1559
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1559 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1559 MDLIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2312 |
| Armenian calendar | 1008 ԹՎ ՌԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6309 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1480–1481 |
| Bengali calendar | 966 |
| Berber calendar | 2509 |
| English Regnal year | 1Eliz. 1– 2Eliz. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2103 |
| Burmese calendar | 921 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7067–7068 |
| Chinese calendar | Mậu ngọNăm (EarthHorse) 4256 or 4049 — to — Mình chưa năm (EarthGoat) 4257 or 4050 |
| Coptic calendar | 1275–1276 |
| Discordian calendar | 2725 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1551–1552 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5319–5320 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1615–1616 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1480–1481 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4659–4660 |
| Holocene calendar | 11559 |
| Igbo calendar | 559–560 |
| Iranian calendar | 937–938 |
| Islamic calendar | 966–967 |
| Japanese calendar | Eiroku2 ( vĩnh lộc ２ năm ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1478–1479 |
| Julian calendar | 1559 MDLIX |
| Korean calendar | 3892 |
| Minguo calendar | 353 beforeROC Dân trước 353 năm |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 91 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2101–2102 |
| Tibetan calendar | Dương thổ mã năm (male Earth-Horse) 1685 or 1304 or 532 — to — Âm thổ dương năm (female Earth-Goat) 1686 or 1305 or 533 |
Year1559(MDLIX) was acommon year starting on Sunday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 15–Elizabeth I of England is crowned,inWestminster Abbey.[1]
- February 27– QueenElizabeth I of Englandestablishes theChurch of England,with theAct of Uniformity 1558and theAct of Supremacy 1558.TheOath of Supremacyis reinstated.
- March 23– EmperorGelawdewos of Ethiopia,defending his lands against the invasion ofNur ibn Mujahid,Sultan ofHarar,is killed in battle. His brother,Menas,succeeds him as king.
- March 31– TheWestminster Conference 1559opens atWestminster Hallin London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of theChurch of England.[2]The conference adjourns on April 3 forEasterand never reconvenes.
April–June
[edit]- April 3–Peace of Cateau Cambrésis:After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending theItalian War of 1551–59.France gives up most of its gains in Italy (includingSavoy), retaining onlySaluzzo,but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics ofMetz,Toul,andVerdun,and the formerly English town ofCalais.
- May 2–John Knoxreturns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginningScottish Reformation.
- May 8–Queen Elizabeth of Englandgivesroyal assentto theAct of Supremacy 1558(requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of theChurch of England) and to theAct of Uniformity 1558(requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).
- May 13– AtBasel,the body of Dutch Anabaptist leaderDavid Jorisis exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.
- June 11–Scottish Reformation:A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacksSt Andrews Cathedral.
- June 22– KingPhilip II of Spainand the 14-year-oldElisabeth of Valoisare married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.[3]
- June 30–King Henry of Franceparticipates in ajoustingtournament at thePlace des Vosgesin Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition againstGabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery,commander of King Henry's bodyguards, theGarde Écossaise,King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured.[4]Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying fromsepsis.
July–September
[edit]- July 10–Francis IIbecomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.[5][6]Members of theHouse of Guiseand the new king's motherCatherine de' Medicidispute control over the kingdom.
- July 25– TheArticles of Leithare signed inEdinburghbetween the ProtestantLords of the Congregationand the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent,Mary of Guise,the widow ofKing James V,who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-oldMary, Queen of Scots.The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.[7]
- July 31–Pope Paul IVauthorizes the creation of theUniversity of Douai(which will later become theUniversity of Lille).[8]
- August 15– Led by DonTristán de Luna y Arellano,aSpanishmissionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives fromVera CruzatPensacola Bay,founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustineis founded in1565.)
- August 18–Pope Paul IV,leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.
- September 4–Gorkhastate is established byDravya Shah,beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country ofNepal.
- September 5– Thepapal conclave to elect a new popeopens 18 days after the death ofPope Paul IVat theApostolic PalaceinRomewith 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.[9]The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.
- September 19– Just weeks after arrival atPensacola,the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by ahurricanethat kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with agalleon,and grounds acaravel;the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in1561.
- September 21–Francis II of Franceis crowned atReims.The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.[10]
- September 25– At the age of 12,Petru cel Tânăr(Peter the Younger) is named as the newPrince of Wallachiaat the capital,Târgoviște(now in Romania) after the death of his father,Mircea the Shepherd.In response, members of Wallachian nobility (boyars) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.
October–December
[edit]- October 24– Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. TheOttoman central governmentat Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.
- October 27–Frederick IIIis terminated from his post asDuke of Legnicaon orders ofFerdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son,Henry XIas Duke of Legnica.
- November 5– In Scotland,Crichton Castle,home of the powerfulEarl of Bothwell,is besieged and captured in an attack by theEarl of Arran.[11]
- November 6– The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island ofBahrainfrom Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.[12]
- December 25– After aconclave of almost four months,Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the namePope Pius IV.[9]
Date unknown
[edit]- TheUniversity of Genevais founded byJohn Calvin.[13]
- John Calvin publishes the final edition of theInstitutes of the Christian Religion.[14]
- Oda Nobunagawins control of his native province ofOwari.
- Margaret of Parmabecomes Governor of theNetherlands,in place of her brother, KingPhilip II of Spain.
- Jean Nicot,French ambassador to Portugal, introducestobaccoto the French court in the form ofsnuff,and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "nicotine"in his honor.[15]
- Pope Paul IVpromulgates thePauline Index,an early version of theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum.
- The first generation of the ProtestantReformationis completed, according to some historians.[16][17]
Births
[edit]
- January 1–Virginia Eriksdotter,Swedish noble (d.1633)
- January 8–William Helyar,English chaplain (d.1645)
- January 25–Aleixo de Menezes,Roman Catholic archbishop (d.1617)
- February 7–Catherine de Bourbon,Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d.1604)
- February 18–Isaac Casaubon,French-born classical scholar (d.1614)
- February 19–Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden(d.1588)
- February 21–Nurhaci,Chinese emperor(d.1626)
- March 12–Christoph Brouwer,Dutch historian (d.1617)
- March 16–Amar Singh I,eldest son and successor ofMaharana Pratapof Mewar (d.1620)
- March 26–Wolf Dietrich Raitenau,Prince-Bishopof Salzburg (d.1617)
- May 4–Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley(d.1637)
- May 12
- Stanisław Radziwiłł,Grand Marshal of Lithuania (d.1599)
- Johann Georg Gödelmann,German demonologist (d.1611)
- July 2–Margareta Brahe,Swedish political activist (d.1638)
- July 22–Lawrence of Brindisi,Italian saint (d.1619)
- July 27–Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburgand Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d.1618)
- August 18–Frederik van den Bergh,Dutch soldier in theEighty Years' War(d.1618)
- August 24orSeptember1556–Sophia Brahe,Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d.1643)
- September 21–Cigoli,Italian painter (d.1613)
- September 15–Edmond Richer,French theologian (d.1631)
- October 12orOctober 22–Jacques Sirmond,French Jesuit scholar (d.1651)
- November 11–Tokuhime,Japanese noble (d.1636)
- November 12–Yaza Datu Kalaya,Crown Princess of Burma (d.1603)
- November 13–Al-Mansur al-Qasim,Imam of Yemen (d.1620)
- November 15–Albert VII, Archduke of Austria,Governor of the Low Countries (d.1621)
- December 14–Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola,Spanish writer (d.1613)
- date unknown
- George Chapman,English dramatist (d.1634)
- Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese military commander (d.1584)
- John Penry,Welsh Protestant martyr (d.1593)[18]
- Honinbo Sansa,Japanese player of Go (d.1623)
- John Spenser,president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (d.1614)
Deaths
[edit]
- January–Christina Gyllenstierna,leading opponent of KingChristian II of Denmarkand Norway (b.1494)
- January 1– KingChristian III of Denmarkand Norway (b.1503)[19]
- January 25– KingChristian II ofDenmark, Norway and Sweden(b.1481)
- February 12– Prince-electorOtto Henry of the Palatinate(b.1502)
- March 8–Thomas Tresham,English Catholic politician
- March 13–Johann Gropper,German Catholic cardinal (b.1503)
- March 16–Anthony St. Leger,Lord Deputy of Ireland (b.1496)
- March 23– EmperorGelawdewos of Ethiopia(in battle) (b.1522)
- March 30–Adam Ries,German mathematician (b.1492)
- June 3–Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen,German noblewoman (b.1488)
- July 10– KingHenry II of France(jousting accident) (b.1519)[5]
- August 18–Pope Paul IV(b.1476)[20]
- September 7–Robert Estienne,French printer (b.1503)
- September 15–Isabella Jagiellon,queen consort of Hungary (d.1519)
- October 2–Jacquet of Mantua,French composer (b.1483)
- October 3–Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara,Italian noble (b.1508)
- October 4–Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg(b.1504)
- October 6–William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen(b.1487)
- November 5–Kanō Motonobu,Japanese painter (b.1476)
- November 10–Jacob Milich,German astronomer and mathematician (b.1501)
- November 18–Cuthbert Tunstall,English church leader (b.1474)
- November 20–Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk,English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b.1517)
- November 26–Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken,Count of Nassau (b.1526)
- December 17–Irene di Spilimbergo,Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b.1538)
- December 31–Owen Oglethorpe,deposed English bishop
- date unknown
- Realdo Colombo,Italian surgeon and anatomist (b.1516)
- Elizabeth Wilford,English merchant and company founder
- Father Francis of Aberdeen,Catholic Trinitarian friar
- Leonard Digges,English mathematician and surveyor (b. c.1515)
- Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone,Irish rebel (b.1480)
- Wen Zhengming,Chinese painter (b.1470)
References
[edit]- ^Geoffrey Abbott (2001).Crowning Disasters.Capall Bann Publishing. p. 56.ISBN978-1-86163-132-9.
- ^Mary Morrissey (June 16, 2011).Politics and the Paul's Cross Sermons, 1558-1642.Oxford University Press. p. 71.ISBN978-0-19-957176-5.RetrievedNovember 14,2012.
- ^Jean d' Aubusson de la Maison Neuve; Victor Ernest Graham; Victor E. Graham (1979).Recueil Et Discours Du Voyage Du Roy Charles IX.University of Toronto Press. p. 457.ISBN978-0-8020-5406-7.
- ^""The death of Henry II, King of France (1519–1559): From myth to medical and historical fact,by Marc Zanello, et al., inActa Neurochir(January 2015) pp.145-149
- ^ab"Henry II | king of France".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril 10,2019.
- ^"Francis II | king of France".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril 10,2019.
- ^Pamela E. Ritchie,Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career(East Linton, Tuckwell, 2002), p.224
- ^Escallier, Énée Aimé (1852).L'abbaye d'Anchin, 1079-1792(in French). L. Lefort.
- ^ab"Conclave of September 5 to December 25, 1559", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,by Salvador Miranda.
- ^Guy, John, My Heart is my Own, London, Fourth Estate, 2004,ISBN1841157538
- ^Calendar State Papers Scotland,vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 260-1, 262:Aeneas James George Mackay,Chroniclis of Scotland,vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1899), p. 163
- ^Svat Soucek (2008): "The Portuguese and Turks in the Persian Gulf", inRevisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period,p.37 copies archived on January 2, 2021 on the Wayback Machine website
- ^Mark Pattison (1875).Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614.Longmans, Green. p. 11.
- ^Derek W. H. Thomas; John W. Tweeddale, eds. (2019).John Calvin: for a new reformation.Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway.ISBN978-1-4335-1281-0.OCLC1091236732.
- ^Austin, Gregory."Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use".Drugs & Society.Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study. Archived fromthe originalon October 12, 2011.RetrievedOctober 7,2011.
- ^G.R. Elton, ed.The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 2: The Reformation, 1520–1559(1st ed. 1958)
- ^Lewis Spitz,The Protestant Reformation: 1517–1559(2003).
- ^Robert Tudur Jones."Penry, John (1563-1593), Puritan author".Welsh Biography Online.RetrievedMay 26,2021.
- ^Alexander Hopkins McDannald (1945).The Encyclopedia Americana.Americana Corporation. p. 599.
- ^"Paul IV | pope".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJuly 13,2021.