1568
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1568 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1568 MDLXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2321 |
| Armenian calendar | 1017 ԹՎ ՌԺԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6318 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1489–1490 |
| Bengali calendar | 975 |
| Berber calendar | 2518 |
| English Regnal year | 10Eliz. 1– 11Eliz. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2112 |
| Burmese calendar | 930 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7076–7077 |
| Chinese calendar | Đinh MãoNăm (FireRabbit) 4265 or 4058 — to — Mậu Thìn năm (EarthDragon) 4266 or 4059 |
| Coptic calendar | 1284–1285 |
| Discordian calendar | 2734 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1560–1561 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5328–5329 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1624–1625 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1489–1490 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4668–4669 |
| Holocene calendar | 11568 |
| Igbo calendar | 568–569 |
| Iranian calendar | 946–947 |
| Islamic calendar | 975–976 |
| Japanese calendar | Eiroku11 ( vĩnh lộc １１ năm ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1487–1488 |
| Julian calendar | 1568 MDLXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3901 |
| Minguo calendar | 344 beforeROC Dân trước 344 năm |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 100 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2110–2111 |
| Tibetan calendar | Âm hỏa thỏ năm (female Fire-Rabbit) 1694 or 1313 or 541 — to — Dương thổ long năm (male Earth-Dragon) 1695 or 1314 or 542 |
Year1568(MDLXVIII) was aleap year starting on Thursday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 6– In theEastern Hungarian Kingdom,the delegates ofUnio Trium Nationumto theDietofTordaconvene in a session that ends on January 13, during which freedom of religion is debated.
- January 28– TheEdict of Torda,Europe's first declaration ofreligious freedom,is adopted by the Kingdom of Hungary.
- February 7– Members of a Spanish expedition, commanded byÁlvaro de Mendaña de Neira,become the first Europeans to see theSolomon Islands,landing atSanta Isabel Island.[1][2]
- February 16– TheInquisition in the Netherlandscondemns virtually the entire population of theSpanish Netherlandsto death.[3]
- February 17–Treaty of Adrianople(sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): TheHabsburgsagree to pay tribute to theOttomans.[4][5]
- February 23–Akbar the Greatof theMughal Empirecaptures the massiveChittor Fortin northern India after a siege that began on October 23, 1567.[6][7]
- February 28– FrenchHuguenotsbegin theSiege of Chartres,but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.[8][9]
- March 23– ThePeace of Longjumeauends the Second War of Religion in France.[10]AgainCatherine de' MediciandCharles IXmake substantial concessions to the Huguenots.
April–June
[edit]- April 23–Eighty Years' War:TheBattle of Dahlentakes place in theDuchy of Jülichnear the modern-dayRheindahlenborough in the German city ofMönchengladbach,North Rhine-Westphalia.Spanish troops, commanded bySancho d'Avila,overwhelm a larger force of Dutch rebels led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers.[11]
- May 2– The deposedMary, Queen of Scots,escapes fromLochleven Castle.
- May 13–Marian civil warin Scotland:Battle of Langside– The forces ofMary, Queen of Scots,are defeated by a confederacy of ScottishProtestantsunderJames Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray,regent of Scotland and her half-brother.[12]
- May 16–Mary, Queen of Scots,flees across theSolway FirthfromScotlandtoEngland[13]but on May 19 is placed in custody inCarlisle Castleon the orders of QueenElizabeth I of England,her cousin.
- May 23–Battle of Heiligerlee:Troops underLouis of Nassau,brother ofWilliam the Silent,defeat a smaller loyalist force under theDuke of Arenberg,in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins theEighty Years' War.[14]
- June 1– A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands atSablon,nearBrussels,as 18 persons who signed theCompromise of Nobleson April 5, 1566, are beheaded.[15]
- June 13–Thomas Lancasteris consecrated as theArchbishop of Armagh,spiritual leader of theChurch of Ireland,succeeding ArchbishopAdam Loftus.
- June 27– Ottoman pirateKılıç Ali Pasha,formerly Italian farmer Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, is appointed as the OttomanBeylerbeyofOttoman Algeriaby the SultanSelim II.
July–September
[edit]- July 21–Battle of Jemmingen:The main Spanish army of theDuke of Albautterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.[16]
- August 18– TheThird War of Religionbegins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to captureCondéand Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
- September 24–Battle of San Juan de Ulúa(Anglo-Spanish War): In theGulf of Mexico,a Spanish fleet forces EnglishprivateersunderJohn Hawkinsto end their campaign.[17]
- September 29– The Swedish kingEric XIVis deposed by his half-brothersJohnandCharles.[18]John proclaims himself king John III the next day.
October–December
[edit]- October 5–William the Silentinvades the southeastern Netherlands.[19]
- October 18—Ashikaga Yoshiakiis installed as Shōgun, beginning theAzuchi–Momoyama periodin Japan.[20][21]
- October 20–Battle of Jodoigne:Spanish forces under the Duke of Alba destroyWilliam the Silent's rearguard and William abandons his offensive.[22]
- November 12– Dutch rebels commanded byWilliam the Silentdefeat Spanish Habsburg troops led bySancho d'Avilain thebattle of Le Quesnoyin northern France.
- November 22– The secondtreaty of Roskildeis signed between representatives of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden to end theNorthern Seven Years' War.Sweden cedes theDuchy of Estonia(Estland) to Danish control.
- November 27–Burmese–Siamese War:Dispatched by KingBayinnaung,55,000 Burmese troops arrive atPhitsanulok(in modern-day Thailand) and drive back the attack by armies from theAyutthaya Kingdom(Thailand)Lan Xang(Laos), then prepare to invade Ayutthaya to put down the rebellion by Ayutthayan KingMaha Chakkraphat[23]
- December 24– TheMorisco Revoltagainst King Philip II of Spain begins asAben Humeya(formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
- December 28–Ludwig IIIbecomes theDuke of Württembergin German Bavaria after the death of his father,Christoph.
Date unknown
[edit]- TheRusso-Turkish Warbegins in Astrakhan.
- Álvaro Isucceeds his stepfatherHenrique Ias ruler of theKingdom of Kongo[24]forming theKwilu dynastythat rules the kingdom without interruption untilMay1622.
- Polybius'The Historiesare first translated into English, byChristopher Watson.[25]
Births
[edit]
- January 6–Henri Spondanus,French historian (d.1643)[26]
- January 14–Johannes Hartmann,German chemist (d.1631)[27]
- January 20–Daniel Cramer,German theologian (d.1637)[28]
- January 28–Gustav of Sweden,Swedish prince (d.1607)
- January 30–Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg,countess (d.1636)
- February 2–Péter Révay,Hungarian historian (d.1622)[29]
- February 11–Honoré d'Urfé,French writer (d.1625)[30]
- March 9–Aloysius Gonzaga,Italian Jesuit and saint (d.1591)[31]
- March 16–Juan Martínez Montañés,Spanish sculptor (d.1649)[32]
- March 28–Johannes Polyander,Dutch theologian (d.1646)[33]
- March 30–Henry Wotton,English author and diplomat (d.1639)[34]
- April 5–Pope Urban VIII(d.1644)[35]
- April 17–George Brooke,English aristocrat (d.1603)[36]
- April 21–Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(d.1587)[37]
- April 28–Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza,Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d.1630)[38]
- May 9–Guglielmo Caccia,Italian painter (d.1625)
- May 11–Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg,German prince of the House of Ascania (d.1630)[39]
- May 17–Anna Vasa of Sweden,Swedish princess (d.1625)[40]
- May 29–Virginia de' Medici,Duchess of Modena and Reggio(d.1615)[41]
- June 6–Sophie of Brandenburg,Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d.1622)[42]
- June 25–Gunilla Bielke,Queen of Sweden (d.1597)[43]
- July 1–Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,German Catholic bishop (d.1623)[44]
- August 27–Hercule, Duke of Montbazon(d.1654)[45]
- September 3–Adriano Banchieri,Italian composer (d.1634)[46]
- September 5–Tommaso Campanella,Italian theologian and poet (d.1639)[47]
- October 2–Marino Ghetaldi,Croatian mathematician and physicist (d.1626)[48]
- October 18–Henry Wallop,English politician (d.1642)[49]
- November 18–Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (d.1636)
- December 17–Jonathan Trelawny,English politician (d.1604)[50]
- date unknown
- Nikolaus Ager,French botanist (d.1634)[51]
- John Welsh of Ayr,Scottish Presbyterian leader[52]
- Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester(d.1648)[53]
- Nakagawa Hidemasa,Japanese military leader (d.1592)
- Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl,Mexican historian (d.1648)[54]
- Gervase Markham,English poet and writer (d.1637)[55]
- Robert Wintour,English conspirator (executed1606)
- Wei Zhongxian,Grand Secretary of China (d.1627)[56]
- Ōtsu Ono,Japanese woman poet, koto, and writer (believed to have learned how to write from Nobutada Konoe) (d. 1631)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 26–Lady Catherine Grey,Countess of Hertford (b.1540)[57]
- February 15–Hendrick van Brederode,Dutch reformer (b.1531)[58]
- March 19–Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell,English noblewoman (b.c.1518)
- March 20(plague)
- Albert, Duke of Prussia(b.1490)[59]
- Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Duchess of Prussia (b.1532)[60]
- May 23–Adolf of Nassau,Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (b.1540)[61]
- April 7–Onofrio Panvinio,Italian Augustinian historian (b.1529)[62]
- April 27–Giovanni Michele Saraceni,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1498)[63]
- May 6–Bernardo Salviati,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1508)[64]
- May 15–Anna of Lorraine(b.1522)[65]
- May 23–Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg(b.1528)[66]
- June 3–Andrés de Urdaneta,Spanish explorer (b.1508)[67]
- June 5
- Lamoral, Count of Egmont,Flemish statesman (b.1522)[68]
- Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn(b. c.1524)[69]
- June 11–Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburgand Prince of Wolfenbüttel 1514–1568 (b.1489)[70]
- July 1–Levinus Lemnius,Dutch writer (b.1505)[71]
- July 6–Johannes Oporinus,Swiss printer (b.1507)[72]
- July 7–William Turner,British ornithologist and botanist (b.1508)[73]
- July 24–Carlos, Prince of Asturias,son ofPhilip II of Spain(b.1545)[74]
- August 15–Stanislaus Kostka,Polish saint (b.1550)[75]
- August 21–Jean Parisot de Valette,49thGrandmasterof theKnights Hospitaller(b.1495)[76]
- August 23–Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton(b.1495)[77]
- September 26–Leonor de Cisneros,Spanish Protestant (b.1536)[78]
- September–Anna Pehrsönernas moder,influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)
- September 22–Jöran Persson,Swedish politician (b. c.1530) (executed)[79]
- October 3–Elisabeth of Valois,Queen ofPhilip II of Spain(b.1545)[80]
- October 14–Jacques Arcadelt,Flemish composer (b.1504)[81]
- October 19–Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis,German theologian (b.1517)[82]
- October 28–Ashikaga Yoshihide,Japanese shōgun (b.1538)
- November 6–Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg,duchess consort of Pomerania (b.1502)[83]
- November 9–John Radcliffe,English politician (b.1539)[84]
- December 23–Roger Ascham,tutor ofElizabeth I of England(b.1515)[85]
- December 24–Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen(b.1533)[86]
- December 28–Christoph, Duke of Württemberg(b.1515)[87]
- December 31–Shimazu Tadayoshi,Japanese warlord (b.1493)
- date unknown
- Garcia de Orta,Portuguese Jewish physician (b.1501)[88]
- Dirk Philips,early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (b.1504)[89]
- Yan Song,Chinese prime minister (b.1481)
- Amato Lusitano,Portuguese physician (b.1511)[90]
References
[edit]- ^"Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira, 1542?–1595".Princeton University Library.RetrievedFebruary 8,2013.
- ^"Solomon Islands".un.int.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^"What was the Inquisition?".History Is Now Magazine.February 5, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 16,2024.
- ^Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571.American Philosophical Society. p. 922.ISBN978-0-87169-162-0.RetrievedDecember 5,2023.
- ^Cîmpeanu, Liviu (2021)."The Transylvanian-Saxon University at War: Trabanten in John Sigismund Szapolyai's Campaigns at the North-Western Borders of Transylvania (1561–1567)".Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica.58(58): 11–28.ISSN1454-1521.RetrievedDecember 5,2023.
- ^Ram Vallabh Somani,History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.(Mateshwari, 1976)
- ^Mathur, R. S. (1985).Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D.Deputy Publications. p. 53.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^James Wood,The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.215
- ^Baird, Henry Martyn (1880).History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France.Hodder and Stoughton. p. 231.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Roberts, Penny (2013)."Phases of Peace".Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560–1600.Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 29–50.doi:10.1057/9781137326751_3.ISBN978-1-137-32675-1.RetrievedDecember 5,2023.
- ^John Lothrop Motley,The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History(Harper & Brothers, 1883) p.160
- ^Peter G. B. McNeill; Hector L. MacQueen (1996).Atlas of Scottish History to 1707.Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. p. 134.ISBN978-0-9503904-1-3.
- ^Holmes, P. J. (1987)."Mary Stewart in England".The Innes Review.38(38): 195–218.doi:10.3366/inr.1987.38.38.195.RetrievedDecember 5,2023.
- ^Marco van der Hoeven (1997).Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648.Brill. p. 57.ISBN90-04-10727-4.
- ^Louis Verniers,Un millénaire d'histoire de Bruxelles. Des origines à 1830(A. De Boeck, 1965) p.227
- ^Jaques, Tony (November 30, 2006).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes].Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 489.ISBN978-0-313-02799-4.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^Figueroa, Macrina Rabadán (2006).Propios y extraños: la presencia de los extranjeros en la vida de la ciudad de México, 1821-1860(in Spanish). Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. p. 13.ISBN978-970-701-761-0.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^Williamson, David (1988).Debrett's kings and queens of Europe.Exter: Webb & Bower. p. 124.ISBN978-0-86350-194-4.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^Lovett, A. W. (1986).Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598.Oxford University Press. p. 160.ISBN978-0-19-822139-5.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^Japan Encyclopedia.Harvard University Press. 2002. p. 55.ISBN978-0-674-01753-5.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
- ^Katsumi Kuroita, ed.,Public Court Appointments, Part 3,Vol. 55 (Kokushi Taikei Publishing Association, 1936)
- ^Trevor Nevitt Dupuy; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1992).The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography.HarperCollins. p. 800.ISBN978-0-06-270015-5.
- ^Hmannan chronicle,Vol. 2, p.403)
- ^Thornton, John K. (2018). "Soyo and Kongo: The Undoing of the Kingdom's Centralization".The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity.Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–122.ISBN978-1-108-47418-4.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Polybius (1979).The Rise Of The Roman Empire.Penguin. p. 36.
- ^Wetzer, H. J. (1864).Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la théologie catholique(in French). Gaume. p. 367.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Pharmazeutische Zeitung, vereinigt mit Apotheker-Zeitung(in German). Govi-Verlag Pharmazeutischer Verlag GmbH. 1957. p. 1326.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Das Reformationszeitalter(in German). Dresden: LS Ehlermann. 1886. p. 142.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Irodalomtörténeti közlemények(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. 1977. p. 494.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Germa, Bernard (1904).L'Astrée d'Honoré d'Urfé: sa composition - son influence(in French). E. Privat. p. 13.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^"LUIGI Gonzaga, santo - Treccani".Treccani(in Italian).RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Díaz, José Hernández; Montañés, Juan Martínez (1987).Juan Martínez Montañés (1568-1649)(in Spanish). Ediciones Guadalquivir. p. 21.ISBN978-84-86080-04-4.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Johannes Polyander: een dienaar van kerk en universiteit(in Dutch). BRILL. December 24, 2018. p. 8.ISBN978-90-04-38189-6.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Sharp, Robert Farquharson (1904).A Dictionary of English Authors, Biographical and Bibliographical.K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 305.ISBN978-0-87821-045-9.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^"URBANO VIII".Treccani(in Italian).RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^McKeen, David (1986).A Memory of Honour: The Life of William Brooke, Lord Cobham.Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg. p. 162.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Hansen, Johann Friedrich (1770).Vollständigere Staatsbeschreibung des Herzogthums Schleswig(in German). Korte. p. 192.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía(in Spanish). RAMHG. p. 152.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Deinet, Klaus (July 15, 2020).Christian I. von Anhalt-Bernburg (1568-1630): Eine Biographie des Scheiterns(in German). Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 17.ISBN978-3-17-038317-3.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
- ^Norrman, David Emanuel (1978).Sigismund Vasa och hans regering i Polen (1587-1632)(in Swedish). Norstedt. p. 23.ISBN978-91-1-783362-6.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Miscellanea di storia italiana(in Italian). Bocca. 1869. p. 326.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Allgemeine deutsche Biographie...: Senckenberg(in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1892. p. 689.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Hofberg, Herman (1906).Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon(in Swedish). Albert Bonniers. p. 89.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde(in German). Harzverein. 1889. p. 233.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Simplicien, Paul Lucas (1749).L'Etat de la France... Des troupes de la Maison du Roi...(in French). chez d'Houry fils. p. 512.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Unger, Melvin P. (August 14, 2023).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32.ISBN978-1-5381-2434-5.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Germana Ernst (March 16, 2010).Tommaso Campanella: The Book and the Body of Nature.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2.ISBN978-90-481-3126-6.
- ^"Marino Ghetaldi - Biography".Maths History.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^"WALLOP, Henry (1568-1642), of Farleigh Wallop, Hants. | History of Parliament Online".historyofparliamentonline.org.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Rowe, Joshua Brooking (1906).A History of the Borough of Plympton Erle: The Castle and Manor of Plympton, and of the Ecclesiastical Parish of Plympton St. Thomas, in the County of Devon.J.G. Commin. pp. 232–233.
- ^Leibrock-Plehn, Larissa (1992).Hexenkräuter oder Arznei: die Abtreibungsmittel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert(in German). Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 107.ISBN978-3-8047-1200-3.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Young, James (1866).Life of John Welsh, Minister of Ayr: Including Illustrations of the Contemporary Ecclesiastical History of Scotland and France.J. Maclaren. p. 9.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Cokayne, George Edward (1913).The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Canonteign to Cutts.St. Catherine Press, Limited. p. 198.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Cayne, Bernard S. (1981).The Encyclopedia Americana.Grolier. p. 634.ISBN978-0-7172-0112-9.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^"Markham, Gervase".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18065.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^McMahon, Keith (2014)."The Potent Eunuch: The Story of Wei Zhongxian".Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture.1(1–2): 1–28.doi:10.1215/23290048-2749359.S2CID162821741.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
- ^Robert Stedall (July 26, 2012).The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567.Book Guild Publishing. p. 157.ISBN978-1-84624-646-3.
- ^Brink, Jan ten (1882).De eerste jaren der Nederlandsche revolutie (1555-1568)(in Dutch). Elsevier. p. 208.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Hartmann, Stefan (2008).Herzog Albrecht von Preussen und Livland (1565-1570): Regesten aus dem Herzoglichen Briefarchiv(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 145.ISBN978-3-412-20176-0.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1857).A Cyclopædia of Female Biography... [A revised abridgement, with additions, of "Woman's Record".] Edited by H.G. Adams.London: Groombridge & Sons. p. 44.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Beausar, Nicolaas Godfried (1852).Nederland(in Dutch). Verkonteren. p. 64.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^"PANVINIO, Onofrio - Treccani".Treccani(in Italian).RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551".cardinals.fiu.edu.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561".cardinals.fiu.edu.
- ^Histoire de Lorraine(in French). Chez A. Leseure. 1757. p. cxcix.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Aa, A. J. van der (1841).Geschied- en Aadrijkskundige Beschrijving van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groothertogdom. Luxemburg(in Dutch). J. Noorduyn and Son. p. 308.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1896).Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León(in Spanish). Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. p. 249.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Fagel, Raymond (October 1, 2021).Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries.Leuven University Press. p. 52.ISBN978-94-6270-287-5.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^"Horn".dutchrevolt.leiden.edu.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Kleines Conversations-Lexikon(in German). Herder. 1855. p. 264.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Nagtglas, F. (1869).Levinus Lemnius en Zierikzee in de eerste helft der zestiende eeuw(in Dutch). Altorffer. p. 15.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Geschichte der Wissenschaften in Deutschland: Neuere Zeit(in German). R. Oldenbourg. 1883. p. 158.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^"Turner, William".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27874.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^Sarmiento, Francisco Javier Puerto (2022).El Príncipe Don Carlos de Austria: Un hombre desesperado. Historia y Leyenda(in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres S.l. p. 216.ISBN978-84-18316-64-7.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
- ^Podręczna encyklopedya kościelna(in Polish). Skład głowny w Księgarni Gebethnera i S ka. 1913. p. 75.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571.American Philosophical Society. p. 936.ISBN978-0-87169-162-0.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^"Wharton, Thomas, first Baron Wharton".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29172.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^Acuña, Manuela Josefa Reynoso (1963).Algunos aspectos de la reforma cristiana en España, en el siglo XVI(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 60.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^"Jöran Persson - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon".sok.riksarkivet.se.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992).Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789.St. James Press. p. 372.ISBN978-1-55862-159-6.
- ^Unger, Melvin P. (August 14, 2023).Historical Dictionary of Choral Music.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18.ISBN978-1-5381-2434-5.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Freytag, Hermann (1903).Die Preussen auf der Universität Wittenberg und die nichtpreussischen Schüler Wittenbergs in Preussen von 1502 bis 1602(in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 91.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Braunschweigisches Magazin(in German). J. Zwissler. 1899. p. 70.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^"RADCLIFFE, Sir John (1539-68), of Old Cleeve, Som. | History of Parliament Online".historyofparliamentonline.org.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Nicholas, Lucy R.; Law, Ceri (November 23, 2020).Roger Ascham and His Sixteenth-Century World.BRILL. p. 296.ISBN978-90-04-38228-2.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Mitteilungen des Altertumsvereins zu Plauen: Jahresschrift(in German). Neupert. 1885. p. 55.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Vochezer, Joseph (1907).Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Waldburg in Schwaben(in German). Kösel. p. 462.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Medicine and the Inquisition in the Early Modern World.BRILL. July 1, 2019. p. 102.ISBN978-90-04-38646-4.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Krahn, Cornelius (December 6, 2012).Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600).Springer. p. 230.ISBN978-94-015-0609-0.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
- ^Bibliography of the History of Medicine.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1964. p. 12.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.