanese prince (d.1586)
- Lady Saigō,Japanese concubine (d.1589)
- Dom Justo Takayama,Japanese daimyo (d.1615)
- Anthony Tyrrell,Roman Catholic renegade priest and spy (d. circa1610)
- Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul,French diplomat (d.1636)
- Cvijeta Zuzorić,Croatian poet (d.1648)
- probable
- Miguel de Benavides,Spanish clergyman and sinologist (d.1605)
- Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma,Spanish politician (d.1625)
1553
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/110px-In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/110px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg)
- January 20–Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda,Spanish noble (d.1601)[242]
- January 22–Mōri Terumoto,Japanese warrior (d.1625)[243][unreliable source?]
- February 24–Cherubino Alberti,Italian engraver and painter (d.1615)[244]
- March–Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo,Italian noble (d.1576)[245]
- March 26–Vitsentzos Kornaros,Greek writer (d.1613)[246]
- April 24–John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell,Scottish noble (d.1593)[247]
- April 30–Louise of Lorraine,French queen consort (d.1601)[248]
- May 7–Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia(d.1618)[249]
- May 14–Margaret of Valois,Queen of France (d.1615)[250]
- June 5–Bernardino Baldi,Italian mathematician and writer (d.1617)[251]
- June 15–Archduke Ernest of Austria,Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II (d.1595)[252]
- July 1–Peter Street,English carpenter (d.1609)[253]
- September 26–Nicolò Contarini,Doge of Venice (d.1631)[254]
- October 8–Jacques Auguste de Thou,French historian (d.1617)[255]
- October 18–Luca Marenzio,Italian composer (d.1599)[256]
- November 2–Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (d.1633)[257]
- November 4–Roger Wilbraham,Solicitor-General for Ireland (d.1616)[258]
- November 23–Prospero Alpini,Italian physician and botanist (d.1617)[259]
- November 28–George More,English politician (d.1632)[260]
- December 13– KingHenry IV of France(d.1610)[261]
- date unknown
- Patriarch Filaret of Moscow and All Rus'(d.1633)[262]
- Giovanni Florio,English writer and translator (d.1625)[263]
- Richard Hakluyt,English travel writer (d.1616)[264]
- Robert Hues,English mathematician and geographer (d.1632)[265]
- Amago Katsuhisa,Japanese nobleman (d.1578)[266]
- Pierre de Rostegny,French jurist (d.1631)[267]
- William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh,Spanish military leader (d.1613)[268]
- Moses Székely,Hungarian noble (d.1603)[269]
- Beatrice Michiel,Venetian spy (d.1613)
- Mirza Muhammad Hakim,son ofMughal emperorHumayunand brother of emperorAkbar(d.1585)[270]
1554
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg/110px-Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg)
- January 1–Louis III, Duke of Württemberg(d.1593)
- January 9–Pope Gregory XV(d.1623)[271]
- January 20– KingSebastian of Portugal(d.1578)[272]
- February 8–Marina de Escobar,Spanish nun (d.1633)
- February 27–Giovanni Battista Paggi,Italian painter (d.1627)
- March –Richard Hooker,Anglican theologian (d.1600)
- March 1–William Stafford,English courtier and conspirator (d.1612)
- March 18–Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg,Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d.1588)
- March 22–Catherine de Parthenay,French noblewoman and mathematician (d.1631)
- March 26–Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne,French military leader (d.1611)
- March 28–Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia(d.1581)
- March 30–Paul Laurentius,German divine (d.1624)
- April –Stephen Gosson,English satirist (d.1624)
- April 15–Simon VI, Count of Lippe,Count of Lippe-Detmold (1563-1613) (d.1613)
- May 20–Paolo Bellasio,Italian composer (d.1594)
- June 3–Pietro de' Medici,Italian noble (d.1604)
- June 5–Benedetto Giustiniani,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1621)
- June 21–Joachim of Zollern,Titular Count of Hohenzollern (d.1587)
- July 5–Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France(d.1592)
- October 1–Leonardus Lessius,Jesuit theologian (d.1623)
- October 3–Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke,English poet (d.1628)
- October 10–Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburgand Lord of Rheda (d.1606)
- October 20–Bálint Balassi,Hungarian writer and noble (d.1594)
- October 28–Enevold Kruse,Danish noble (d.1621)
- October 30–Prospero Farinacci,Italian jurist (d.1618)
- November 30–Sir Philip Sidney,English courtier and poet (d.1586)[273]
- December 17–Ernest of Bavaria,Roman Catholic bishop (d.1612)
- December 19–Philip William, Prince of Orange(d.1618)
- date unknown
- Jacques Bongars,French scholar and diplomat (d.1612)
- James Lancaster,English navigator (d.1618)
- Walter Raleigh,English writer, poet, and explorer (d.1618)
- Francis Throckmorton,English conspirator (d.1584)
1555
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/KingNU.jpg/110px-KingNU.jpg)
- January 26–Charles II, Lord of Monaco(d.1589)
- February 25–Alonso Lobo,Spanish musician (d.1617)
- March 18–François, Duke of Anjou,youngest son ofHenry II of FranceandCatherine de' Medici(d.1584)[274]
- March 21–John Leveson,English politician (d.1615)
- March 31–Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox,English countess (d.1582)
- April 21–Ludovico Carracci,Italian painter (d.1619)
- April 28–Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d.1575)
- May 5–Queen Uiin,Korean royal consort (d.1600)
- May 9–Jerónima de la Asunción,founder of the first Catholic monastery in Manila, the Monastery of Santa Clara (d.1630)
- May 29–George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes,English earl, general and administrator (d.1629)
- June 11–Lodovico Zacconi,Italian composer and music theorist (d.1627)
- June 13–Giovanni Antonio Magini,Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d.1617)
- June 16–Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg,Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (d.1591)
- July –Henry Garnet,English Jesuit (d.1606)
- July 6–Louis II, Cardinal of Guise,French Catholic cardinal (d.1588)
- July 17–Richard Carew,English scholar (d.1620)
- August 1–Edward Kelley,English spirit medium (d.1597)
- September 3–Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński,Polish nobleman (d.1628)
- September 21–John Thynne,English landowner and politician (d.1604)
- September 23–Louise de Coligny,princess consort of Orange (d.1620)
- September 28–Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon,Marshal of France (d.1623)
- October 6–Ferenc Nádasdy,Hungarian noble (d.1604)
- October 12–Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby,English baron (d.1601)
- November 8–Nyaungyan Min,king of Burma (d.1605)
- December 4–Heinrich Meibom,German historian and poet (d.1625)
- December 27–Johann Arndt,German Lutheran theologian (d.1621)
- date unknown
- Lancelot Andrewes,English clergyman and scholar (d.1626)
- Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski,Polish nobleman (d.1628)
- Samuel Eidels,Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (d.1631)
- Joshua Falk,Polish Jewish rabbi and commentator (d.1614)
- Elijah Loans,German Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d.1636)
- François de Malherbe,French poet (d.1628)
- Okudaira Sadamasa,Japanese nobleman (d.1615)
- Konishi Yukinaga,Japanese Christian daimyō (d.1600)
- Moderata Fonte,Italian poet, writer and philosopher (d.1592)
- Maria van Schooten,Dutch war heroine (d.1573)
- Naresuan,King of Ayutthaya (d.1605)
1556
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maria_of_Nassau.jpg/110px-Maria_of_Nassau.jpg)
- January 8–Uesugi Kagekatsu,Japanese samurai and warlord (d.1623)
- January 24–Christian Barnekow,Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d.1612)[275]
- February 4–Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg,German noblewoman (d.1638)
- February 7–Countess Maria of Nassau(d.1616)[276]
- February 16–Tōdō Takatora,Japanese daimyō (d.1630)[277]
- February 21–Sethus Calvisius,German calendar reformer (d.1615)[278]
- March 7–Guillaume du Vair,French statesman and philosopher (d.1621)[279]
- March 13–Dirck van Os,Dutch merchant (d.1615)
- April 8–David Hoeschel,German librarian (d.1617)[280]
- April 9–Andreas von Auersperg,Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d.1593)
- April 27–François Béroalde de Verville,French writer (d.1626)[281]
- May 31–Jerzy Radziwiłł,Polish Catholic cardinal (d.1600)[282]
- June 6–Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche,English politician and diplomat (d.1625)[283]
- June 13–Pomponio Nenna,Italian composer (d.1608)[284]
- June 24
- Victoria of Valois,French princess (d. 1556)
- Joan of Valois,French princess (d. 1556)
- July 9–Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea,English countess (d.1634)[285]
- July 22–Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach(d.1604)[286]
- July 26–James Melville,Scottish divine and reformer (d.1614)[287]
- August 10–Philipp Nicolai,German Lutheran pastor (d.1608)[288]
- August 16–Bartolomeo Cesi,Italian painter (d.1629)[289]
- September 21–William Harris,English knight (d.1616)
- October 18
- Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf,French duke and nobleman (d.1605)[290]
- John Dormer,English Member of Parliament (d.1626)[291]
- October 24–Giovanni Battista Caccini,Italian artist (d.1613)[292]
- October 26–Ahmad Baba al Massufi,Malian academic (d.1627)[293]
- November 25–Jacques Davy Duperron,French cardinal (d.1618)[294]
- November 28–Francesco Contarini,Doge of Venice (d.1624)[295]
- December 5–Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford,English countess (d.1588)[296]
- December 17–Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana,Indian composer (d.1627)[297]
- December 27–Jeanne de Lestonnac,French saint (d.1640)
- date unknown
- Margaret Clitherow,English Catholic martyr (d.1586)[298]
- Ahmad Baba al Massufi,Sudanese writer and political leader (d.1627)[299]
- Alexander Briant,English Jesuit martyr (d.1581)[300]
1557
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/110px-Iimatyas.jpg)
- January 1–Stephen Bocskay,Prince of Transylvania (d.1606)[301]
- February 11–Johannes Wtenbogaert,Leader of the Remonstrants (d.1644)[302]
- February 15
- Alfonso Fontanelli,Italian composer (d.1622)[303]
- Vittoria Accoramboni,Italian noblewoman (d.1585)[304]
- February 24–Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1619)[305]
- March 1–Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel,English countess and poet (d.1630)[306]
- March 22–Casimir VI, Duke of Pomeraniaand Lutheran Administrator of Cammin Prince-Bishopric (d.1605)[307]
- April 4–Lew Sapieha,Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.1633)[308]
- April 11–Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein(d.1597)[309]
- May 5–Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing,Belgian noble and army commander (d.1590)[310]
- May 31– TsarFeodor I of Russia(d.1598)[311]
- June 28–Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel,English nobleman (d.1595)[312]
- August 2– AtColchesterin England, 10 convicted Protestant heretics are burned at the stake.[140]
- August 16–Agostino Carracci,Italian painter and graphical artist (d.1602)[313]
- August 19–Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg(d.1608)[314]
- August 26–Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Margravine of Burgau (d.1628)[315]
- September 4–Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow,Danish-Norwegian royal consort (d.1631)[316]
- September 11–Joseph Calasanz,Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (d.1648)[317]
- September 16–Jacques Mauduit,French composer (d.1627)[318]
- October 5–Antoine Favre,Savoisian lawyer, first President of the Sovereign Senate of Savoy (d.1624)[319]
- date unknown
- Giovanni Croce,Italian composer (d.1609)[320]
- Balthasar Gérard,assassin ofWilliam I of Orange(d.1584)[321]
- Toda Katsushige,Japanese warlord (d.1600)
- Olaus Martini,Archbishop of Uppsala(d.1609)[322]
- Thomas Morley,English composer (d.1602)[323]
- Oda Nobutada,Japanese general (d.1582)[324]
- probable–Giovanni Gabrieli,Italian composer and organist (d.1612)[325]
1558
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg/110px-Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg/110px-Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg)
- JanuaryorFebruary–Hendrik Goltzius,Dutch painter (d.1617)
- January 16–Jakobea of Baden,Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d.1597)
- January 29–Paul Hentzner,German lawyer (d.1623)
- March 7–Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg,Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d.1592)
- April 30–Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger,Polish noble (d.1629)
- June 15–Margrave Andrew of Burgau,German nobleman, Cardinal, Bishop of Constance and Brixen (d.1600)
- July 9–David Origanus,German astronomer (d.1628)
- July 11–Robert Greene,English dramatist (d.1592)
- August 2–Herman van den Bergh,Dutch soldier in theEighty Years' War(d.1611)
- August 8–George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland,English noble (d.1605)
- August 19–François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti(d.1614)
- September 9–Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur,French soldier (d.1602)
- September 24–Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure,English politician (d.1617)
- October 12–Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria(d.1618)
- October 24–Szymon Szymonowic,Polish writer (d.1629)
- October 30–Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force,Marshal of France (d.1652)
- November 27–Mingyi Swa,Crown Prince of Burma (d.1593)
- December 3–Gregorio Pagani,Italian painter (d.1605)
- December 8–François de La Rochefoucauld,French Catholic cardinal (d.1645)
- December 9–André du Laurens,French physician (d.1609)
- date unknown
- Meir Lublin,Polish rabbi (d.1616)
- Kōriki Masanaga,Japanese military commander (d.1599)
- Bessho Nagaharu,Japanese nobleman (d.1580)
- Olivier van Noort,first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world (d.1627)
- Chidiock Tichborne,English conspirator and poet (d.1586)
- Michael the Brave,Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601) (d.1601)
- Thomas Kyd,English playwright (d.1594)
- Françoise de Cezelli,French war hero (d.1615)
- probable–Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons,French merchant (d.1628)
1559
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nurhaci.jpg/110px-Nurhaci.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg/110px-San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg/110px-Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg)
- January 1–Virginia Eriksdotter,Swedish noble (d.1633)
- January 8–William Helyar,English chaplain (d.1645)
- January 25–Aleixo de Menezes,Roman Catholic archbishop (d.1617)
- February 7–Catherine de Bourbon,Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d.1604)
- February 18–Isaac Casaubon,French-born classical scholar (d.1614)
- February 19–Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden(d.1588)
- February 21–Nurhaci,Chinese emperor(d.1626)
- March 12–Christoph Brouwer,Dutch historian (d.1617)
- March 16–Amar Singh I,eldest son and successor ofMaharana Pratapof Mewar (d.1620)
- March 26–Wolf Dietrich Raitenau,Prince-Bishopof Salzburg (d.1617)
- May 4–Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley(d.1637)
- May 12
- Stanisław Radziwiłł,Grand Marshal of Lithuania (d.1599)
- Johann Georg Gödelmann,German demonologist (d.1611)
- July 2–Margareta Brahe,Swedish political activist (d.1638)
- July 22–Lawrence of Brindisi,Italian saint (d.1619)
- July 27–Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburgand Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d.1618)
- August 18–Frederik van den Bergh,Dutch soldier in theEighty Years' War(d.1618)
- August 24orSeptember1556–Sophia Brahe,Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d.1643)
- September 21–Cigoli,Italian painter (d.1613)
- September 15–Edmond Richer,French theologian (d.1631)
- October 12orOctober 22–Jacques Sirmond,French Jesuit scholar (d.1651)
- November 11–Tokuhime,Japanese noble (d.1636)
- November 12–Yaza Datu Kalaya,Crown Princess of Burma (d.1603)
- November 13–Al-Mansur al-Qasim,Imam of Yemen (d.1620)
- November 15–Albert VII, Archduke of Austria,Governor of the Low Countries (d.1621)
- December 14–Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola,Spanish writer (d.1613)
- date unknown
- George Chapman,English dramatist (d.1634)
- Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese military commander (d.1584)
- John Penry,Welsh Protestant martyr (d.1593)[326]
- Honinbo Sansa,Japanese player of Go (d.1623)
- John Spenser,president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (d.1614)
Deaths
1550
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_of_god_murillo.jpg/110px-John_of_god_murillo.jpg)
- January 12–Andrea Alciato,Italian jurist and writer (b.1492)[327]
- January 22–Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah,second ruler of Golconda
- January 28–Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (b.1509)[328]
- February 22–Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua(b.1533)[329]
- March 7–William IV, Duke of Bavaria(b.1493)[330]
- March 8–John of God,Spanish friar and saint (b.1495)[331]
- April 12–Claude, Duke of Guise,French soldier (b.1496)[332]
- April 13–Innocenzo Cybo,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1491)[333]
- April 30– KingTabinshwehtiof Burma (b.1516)
- May 18–Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine,French churchman (b.1498)[334]
- May 20–Ashikaga Yoshiharu,Japanese shōgun (b.1511)[335][unreliable source?]
- June 13–Veronica Gambara,Italian poet (b.1485)[336]
- July 19(probable date) –Jacopo Bonfadio,Italian historian, executed (b. c.1508)[337]
- July 22–Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra(b.1481)[338]
- July 30–Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton,English politician (b.1505)[339]
- August 18–Antonio Ferramolino,Italian architect and military engineer[340]
- October 20–Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria(b.1488)[341]
- October 23–Tiedemann Giese,Polish Catholic bishop (b.1480)[342]
- October 24–Louis of Valois,French prince (b.1549)[343]
- October 26–Samuel Maciejowski,Polish Catholic bishop (b.1499)[344]
- November 6–Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg(b.1487)[345]
- November 7–Jón Arason,last Catholic bishop ofIceland(b.1484)[346]
- December 6–Pieter Coecke van Aelst,Flemish painter (b.1502)[347]
- December 8–Gian Giorgio Trissino,Italian humanist, poet, dramatist and diplomat (b.1478)[348]
- December 29–Bhuvanaikabahu VII,King of Kotte (b.1468)[349]
- date unknown–Aq Kubek of Astrakhan,ruler of Astrakhan Khanate
1551
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg/110px-Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg/110px-Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg)
- February 4–John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst,Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (b.1504)
- February 28–Martin Bucer,German Protestant reformer (b.1491)[350]
- April 6–Joachim Vadian,Swiss humanist (b.1484)
- April 8–Oda Nobuhide,Japanese warlord (b.1510)
- May 8–Barbara Radziwiłł,queen ofSigismund II of Poland(b.1523)
- May 17–Shin Saimdang,Korean artist, calligrapher and writer (b.1504)
- May 18–Domenico di Pace Beccafumi,Italian painter (b.1486)
- June 24–Charles II de Croÿ,Belgian duke (b.1522)
- July –Adriaen Isenbrandt,Flemish painter (b.1490)
- July 13–John Wallop,English soldier and diplomat (b.1490)
- July 14–Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk(b.1535)
- August 8–Fray Tomás de Berlanga,Bishop of Panama (b.1487)
- August 12–Paul Speratus,German Lutheran (b.1484)
- August 26–Margaret Leijonhufvud,queen ofGustav I of Sweden(b.1516)
- September 30–Ōuchi Yoshitaka,Japanese warlord (b.1507)
- November 20–Hindal Mirza,Mughal Empire emperor (b.1519)
- date unknown
- Sagara Taketō,Japanese samurai (b.1498)
- Helena Ungler,Polish printer
- Alice Arden,English murderer (b.1516;executed by burning)[351]
1552
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg/110px-F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg/110px-Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/110px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg)
- January 3–Henry of the Palatinate,bishop of Utrecht (b.1487)
- January 10–Johann Cochlaeus,German humanist and controversialist (b.1479)
- January 22–Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset,English politician (b.1509)
- February 6–Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg(b.1479)
- February 20–Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke,English countess (b.1515)
- February 26–Heinrich Faber,German composer (b.1500)
- March 29–Guru Angad,Indian religious leader (b.1504)
- April 19–Olaus Petri,Swedish clergyman (b.1493)
- April 18–John Leland,English historian (b.1502)[352]
- April 21–Petrus Apianus,German astronomer (b.1495)
- May 26–Sebastian Münster,German cartographer and cosmographer (b.1488)
- June 10–Alexander Barclay,British poet (b.1476)
- July 9–György Szondy,Hungarian soldier
- August 15–Hermann of Wied,German Catholic archbishop (b.1477)
- September 23–Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach,Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (b.1495)
- October 14–Oswald Myconius,Swiss Protestant reformer (b.1488)
- October 17–Andreas Osiander,German Protestant theologian (b.1498)
- November 10–Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg(b.1499)
- December 3–Francis Xavier,SpanishJesuitmissionary and saint (b.1506)[353]
- December 20–Katharina von Bora,wife ofMartin Luther(b.1499)
1553
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/110px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Servetus.jpg/110px-Michael_Servetus.jpg)
- January 13–George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels,Count of Glatz (b.1512)
- February 4–Caspar Othmayr,German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (b.1515)[354]
- February 6–Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach(b.1482)[355]
- February 8–John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg,(b.1521)
- February 17–Chamaraja Wodeyar III,King of Mysore (b.1492)
- February 19–Erasmus Reinhold,German astronomer and mathematician (b.1511)[356]
- February 25–Hirate Masahide,Japanese diplomat and tutor ofOda Nobunaga(suicide) (b.1492)[357]
- April –Minkhaung of Prome,last king ofPromein Burma (Myanmar)
- April 9–François Rabelais,French writer[358]
- May 5–Erasmus Alberus,German humanist (b.1500)[359]
- May 28–Johannes Aal,Swiss theologian (b.1500)[360]
- June 26–Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia,Grand Prince of Moscow (b.1552)[361]
- July 6– KingEdward VI of England(b.1537)[362]
- July 9–Maurice, Elector of Saxony(b.1521)[66]
- July 16–Bernardino Maffei,Catholic cardinal (b.1514)[363]
- August 6–Girolamo Fracastoro,Italian physician (b.1478)[364]
- August 17–Charles III, Duke of Savoy(b.1486)[365]
- August 22–John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland(b.1502;executed)[366]
- September 6–Juan de Homedes y Coscon,47th Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller(b. c.1477)[367]
- October 6–Şehzade Mustafa,Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son by Mahidevran Hatun (b.1515)[368]
- October 7–Cristóbal de Morales,Spanish composer (b.1500)[369]
- October 16–Lucas Cranach the Elder,German painter (b.1472)[370]
- October 17–George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau,German prince (b.1507)[371]
- October 27–Michael Servetus,Spanish Protestant theologian (burned at the stake) (b.1511)[73]
- October 28–Giovanni Salviati,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1490)[372]
- October 30–Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck,German statesman and reformer (b.1489)[373]
- November 15–Lucrezia de' Medici,Italian noblewoman (b.1470)
- November 23–Sebastiano Antonio Pighini,Italian cardinal (b.1500)[374]
- November 27–Şehzade Cihangir,Ottoman prince (b.1531)[375]
- December 3–Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg,German nobleman (b.1487)[376]
- December 25–Pedro de Valdivia,Spanish conquistador (b.1497)[377]
- date unknown
- George Joye,EnglishProtestantBible translator(b. c.1495)[378]
- Gunilla Bese,Finnish noble and fiefholder (b.1475)[379]
1554
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg/110px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg)
- January 2–João Manuel, Prince of Portugal,Portuguese prince (b.1537)[380]
- January 11–Min Bin,king of Arakan (b.1493)
- January 16
- Christiern Pedersen,Danish humanist (b. c.1480)
- Ambrosius Moibanus,German theologian (b.1494)
- February 12
- Lord Guildford Dudley,consort ofLady Jane Grey(executed) (b.1536)[381]
- Lady Jane Grey,claimant to the throne of England (executed) (b.1537)[382]
- February 21
- Hieronymus Bock,German botanist (b.1498)
- Sibylle of Cleves,Electress consort of Saxony (b.1512)
- February 23–Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk,English politician (executed) (b. c.1515)
- March 3–John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony(b.1503)
- April 11–Thomas Wyatt the Younger,English rebel (executed) (b.1521)
- April 23–Gaspara Stampa,Italian poet (b.1523)
- May 2–William Waldegrave,English Member of Parliament (b.1507)
- June 19
- Sixt Birck,German humanist (b.1501)
- Philip II, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken,German noble (b.1509)
- June 28–Leone Strozzi,French Navy admiral (b.1515)
- August 25–Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk,English politician (b.1473)
- September 22–Francisco Vázquez de Coronado,Spanish conquistador (b. c.1510)
- December 22–Alessandro Bonvicino,Italian painter (b.1498)
- December–John Taylor,Bishop of Lincoln (b.1503)
- approx. date–Susannah Hornebolt,English artist (b. 1503)
- date unknown
- Argula von Grumbach,German Protestant reformer (b.1492)
- Leo Africanus,Andalusian Berber writer (b.1485)
- Sebastiano Serlio,Italian architect (b.1475)
- SirHugh Willoughby,English Arctic explorer
1555
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg/110px-Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_d%27Albret.jpg/110px-Henri_d%27Albret.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg/110px-Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg)
- January 14–Jacques Dubois,French anatomist (b.1478)
- February 4–John Rogers,English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c.1505)
- February 8–Laurence Saunders,English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b.1519)
- February 9
- Christian Egenolff,German printer (b.1502)
- John Hooper,English churchman (burned at the stake) (b. c.1497)
- Rowland Taylor,English Protestant martyr (burned at the stake) (b.1510)
- February 17–Giuliano Bugiardini,Italian painter (b.1475)
- March 14–John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford(b.1485)
- March 23–Pope Julius III(b.1487)[383]
- March 27–Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din,Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b.1473)
- April 12– QueenJoanna of Castile,long under confinement (b.1479)
- April 18–Polydore Vergil,English historian (b.1470)[384]
- May 1–Pope Marcellus II(b.1501)
- May 21–George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg(b.1502)
- May 25
- Gemma Frisius,Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b.1508)
- Henry II of Navarre(b.1503)[107]
- June 10–Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg(1502–1535) (b.1485)
- September 8–Thomas of Villanova,SpanishRoman Catholicbishop and saint (b.1488)
- October 5–Edward Wotton,English zoologist (b.1492)
- October 9–Justus Jonas,German Protestant reformer (b.1493)
- October 16
- Hugh Latimer,English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c.1487)
- Nicholas Ridley,English clergyman (burned at the stake)
- Sue Harukata,Japanese retainer under theOuchi clan(b.1521)
- October 26–Olympia Fulvia Morata,Italian classical scholar (b.1526)
- November 4–Agnes of Hesse,German nobleman, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (b.1527)
- November 12
- Stephen Gardiner,English bishop and Lord Chancellor (b.1493)
- Yang Jisheng,Ming Chinese statesman (beheaded) (b.1516)
- Zhang Jing,Ming Chinese general (beheaded)
- November 21–Georgius Agricola,German scientist (b.1490)
- December–Stanisław Kostka,Polish noble (b.1487)
- December 9–Elisabeth of Culemborg,German noble (b.1475)
1556
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/110px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg/110px-St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg)
- January 8–Anne Shelton,English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b.1475)[385]
- January 27–Humayun,2ndMughal Emperor(b.1508)[386]
- February 12–Giovanni Poggio,Italian cardinal and diplomat (b.1493)[387]
- February 26–Frederick II, Elector Palatine(1544–1556) (b.1482)[388]
- March 21–Thomas Cranmer,Archbishop of Canterbury(burned at the stake) (b.1489)[389]
- April 18
- April 26–Valentin Friedland,German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b.1490)[392]
- May 4–Luca Ghini,Italian physician and botanist (b.1490)[393]
- May 28–Saitō Dōsan,Japanese warlord (b.1494)
- June 10–Martin Agricola,German composer (b.1486)[394]
- June 24–Joan of Valois,French princess (b. 1556)[395]
- July 31–Ignatius of Loyola,Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b.1491)[396]
- August 1–Girolamo da Carpi,Italian painter (b.1501)[397]
- August 11–John Bell,Bishop of Worcester[398]
- August 17–Victoria of Valois,French princess (b. 1556)
- September–Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell,Scottish traitor (b.1512)[399]
- October 7–Frederick of Denmark,Prince-bishop (b.1532)[400]
- October 21–Pietro Aretino,Italian author (b.1492)[401]
- November 10–Richard Chancellor,English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c.1521)[402]
- November 14–Giovanni della Casa,Italian poet (b.1503)[403]
- date unknown
- probable
- Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of theKings of Ui Failghe
- Jacob Clemens non Papa,Flemish composer (b.1510)[406]
1557
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/110px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/110px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/110px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg)
- January 2–Pontormo,Italian painter (b.1494)[407][408]
- January 4–Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg,(b.1514)[409]
- January 8–Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach( "Albert the Warlike" ), Prince of Bayreuth (b.1522)[410]
- March 13–Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme,French cardinal (b.1493)[411]
- April 9–Mikael Agricola,Finnish scholar (b. c.1510)[412]
- April 24–Georg Rörer,German theologian (b.1492)[413]
- April 29–Lautaro,Mapuche warrior (b.1534)[414]
- May 18–John II, Count Palatine of Simmern,Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b.1492)[415]
- June 10–Leandro Bassano,Italian painter (d.1622)[416]
- June 11– KingJohn III of Portugal(b.1502)[417]
- July 10–Giovanni Battista Ramusio,Italian geographer (b.1485)[418]
- July 16–Anne of Cleves,fourth queen ofHenry VIII of England(b.1515)[419]
- August 1–Olaus Magnus,Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b.1490)[420]
- August 18–Claude de la Sengle,48th Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller(b.1494)[421]
- September 1–Jacques Cartier,French explorer (b.1491)[422]
- September 13–John Cheke,English classical scholar and statesman (b.1514)[423]
- September 15–Juan Álvarez de Toledo,Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1488)[424]
- September 27–Emperor Go-Nara of Japan(b.1495)
- October 5orOctober 6–Kamran Mirza,Mughal prince (b.1509)[425]
- October 20–Jean Salmon Macrin,French poet (b.1490)[426]
- October 25–William Cavendish,English courtier (b.1505)[427]
- November 19
- Bona Sforza,queen ofSigismund I of Poland(b.1494)[428]
- Maria de' Medici,Italian noble (b.1540)[429]
- December 6–Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony(b.1502)[430]
- December 13–Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia,Italian mathematician (b.1499)[431][432]
- December 27–Queen Dangyeong,Korean royal consort (b.1487)
- date unknown
- Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés,Spanish historian (b.1478)[433]
- Charlotte Guillard,French printer[434]
- Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts,French translator
- Geoffrey Glyn,English lawyer[435]
- probable
- Sebastian Cabot,Italian-born English explorer (b.1476)[436]
- Thomas Crecquillon,Flemish composer (b.1490)[437]
1558
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/110px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg)
- January 28–Jacob Micyllus,German humanist (b.1503)
- February 25–Eleanor of Austria,Queen of Portugal and France (b.1498)
- February 27
- Johann Faber of Heilbronn,controversial Catholic preacher (b.1504)
- Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach,German noblewoman (b.1524)
- March 6–Luca Gaurico,Italian astrologer (b.1475)
- March 24–Anna van Egmont,Countess of Egmond and Buren (b. c.1533)
- March 25–Marcos de Niza,French Franciscan explorer (b. c.1495)
- April 2–Wolfgang of the Palatinate,Count Palatine of Neumarkt (b.1494)
- April 15–Hurrem Sultan,Ruthenian-born wife ofSuleiman the Magnificent(b. c.1500)
- April 20–Johannes Bugenhagen,German reformer (b.1485)
- April 26–Jean Fernel,French physician (b.1497)[438]
- May 17–Francisco de Sá de Miranda,Portuguese poet (b.1485)
- May 19–Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña,Spanish count (b.1494)
- May 25–Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen(1525–1540) (b.1510)[439]
- May 31–Philip Hoby,English politician (b.1505)
- June 28–Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche,English courtier (b.1506)
- July 17–George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard(b.1498)
- August 11–Justus Menius,German Lutheran pastor (b.1499)[440]
- September 21–Charles V,Holy Roman Emperor (b.1500)[441]
- October–Mellin de Saint-Gelais,French poet (b. c.1491)
- October 18–Maria of Austria,queen ofLouis II of Hungary and Bohemia(b.1505)
- October 21–J. C. Scaliger,Italian scholar (b.1484)[442]
- November 1
- Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham,English noble (b.1501)
- Erhard Schnepf,German theologian (b.1495)
- November 15–Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis,Scottish politician and judge (b.1515)
- November 17
- (bur.)Hugh Aston,English composer (b.1485)
- QueenMary I of England(b.1516)[443]
- Reginald Pole,CardinalArchbishop of Canterbury(b.1500)
- December 7–Johann Forster,German theologian (b.1496)
- December 16–Thomas Cheney,Lord Warden of theCinque Ports(b. c.1485)
- December 19–Cornelius Grapheus,Flemish writer (b.1482)
- December 28–Hermann Finck,German composer (b.1527)
- date unknown
- Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll,Scottish nobleman and politician (b.1507)
- Robert Recorde,Welsh physician and mathematician (b. c.1512)
1559
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg/110px-Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg/110px-ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_II_of_France..jpg/110px-Henry_II_of_France..jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg/110px-Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg)
- January–Christina Gyllenstierna,leading opponent of KingChristian II of Denmarkand Norway (b.1494)
- January 1– KingChristian III of Denmarkand Norway (b.1503)[444]
- January 25– KingChristian II ofDenmark, Norway and Sweden(b.1481)
- February 12– Prince-electorOtto Henry of the Palatinate(b.1502)
- March 8–Thomas Tresham,English Catholic politician
- March 13–Johann Gropper,German Catholic cardinal (b.1503)
- March 16–Anthony St. Leger,Lord Deputy of Ireland (b.1496)
- March 23– EmperorGelawdewos of Ethiopia(in battle) (b.1522)
- March 30–Adam Ries,German mathematician (b.1492)
- June 3–Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen,German noblewoman (b.1488)
- July 10– KingHenry II of France(jousting accident) (b.1519)[179]
- August 18–Pope Paul IV(b.1476)[445]
- September 7–Robert Estienne,French printer (b.1503)
- September 15–Isabella Jagiellon,queen consort of Hungary (d.1519)
- October 2–Jacquet of Mantua,French composer (b.1483)
- October 3–Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara,Italian noble (b.1508)
- October 4–Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg(b.1504)
- October 6–William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen(b.1487)
- November 5–Kanō Motonobu,Japanese painter (b.1476)
- November 10–Jacob Milich,German astronomer and mathematician (b.1501)
- November 18–Cuthbert Tunstall,English church leader (b.1474)
- November 20–Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk,English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b.1517)
- November 26–Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken,Count of Nassau (b.1526)
- December 17–Irene di Spilimbergo,Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b.1538)
- December 31–Owen Oglethorpe,deposed English bishop
- date unknown
- Realdo Colombo,Italian surgeon and anatomist (b.1516)
- Elizabeth Wilford,English merchant and company founder
- Father Francis of Aberdeen,Catholic Trinitarian friar
- Leonard Digges,English mathematician and surveyor (b. c.1515)
- Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone,Irish rebel (b.1480)
- Wen Zhengming,Chinese painter (b.1470)
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