1570s

The1570sdecade ran from January 1, 1570, to December 31, 1579.

Abraham Orteliuspublishes the first modernatlasin 1570.

November 4, 1576:Sack of Antwerp

Events

1570

January–March

• January 8–Ivan the Terriblebegins theMassacre of Novgorod.
• January 23– Theassassinationof Scottish regentJames Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray,byJames Hamilton,the first known shooting of a national leader, throws Scotland intocivil war.Having loaded a carbine rifle and carried it into theLinlithgowhome of his uncle, theArchbishop of St Andrews,Hamilton stands at an upstairs window overlooking the street where Moray will ride by on horseback as part of cavalcade. Once Moray comes into range, Hamilton fires and fatally wounds the regent for King James VI.
• February 8– Anestimated 8.3 magnitude earthquakeoccurs inConcepción, Chile.
• February 5–VenusoccultsJupiter;this will next happen in1818.
• March 28– The ambassador of the Ottoman SultanSelim IIgoes before the governing Council of theVenetian Republicand requests that Venice surrender the island ofCyprus.The Council rejects the demand andprepares to go to warwith the Ottoman Empire.

April–June

• April 7– In Scotland,Colin Campbell of Glenorchyreceives permission from the Regent, theEarl of Morton,to execute the chief ofClan Gregor,his son-in-law Gregor Roy MacGregor,and carries out MacGregor's beheading at Balloch in front of theEarl of Atholl.
• April 27–Pope Pius Vexcommunicates QueenElizabeth I of England,and all persons who show allegiance to her, with the bullRegnans in Excelsis.
• May 20–Abraham Orteliuspublishes the first modernatlas,Theatrum Orbis Terrarum,inAntwerp.
• May 24–Battle of Manila:The Spanish, led byMartín de Goiti,defeat the forces ofRaja Sulayman.
• June 10– TheKingdom of Livoniais established.

July–September

• July 3– TheOttoman conquest of Cyprusbegins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land nearLarnacaand then march toward the Cypriot capital,Nicosia.
• July 14–Pope Pius VissuesQuo primum,promulgating the 1570 edition of theRoman Missal.
• July 22
  • Thomson Snell & Passmoreis founded, the oldest law firm in operation.
  • The siege of Nicosiaby the Ottoman Empire begins inCyprusand lasts for seven weeks.
• July 30&ndash (28th day of 6th month ofGenki1Battle of Anegawa:The allied forces ofOda NobunagaandTokugawa Ieyasudefeat the combined forces of theAzaiandAsakura clans.
• August 8– ThePeace of Saint-Germainends theThird War of Religionin France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.
• August 16– TheTreaty of Speyeris signed betweenJohn Sigismund Zápolya,Prince of TransylvaniaandMaximilian II,King of Hungary.
• September 9–Nicosiafalls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.
• September 10– A party of ten SpanishJesuitmissionaries land on theVirginia Peninsulaof North America to establish theAjacán Mission,which will be massacred in February 1571.
• September 25(26th day of 8th month ofGenki 1– The 10-year-longIshiyama Hongan-ji Warbegins in Japan asOda Nobunagastages simultaneous attacks on two fortresses (Ishiyama Hongan-ji andNagashima) of theIkkō-ikkifaction nearOsaka.

October–December

• October 3–Princess Anna of Austriaarrives inSpainto become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncleKing Philip of Spain,whom she had married by proxy on May 4.Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebelFloris of Montmorency,but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.
• November 17–A major earthquakestrikes the Italian city ofFerraraat 3:00 in the morning local time, destroying 40 percent of the buildings in the city, but causing only 171 deaths.After the initial shocks, a sequence ofaftershockscontinue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.
• December 13– TheTreaty of Stettinends theNorthern Seven Years' War.

Date unknown

• SpanishconquistadorJuan de Salcedo(in the service ofMiguel López de Legazpi) begins the conquest of theKingdom of Maynila.
• Construction of the originalCatedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción,the oldest church inVenezuela,begins.
• TheWhitechapel Bell Foundryis known to be in existence in London.By2017,when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.
• Andrea PalladiopublishesI quattro libri dell'architetturainVenice.
• Volcanic eruptionin theSantorini calderabegins.
• TheAndeanpopulation of theViceroyalty of Perureaches 1.3 million.

1571

January–March

• January 11– The Austrian nobility are grantedfreedom of religion.
• January 23– TheRoyal Exchangeopens inLondon,England.
• February 4– The SpanishJesuitmissionaries of theAjacán Mission,established on theVirginia Peninsulaof North America in 1570, are massacred by local Native Americans.
• March 18– TheOrder of the Knights of Saint Johntransfers the capital ofMalta,fromBirgutoValletta.

April–June

• April 2
  • The3rd Parliament of Elizabeth I,with 438 members, assembles in England at Westminster after being summoned on February 17.
  • Dumbarton Castleis recaptured fromLord Flemingby the forces ofMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox,the Regent for King James VI of Scotland.
• April 12– TheRidolfi plotto assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England is foiled by the capture of Ridolfi's messenger,Charles Baillie.
• April 17–Pope John XIV of Alexandriabegins a 15-year reign as leader of the Coptic Christian Church.
• April 21
  • In China, GeneralAltan Khanis granted authority to rule the western provinces by theMing dynastyEmperorLongqingin return for his payment of a tribute.
  • In the GermanDuchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken,the serfs are emancipated byJohn, Count of Palatine and Duke of Zweibrucken.
• May 24–Moscowisburntby theCrimeanarmy, underDevlet I Giray.
• May 25– TheHoly Leagueis established as an alliance of thePapal States,theRepublic of Venice,theRepublic of Genoa,theGrand Duchy of Tuscany,theDuchy of Savoy,theDuchy of Urbino,theKingdom of NaplesandKingdom of Sicily(under the rule of theSpanish Empireand theKnights of Maltafor mutal defense against attacks by theOttoman Empireon ships in theMediterranean Sea.
• May 29– Queen Elizabeth I of England givesroyal assentto laws that had been passed by the 3rd Parliament, including theBulls from Rome Act 1571to prevent the publication in England ofpapal bullsas well as "writings or instruments and other superstitious things from the See of Rome"
• June 3– Following theBattle of Bangkusay Channel,the conquest of theKingdom of Maynilais complete; SpanishConquistadorMiguel López de LegazpimakesManilaa city, and the capital of thePhilippines.
• June 24– On the island ofLuzonin thePhilippines,Miguel López de Legazpiof Spain establishes a Spanish fortress atManila Bayand, after making a peace pact with the Crown Prince of Luzon,Rajah Sulaymandeclares Manila to be the administrative capital of the Spanish East Indies.
• June 25–Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Horncastle,is founded inLincolnshire,England.
• June 27–Jesus Collegeis established "within the City andUniversity of OxfordofQueen Elizabeth's foundation "in England, byWelshcleric and lawyerHugh Price.

July–September

• July 14– In what is now the state ofKeralainIndia,theSiege of Chaliyambegins as theZamorinofKozhikode,Mana Vikrama, sends troops to starve out the Portuguese Empire's Chale fortress.The Portuguese defender, Dom Jorge de Castro, is allowed to surrender the fort in November and the Portuguese are allowed to march out of the fort. De Castro is executed by the Portuguese Governor-General after returning to Portuguese controlledGoa.
• July 25–St Olave's Grammar Schoolis founded inTooley Street,London.
• August 1– TheOttoman conquest of Cyprusis concluded, by the surrender ofFamagusta.Cyprusis established as aneyaletof theOttoman Empire,and the firstTurkishcolony moves into the island.
• August 29–Liliw, Laguna,Philippinesis founded by Gat Tayaw, followers and residents as a municipality ofLaguna.
• September 5–John Erskine, Earl of Maris selected by the Scottish royal family to be the newRegent of Scotlandto rule on behalf of the 5-year-oldKing James VI.The Earl of Mar replacesMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox,the King's grandfather, who was assassinated the day before by supporters of his daughter-in-law the imprisonedMary, Queen of Scots.
• September 28– TheHouse of Commons of Englandintroduces the firstpro formabill, symbolizing its authority over its own affairs.
• September 30(12th day of 9th month ofGenki) – InJapan,theSiege of Mount Hieiis carried out byOda NobunagaatŌmi Province(now theShiga Prefecture). After Nobunaga's 30,000 troops overwhelm the monks of the 4,000 warriors of theSōhei,Nobunaga orders the massacre of more than 1,500 survivors.

October–December

• October 7–Battle of Lepanto:Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces, underDon John of Austria,defeat the Ottoman fleet ofMüezzinzade Ali Pasha.
• November 4– TheMexican Inquisition,for investigation and punishment of heresy against the Roman Catholic Church in the New World, begins with the first session of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in New Spain.
• November 16–Michele Bonelliis sent as thelegate a laterebyPope Pius Vto work directly with KingCharles IX of France.From June 18 until his new assignment, Bonelli had been the legate to the King of Spain and the King of Portugal.
• November 20–Clan GordondefeatsClan Forbesin theBattle of Craibstone,fought nearAberdeeninScotland.Clan Forbes sustains 300 deaths and 200 men are taken prisoner out of its roiginal contingent of 900, while Clan Gordon suffers 200 deaths of its 800 men.
• December 24–Henry XI,Duke of the GermanDuchy of Liegnitz(now part of Poland), who had increased the Duchy's debts from 80,000thalersto 700,000thalersover 11 years, attempts to get the representatives of the Congress of Estates to pledge their own goods and valuables as collateral for refinancing the debt. When the representatives of the different parts of the Duchy refuse, he has them jailed until they agree to pay taxes for 10 percent of the debt owed.

Date unknown

• Using mercury in the silver extraction process dramatically increases the output of thePotosímine; thus begins the great silver flow that links the New and Old Worlds.
• TheSwedish Church Ordinance 1571creates the first complete order of the Protestant Swedish church. The church ordinance also includes a chapter about schooling, in which all children in the cities, regardless of sex, are to be given elementary schooling.
• Taipalsaariis founded.

1572

January–March

• January 16–Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk,is tried for treason, for his part in theRidolfi plotto restoreCatholicismin England. He is executed onJune 2.
• February 13–Elizabeth I of Englandissues a proclamation which revokes all commissions, on account of the frauds which they had fostered.
• February 19–Harrow Schoolis founded, with a royal charter from QueenElizabeth I of England.
• February 28– In what is now theRajasthanstate inIndia,Maharana Pratapis crowned as the newRana of Mewarat the Kingdom's capital atUdaipurafter the death of his father,Udai Singh II.
• March 2–Mem de Sá,thePortuguese Governor-General of Brazil,dies after 14 years in office. He is succeeded by Lourenço da Veiga.
• March 11–Pope Pius Vissues the papal bullSupremi omnipotentis Dei,granting anindulgencereducing 50 days of punishment in the afterlife for Roman Catholics who recited thepenitential psalms.
• March 28–Queen Elizabeth Iof England summonsa new Parliament,which assembles on May 4.

April–June

• April 1–Capture of Brielle:TheSea Beggars,NetherlandishCalvinistrebels, capture the port city ofBrielle.This leads to a wave of uprisings inHollandandZeelandagainst SpanishHabsburgrule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception ofAmsterdam) under rebel control.
• May 13–Pope Gregory XIIIsucceedsPope Pius V,as the 226thpope.
• June 14(4th day of 5th month,Genki 3) – At theBattle of Kizaki,Shimazu Yoshihiro leads an army of just 300 men to defeat the 3,000 strong Ito clan ofItō Yoshisuke.
• June 25– TheSea Beggarscapture the city ofGorkum;several Roman Catholic priests are imprisoned.

July–September

• July 4– The city council ofHaarlem,one of the largest cities of the Netherlands, votes to join the Dutch Revolt against King Philip II of Spain. King Philip orders sent an army north under command ofDon Fadrique,son of the Duke of Alva, to lead an army to conquer the rebelling cities.
• July 9– TheSea Beggarshang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests (theMartyrs of Gorkum) atBrielle.
• July 11–Humphrey Gilbertleads 1,500 volunteers from England, on an expedition to assist the Sea Beggars.
• July 19–Wanli Emperorof China ascends the throne at the age of nine; he will rule for 48 years.
• July 29–August 2–Battle of Molodi:A largeCrimean Tatar–Ottomanarmy which invaded Russia is routed.
• August 18– Huguenot KingHenry III of NavarremarriesMargaret of Valois,sister of King Charles and daughter ofCatherine de' Medici,in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics in France.
• August 24–St. Bartholomew's Day massacre:Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, includingGaspard de ColignyandPetrus Ramus,at the order of KingCharles IX,with Catherine de Medici's connivance. Henry of Navarre and thePrince of Condébarely escape the same fate. This brings about theFourth War of Religionin France.
• September 19– TheSiege of Mons,which started on June 23, ends with the recapture ofValenciennesby the Spanish Army from the DutchHuguenotsin what is now Belgium.Louis of Nassau,the Dutch rebel commander, surrenders to theDuke of Alba.
• September 24–
  • Tupac Amaruand other Inca Empire nobles are executed in Peru atCuzcoon orders of the Spanishcolonial Viceroy,Francisco de Toledo,who then carries out the destruction of the relics of the Incan civilization.
  • The Ottoman Empire begins the deportation of 10 percent of families of the provinces of Anatolia, Rum (Sivas), Karaman and Zülkadriye, mostly craftsmen or peasants, to the newly-conquered island of Cyprus. In exchange for relocating, the transferees are made exempt from taxes for two years.
• September 25– The coronation ofRudolfas King of Hungary takes place at St. Martin's Cathedral inPozsony(now Bratislava, Slovakia).

October–December

• October 2–Spanish Fury at Mechelen:The mostly Catholic population of the Netherlands city ofMechelen(now in Belgium) surrenders to the Spanish Army and signifies its intention to offer no resistance, singing Catholic psalms of penitence to welcome the Catholic Spaniards. Nevertheless, the Duke of Alba authorizes his troops to conduct three days of slaughter, rape and pillaging.
• October 20–Eighty Years' War–Relief of Goes:Soldiers of the SpanishTercioswade across the estuary of theScheldt,to relieve the siege ofGoesin theSpanish Netherlands.
• November 9
  • Siege of Sancerre:Catholic forces of the king lay siege toSancerre,aHuguenotstronghold in central France. The fortified city holds out for nearly eight months, without bombard artillery. This is one of the last times that slings are used in European warfare.
  • Supernova SN 1572is first observed in theconstellationCassiopeia,byCornelius Gemma.Tycho Brahe,who notes it two days later, will use it to challenge the prevailing view thatstarsdo not change.The supernova remnant remains visible through 1574.
• November 14– Residents of the Belgian city ofZutphenare massacred by the Spanish Army.
• November 22–All but 60 of the 3,000 residents are massacredby the Spanish Army in the Belgian city ofNaarden.
• December 10– For administrative purposes, the Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony inBrazilinto two colonies, with one Governor-General at Rio de Janeiro and another at Bahia. The two colonies will be reunified on April 12, 1578.
• December 11– TheSiege of Haarlemis begun by theDuke of Alva,Spanish Army commander in the Netherlands, and lasts until July 13, 1573.

Date unknown

• TheNeo-Inca StateinVilcabamba, Peru,the last independent remnant of theInca Empire,is conquered by Spain.
• Girolamo MercurialefromForlì(Italy) writes the workDe morbis cutaneis( "On the diseases of the skin" ), the first scientific tract ondermatology.
• Imaginary numbersare defined byRafael Bombelli.
• Portugal'snational epicOs LusíadasbyLuís de Camõesis first published.
• Georg Braunbegins publication of his urbanatlas,Civitates orbis terrarum,inCologne.

1573

January–March

• January 25(22nd day of 12th month ofGenki 3– At theBattle of Mikatagaharain Japan,Takeda ShingendefeatsTokugawa Ieyasu.
• January 28
  • Articles of theWarsaw Confederationare signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland.
  • TheCroatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt,started byMatija Gubec,breaks out against the Croatian nobility, but is suppressed after 18 days.
• February 2– TheWanli Erabegins inMing dynastyChinaon the first New Year after 9-year-oldZhu Yijunascends the throne.
• February 6– In the battle ofKerestinec,General Gašpar Alapić defeats the rebel troops led by Gubec.
• February 9– Croatian troops, led by General Alapic, defeat the peasant rebellion in theBattle of Stubica,then begin a violent campaign of vengeance against the conquered rebels.Rebellion leaders Matija Gubec and Ivan Pasanec are taken as prisoners of war for a trial for treason atZagreb.
• February 11–Fourth War of Religion:France's MarshalHenri de Montmorency,begins theSiege of Sommièresin southern France. TheHuguenots,French Protestants, hold out for almost two months against Montmorency's Catholic troops.
• February 15– On orders of the Croatian ViceroyJuraj Drašković,Matija Gubec,the defeated leader of theCroatian–Slovene Peasant Revoltis publicly tortured with the placement of a red-hot iron crown on his head, dragged through the streets of Zagreb, and then dismembered.
• February 16–March– Thesiege of Noda Castlebegins near what is now the city ofShinshiroin Japan, after the leader of theTakeda clan,the warlordTakeda Shingen,is shot by a sniper after offering generous terms of surrender to theTokugawa clan,led byTokugawa Ieyasu.By March 10, the Noda Castle surrenders.
• February 23– In the province of Munster in Ireland, the first Desmond Rebellion, led byJames FitzMaurice FitzGerald,cousin of the Earl of Desmond, ends atKilmallockas FitzGerald makes a humiliating surrender toJohn Perrot,the provincial leader.
• March 7– TheOttoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)is ended by a peace treaty, confirming the transfer of control ofCyprusfrom theRepublic of Veniceto theOttoman Empire,and also confirming Turkish occupation of the more fertile region ofDalmatia.

April–June

• April 1– On hisexpedition to the New World,Francis Drakeand his crew make their most lucrative capture by seizing a wagon train of silver at Panama, near the settlement ofNombre de Dios.
• April 5–1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election:PolishandLithuaniannobles gather atWarsawto elect a successor to KingSigismund II Augustus,who had died the previous July 7.The vote comes down to four candidates, from France, the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and Russia.
• April 9– TheSiege of Sommièresends with the surrender of the Huguenot defenders, who are spared retaliation by General Montmorency, despite the loss of 2,500 royal troops.
• April 22–Eighty Years' War:TheBattle of Borseleis fought as a fleet of Spanish ships is intercepted by Dutch Calvinist rebels (theGeuzen). While some of the ships are able to complete their mission of supplying the Spanish-governed Netherlands cities ofMiddelburgandArnemuiden,most are forced to retreat toAmberesin the Spanish Netherlands, now Antwerp in Belgium.
• May 16– TheHenry, Duke of Anjou,son of the late KingHenry II of Franceis elected to the throne of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthby the Polish nobility, after being nominated on May 11.
• May 26–Battle of Haarlemmermeer:Geuzenships, attempting to break thesiege of Haarlem,are defeated by a combined Spanish and Amsterdam fleet.
• June 24– AfterHenry, Duke of Anjoulearns that he has been elected the King of Poland, he agrees to negotiate an end to theSiege of La Rochelle,which has continued for almost nine months against the Huguenots in the western French city, and reaches an agreement with the Huguenot defender, theCount of Montgomery.

July–September

• July 6–Córdoba,in theViceroyalty of Peru,is founded byJerónimo Luis de Cabrera.
• July 11– TheEdict of Boulogneis signed byCharles IX of France,granting limited rights toHuguenots,and ending theFourth War of Religionin France.
• July 12–Siege of Haarlem:Spanish forces under theDuke of AlvacaptureHaarlem,after a seven-month siege.
• August 21– The Duke of Alva begins the siege ofAlkmaarinNorth Holland,before retreating after seven weeks.
• August 27–Oda Nobunagadrives the 15th Ashikaga shōgunAshikaga Yoshiakiout ofKyoto,effectively destroying the Ashikaga shogunate, and historically ending theMuromachiandSengoku periods.TheAzuchi–Momoyama periodof Japan begins.
• September 16– In Japan, elimination of theAsakura clanis completed by Oda Nobunaga after thesiege of Hikida Castleand thesiege of Ichijōdani Castleare completed in eight days.
• September 26– TheAzai clanis eliminated by Oda Nobunaga after the four daysiege of Odani Castlein Japan.

October–December

• October 8– The Spanish abandon the siege of the city ofAlkmaarand concede the city to the Geuzen, the Dutch Calvinist rebels.
• October 11– The Spanish under John of Austria takeTuniswith little resistance.
• November 15–Santa Fe, Argentina,is founded byJuan de Garay.
• November 29– The Duke of Alva resigns as the Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands, and is succeeded byLuis de Requesens,who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy.
• December 3– The French Duke of Anjou, recently elected as King Henry of Poland, departs fromMetzwith an entourage of 1,200 people, arriving atKrakówon February 18.
• December 11– The Governor of Portuguese India issues an edict deprivingHindufollowers of most rights, including the right to receive Jonoa, the share of the village community income.
• December 17– Portuguese colonists are expelled from theMaldives,where Portugal has had a presence since 1558, by order of the Sultan's son, Mohamed Bodu Takurufanu al-Azam.
• December 23– In the Republic of Venice, the Council of Ten votes to grant safe conduct to Venice for Spanish and Portuguese Jews.

Date unknown

• Sarsa Dengel,emperor ofEthiopia,defeats theOromoin a battle nearLake Zway.
• The firstSpanishgalleon, laden withsilverfor theporcelainandsilktrade with theMing Dynastyof China, lands atManilain thePhilippines.This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of thePortuguese,the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico,Bolivia,andPeruin theNew World.
• TheLuzhou Laojiaoliquor is made.
• Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys,Barnet,England, is formed.

1574

January–March

• January 22–Abu Abdallah Mohammed IIbecomes the newSultan of Moroccoupon the death of his father,Abdallah al-Ghalib.
• January 27– AtAgra,Bhagwant Dasbecomes the new Maharaja of theKingdom of Amberin what is now India's state ofUttar Pradesh,upon the death of his grandfather, the RajaBharmal.
• January 29– Off of the coast of the Netherlands, theBattle of the Scheldtis fought between the Spanish Fleet and a combined Dutch and English fleet of ships. The Spanish Navy loses 15 ships and 1,200 men are killed, wounded or captured.
• February– The fifthWar of Religionagainst theHuguenotsbegins inFrance.
• March 2– Swedish troopsattack Wesenberg CastleinEstoniaand lose at least 1,000 men in attempting to capture it from the Russian Army.
• March 17– Within the Swedish Army, a fight between Scottish and German mercenaries is fought. By the end of the battle, several hundred Scots are dead, compared to 30 Germans.

April–June

• April 14–Battle of Mookerheyde:Spanishforces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces ofLouis of Nassau,who is killed.
• May 30– On the death ofKingCharles IX of Franceof a tubercular condition at theChâteau de Vincennes,he is succeeded by his brother KingHenry of Poland,who becomes KingHenry III of France.His mother,Catherine de' Medici,acts asRegent,untilHenryarrives fromPoland.
• June 10
  • Construction ofThe White Towerbegins in the Czech Republic.
  • Manila,Philippinesgains cityhood.

July–September

• July 12–Selim II,Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, launches the attempt toreclaim Tunis from control of the Holy Roman Empirewith more than 250 warships and 100,000 troops, and to restore North Africa to Muslim control.
• July 13– InBerlin,John George, Elector of Brandenburg,orders the founding of theEvangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster,which remains 450 years later as one of the most prestigious preparatory schools in Germany.
• July 26– Kılıç Ali Pasha begins construction of an Ottoman fortress on the coastline ofMorocco,directly acrossAndalusiain mainland Spain.
• August 24– The Tunisian port ofLa Goulettefalls to Ottoman troops after six weeks.
• August 30–Guru Ram Dasbecomes the fourth of theSikh gurus.
• September 13– The last Holy Roman Imperial defenders surrenderTunisto the Ottoman GeneralCığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha.
• September– A plot to assassinateJohn III of Swedenis discovered, headed byCharles de Mornayand implicatingCharles Dancay,Hogenskild Bielke,Gustaf Banér,Pontus De la Gardie,Princess Elizabeth of Sweden,Princess Cecilia of Sweden,and Duke Charles.

October–December

• October 3– The city ofLeiden,besiegedby theSpanish,is relieved by aSea Beggarsfleet under Louis Boisot.
• November 22– TheJuan Fernández Islandsin the SouthPacific Oceanare discovered bySpanishsailorJuan Fernández.
• November 29–LimahongandJuan de Salcedoquarrel during theBattle of Manila.
• December 15–Selim II,the 50-year-old Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is killed after becoming drunk, falling, and fracturing his skull on the floor of the Topkapi Palace.
• December 22– Prince Murad bin-Selim of the Ottoman Empire completes the murders, bystrangulation,of his four younger brothers, Süleyman, Abdüllah, Osman, and Cihangir.
• December 27–Murad III,eldest son ofSelim II,is formally enthroned as the Ottoman Sultan after eliminating his other brothers as rival claimants to the throne.

Undated

• Prince El-Mirza of Kakhetiis defeated in his bid for the throne by his half-brother,Alexander II.
• The Liturgical Battle royal between the Reformation and Counter Reformation begins in Sweden, and continues until theUppsala Synodof1593.
• La Alameda, Seville,is laid out inSpain,asEurope's first public garden.

1575

January–March

• January 21– QueenElizabeth I of Englandgrants a monopoly on producing printedsheet music,toThomas TallisandWilliam Byrd.
• February 8–William I of OrangefoundsLeiden University.
• February 11– Portuguese explorerPaulo Dias de Novaisarrives in southeastern Africa to colonize what is now Angola.
• February 13– The formal coronation ofHenry IIIasKing of Francetakes place at theReims Cathedral.Henry inherited the throne on May 30, 1574, upon the death of his older brother,Charles IX.He marriesLouise de Lorraine-Vaudémont.
• March 3–Battle of Tukaroi:TheMughal Empiredecisively defeats theKarrani dynastyofBengal.The battle took place near the village of Tukaroi in present-day Balasore District of Odisha.

April–June

• April 2– EnglishprivateerGilbert Horseleyand his crew sail into theBay of Hondurasin Central America and conduct three days of raids of Spanish settlements and ships.
• April 6–Antoine I de Gramont,Lord Sovereign of thePrincipality of Bidachein the French Pyrennees Mountains, promulgates a legal code for his people.
• April 18–Bayinnaung,King of Burma, returns to his capital atPegufromVientianeafter installingVoravongsa Ias the Burmese-appointed monarch of the Kingdom ofLan Xang(now Laos).
• May 12– KIngHenry III of France,who had been selected in 1573 by the nobles of Poland and Lithuania to be King of Poland as Henryk Walezy, is stripped of his Polish and Lithuanian titles after failing to return toKrakówby the deadline imposed by the Polish nobility.
• May 24– In an attempt to reform theEastern Orthodox Church,Lutheran missionaries meet withJeremias II Tranos,the Ecumenical Patriarch, at his residence inConstantinople,and present him with a Greek translation of theAugsburg Confession.Jeremias sends the missionaries,Jakob AndreaeandMartin Crusius,three rebuttals to define the objections he has to the Lutheran document, declaring the reasons why the Eastern Orthodoxy has no desire for reformation.
• June 24–William I of OrangemarriesCharlotte of Bourbon.
• June 28–Battle of Nagashino:Oda NobunagadefeatsTakeda KatsuyoriinJapan's firstmodernbattle.

July–September

• July 7–Raid of the Redeswire:Sir John CarmichaeldefeatsSir John Forster,in the last battle between England and Scotland.
• July 26–Edmund GrindalsucceedsMatthew ParkerasArchbishop of Canterbury.
• August 5–Henry Sidneyis appointedLord Lieutenant of Ireland.
• September 22
  • Paulo Dias de Novais becomes the first Portuguese Governor of Angola.
  • Ottoman forces led byFerhad Pasha Sokolovićdefeat the Austrian Army, led byHerbard VIII von Auersperg,in the Battle of Budačka. Auersperg is decapitated and Ferhad Pasha leaves Croatia with the head as a trophy.
• September 1–As a result of the Eighty Years' War, the government of the Kingdom of Spain is in bankruptcy and stops paying its troops, beginning in March.
• September 25– AtSt. Vitus CathedralinPrague,Rudolf of Habsburg,son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, is crownedKing of Bohemiaby the ArchbishopAntonín Brus of Mohelnice.
• September 26– Future Spanish author and playwrightMiguel de Cervantes,then 28, is taken hostage by the Ottoman Albanian pirateArnaut Mamiafter an attack on the SpanishgalleySoloff of the Catalan coast. Cervantes spends the next five years as a slave in Algeria before his family pays a ransom to free him.

October–December

• October 10–Battle of Dormans:Catholicforces underHenry I, Duke of Guisedefeat theProtestants,capturingPhilippe de Mornayamong others.
• October 22– The city ofVilla de la Asunción(todayAguascalientes) is founded inNew Spain,by permission fromPhilip II of Spain.
• November 8–The Sejm of Poland meets in Warsawto elect a newKing of PolandafterKing Henrykhas failed to return from France, and considers 11 candidates.
• November 9– Ferhad Pasha Sokolović returns to Constantinople in triumph with the head of General Auersperg as a trophy after his September 22 victory at Budecka.
• November 22– Portuguese navigatorManuel de Mesquita Perestrelodeparts fromMozambiqueon a mission for to map the coastline, completing the task on March 13.
• December 12– Under pressure from Papal nuncioVincenzo Laurowhen a majority of the Sejm has still not agreed on a candidate, thePrimate of Poland,Jakub Uchański,declares Maximilian II new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
• December 16– AnearthquakehitsValdivia.

Date unknown

• RussiansoccupyPernauin westernEstonia,and the fortress ofWeissenstein.
• The seat of theAudiencia RealinChilemoves fromConcepcióntoSantiago.
• Abraham Orteliusbecomes a geographer toPhilip II of Spain.
• Thebubonic plaguedecimatesVenice.
• Captains of vessels flying the Spanish flag are legally required to maintain alogbook.

1576

January–March

• January 20–Martín Enríquez de Almanza,Viceroy ofNew Spain,founds the settlement ofLeón,in what is later the state of Guanajuato in Mexico.
• January 25– Portuguese explorerPaulo Dias de Novaisfounds the settlement ofSão Paulo da Assumpção de Loandaon the southwestern coast of Africa, nowLuanda,capital ofAngola.
• February 5–King Henry of Navarre,captive in France since 1572 and alive only because he converted to Catholicism, escapes toToursand formally reverts to the Protestant faith.Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Curt; Bongard, David L. (1995).
• February 8–Peter Wentworth,a Puritan M.P. of theParliament of England,is arrested in the middle of giving an address criticizing "rumours and messages" given to suppress freedom of speech. When he says that "the devil was the first author of them, from whom proceedeth nothing but wickedness", he is interrupted and taken to theTower of Londonfor imprisonment.
• March 11– The city ofFez,part of theSaadi Sultanatein what is now Moroccois captured by Ottoman forcesled byAbd al-Malik,in an attempt to overthrow the SultanMuhammed al-Mutawakkiland to make the Sultanate a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

April–June

• April 14–Ishiyama Hongan-ji War:InJapan,the Third Battle of Ishiyama begins asOda Nobunagasends 10,000 soldiers against theAshikaga shogunateto capture the Honganji Temple.
• April 25– Documents for theUnion of Delftare signed by Dutch leaderWillem van Oranjto create a federation ofHollandandZeeland.
• May 1–Stephen Báthory,theHungarianPrince ofTransylvania,is crowned king of Poland.
• May 6– TheEdict of Beaulieu,negotiated by Monsieur Francois,Duke of Anjouand brother of KingHenry III of France,ends theFifth War of Religion.By the terms of the "Peace of Monsieur" that led to agreement on the Edict, freedom of worship is granted again to the Protestant Hugueonots.
• May 14–Tahmasp I,the Shah ofSafavid Iranfor almost 52 years, is accidentally poisoned after being treated by the palace physician, Abu Naser Gilani. Tahmasp's death is followed by a deadly struggle for control of Iran.
• May 15– Tahmap's sonHaydar Mirza Safavideclares himself the new Safavid Shah of Iran, the day after the death of his father. Later in the day, Haydar is assassinated by members of the palace guard who are loyal to Haydar's brother,Ismail Mirza.Haydar attempts to disguise himself as a woman in the royal harem, but is discovered and beheaded.
• May 27– An attempt by the Dutch Republic to end theSiege of Zierikzeeand free the city from Spain fails after Spanish forces are tipped off about a surprise attack. Dutch AdmiralLodewijk van Boisotis killed in the battle.
• June 13– Dutch forces withdraw from their attempt to free Zierikzee, and the city is left to defend itself. The defenders then begin negotiations with the Spanish attackers, commanded by GeneralCristóbal de Mondragón.
• June 18– In theBattle of Haldighatiin India, Mughal Imperial forces, led byMan Singh Iof Amer, decisively defeat theMewar Kingdomled byMaharana Pratap.

July–September

• July 4–Alonso de Solís,who was appointed by Spain as Governor of the colony ofLa Florida,is killed in the colonial capital atSan Augustin,now the U.S. city of St. Augustine, Florida.
• July 11–EnglishnavigatorMartin FrobishersightsGreenland.
• July 12– TheMughal EmpireannexesBengalafter defeating theBengal Sultanateat theBattle of Rajmahal.
• July 25– Rebellious Spanish troopsplunder the Flemish cityofAalstand then use it as their base of operations to attack other cities.
• July 29– TheSiege of Zierikzeein the Netherlands ends with the surrender of the defenders to the Spanish Army.
• August 11– English navigatorMartin Frobisher,on his search for theNorthwest Passagethrough North America, enters thebay now named after himin Canada.
• August 23– On the island ofKyūshūinJapan,near what is nowTakaharu, Miyazakiprefecture,Takahara Castleof theItō clanis captured by 30,000 men led by the warlordShimazu Yoshihisa,after a siege of four days.
• September 1–Ismail Mirza,who has proclaimed himself the Shah ofSafavid Iran,marches into the capital atQazvinand ascends the throne as Shah Ismail II.
• September 2–Simeon Bekbulatovich,who has served since the previous October as the Grand Prince of All Russia after theTsar Ivan IV( "Ivan the Terrible" ) had taken leave of absence from the throne, steps down as Ivan returns to Moscow. Ivan rewards Bekbulatovich with the title of Grand Prince of Tver.
• September 4– InBrussels,rebels led by Jacques de Glymes of Brabant arrest the members of the Council of State that administers the city.
• September 8– TheStates General of the Netherlandsis convened by the leaders of theStates of Brabantand theCounty of Hainautin order to respond to mutineering Spanish troops.
• September 10– After a siege that has lasted a year and two days, the Spanish Army abandons its siege of the Dutch city ofWoerden.
• September 16– The States of Flanders convene a meeting nearGhent,where the Roman Catholic clergy, led by Martinus Rythovius, insist on measures to protect the practice of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Low Countries.

October–December

• October 12–Maximilian II,ruler of theHoly Roman Empireand most of Central Europe since 1564, dies suddenly inRegensburgwhile preparing for an Imperial invasion of Poland. Maximilian's 24-year-old sonRudolf, King of the Romansas well as the King of Hungary and of Bohemia, proceeds toViennato assume the Imperial Throne.
• October 20– Spanish rebelsplunder the city of Maastrichtin Flanders and kill many of the civilian residents in what is later called the "Spaanse Furie" or Fury of Spain.
• October 26– In Germany,Ludwig of Simmernbecomes the newElector Palatine of the Rhine10 days after the death of his father,Frederick III,taking office at the Palatinate capital atHeidelbergas Ludwig VI.
• November 1–Rudolf IIis crownedHoly Roman Emperor.
• November 4–Eighty Years' War–Sack of Antwerp:In theLow Countries,mutinousSpanishsoldiers sackAntwerp;after three days the city is nearly destroyed.
• November 8–Pacification of Ghent:TheStates General of the Netherlandsmeet and unite to oppose pillaging Spanish mutineers.
• November 9– Shah Ismail II of Iran begins the execution of all persons whom he believes are a threat to his rule, starting with his half-brothersSuleiman Mirza,Governor of Shiraz, and Mustafa Mirza. Over the next seven months, Ismail arranges the execution of six other half-brothers, Mustafa, Junayd, Mahmud, Qoli, Ahmad, and Murza.
• December 6– Representatives of France's three estates convene at theEstates General of 1576inBloisat the invitation ofKing Henri III.Of the 383 delegates, the 187 of the Third Estate (commoners) narrowly vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism and expelling Protestant pastors from the kingdom, while the 110 of the First Estate (clergy) and 86 of the Second Estate (the nobility) strongly oppose ending hostility in the name of religious tolerance.
• December 19– Representatives of the nobility of the Second Estate vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism in France.
• December 22– Representatives of the clergy of the First Estate join the Second vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism.By January, the Edict of Beaulieu fails and theSixth War of Religionbegins later in 1577.
• December–James Burbageopens the first permanent publicplayhousein Britain,The Theatre.

Date unknown

• The1576 Cocoliztli epidemiccauses millions of deaths in the territory ofNew Spain,in modern-dayMexico.
• An early example of autobiography is written in English, by Thomas Whythorne.
• TheLoci CommunesofPeter Martyr Vermigli(d.1562), edited byRobert le Maçon,are published in London.
• The following schools are founded in England:
  • Dartford Grammar School,by William d'Aeth, Edward Gwyn and William Vaughn.
  • Sutton Valence School,by William Lambe.
• Konstanty Wasyl OstrogskifoundsOstroh Academy,the first university-level school in Eastern Europe.

1577

January–March

• January 9– The secondUnion of Brusselsis formed, first without the Protestant counties ofHollandandZeeland(which is accepted by KingPhilip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of theNetherlands.
• February 12– The "Perpetual Edict",providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now theNetherlands,is signed in the city ofMarche-en-Famennein theSpanish Netherlands(nowBelgium) by the Spanish Governor-General,Don Juan de Austriaand representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels
• February 23– The new Shah of Iran,Ismail II,has most of the advisers of his late father executed, including PrinceIbrahim Mirza.
• March 17– TheCathay Companyis formed, to sendMartin Frobisherback to the New World for more gold.

April–June

• April 17– In theBattle of Lubieszów,GeneralJan Zborowskileads the army of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthin the catastrophic defeat of most of Jan Winkelbruch's 12,000 rebels and mercenaries from the Commonwealth's richest city,Danzig,killing 4,420 of the men and capturing another 5,000 as prisoners. Only 88 of Zborowski's 2,500 troops are killed.TheDanzig Rebellionends at the end of the year.
• May 27– English explorerMartin Frobisherdeparts fromBlackwallin his flagship,HMSAyde,along with the shipsGabrielandMichael,to begin the English expedition to North America.
• May 28– TheBergen Book,better known as theSolid Declarationof theFormula of Concord,one of theLutheranconfessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as theTorgau Book(1576), had been condensed into anEpitome;both documents are part of the1580Book of Concord.
• June 11–Sebastiano Venierbecomes the newDogeof theRepublic of Venice,succeedingAlvise Mocenigo,who died on June 4.
• June 12– The French city ofIssoiresurrenders and 3,000 of its Protestant Huguenots are massacred by the troops of the French Catholic GeneralFrancis, Duke of Anjou,on orders by KingHenry III of France.The massacre is carried out 20 months after the October 15, 1575 killing of Catholic residents byMatthieu Merle.Most of Issoire's buildings are torn down, and the royal troops leave an inscription on a pillar,Ici fut Issoire( "Here stood Issoire." )
• June 13–Mirza Salman Jaberiis appointed as the newGrand Vizier of Persiaby Shah Ismail II, replacingMirza Shokrollah Isfahani.
• June 29–Mehmed II Giraybecomes the newKhan of Crimeafor theOttoman Empire,after the death of his father,Devlet I Giray,from a plague.

July–September

• July 9–Ludvig Munkis appointedGovernor-General of Norway.
• August 1–Göran Boijebecomes the newDuke of Estonia,ruling what is, at the time, a dominion of the Swedish Empire.
• August 23– Martin Frobisher ends his expedition to Canada and he and his crew begin the journey back to England on the shipsAyde,GabrielandMichael.
• September 8– (11th waning of Tawthalin939 ME)Min Phalaung,King of Arakanin what is now northernMyanmarand southernBangladeshon theBay of Bengal,enters his new palace in dedication ceremonies at the capital atMrauk U.
• September 17– TheTreaty of Bergeracis signed betweenHenry III of Franceand theHuguenots.
• September 23– The firstInuitpeople to see Europe— Kalicho,Arnaq,and Arnaq's son, Nutaaq— are brought as captives of Martin Frobisher when HMSGabrielarrived in England atBristol.All three were captured onBaffin Island,and none of the three survive to the end of the year.

October–December

• October 19– In Italy,Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolois elected as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoafor a two-year term, replacingProspero Centurione Fattinanti.
• October 28– InFlanders(now part ofBelgium), two Protestant members of the city council ofGhent,Jan van Hembyzeand François van Ryhove, proclaim theCalvinist Republic of Ghent.The stadtholder of Flanders,Philippe III de Croÿ,Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishopsMartin RythoviusofYpresandRemi DrieuxofBruges.The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until theSpanish conquest of Ghentin 1584.
• November 6– The first recorded observation from Earth of theGreat Comet of 1577takes place by Aztec astronomers in Mexico, followed by reports from Italy on November 7 and Japan on November 8.AstronomerTycho Brahewill track the comet from November 13 until January 26 before it departs the Solar System.
• November 13– In theBattle of Tedorigawa,Uesugi Kenshin's forces decisively defeat the forces ofOda Nobunaga,in what will be Kenshin's last victory before his death the following year.
• November 19– With defeat coming close in thesiege of Shigisan,Matsunaga Hisahidecommits suicide.
• December 13–Francis DrakeleavesPlymouth,England,aboard thePelican,with four other ships and 164 men, on an expedition against theSpanish,along thePacific coastof theAmericas,which will becomehis circumnavigation.

Date unknown

• Supposed massacre of theMacDonaldinhabitants of theScottishisland ofEigg,by theClan MacLeod.
• Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridgeover theDrinainVišegradis completed in the Ottoman Empire.
• The church inSan Pedro de Atacamais built, in theAtacama Desertin Chile.
• Casiodoro de Reinapublishes his "Declaracion, o confesion de fe", the first and only Spanish confession of faith in the post Reformation period.

1578

January–March

• January 13– TheSiege of Gvozdanskoends in theKingdom of Croatiaas Ottoman Empire troops led byFerhad Pasha Sokolovićcapture the fortress atGvozdansko.
• January 31–Battle of Gembloux:Spanish forces underDon John of AustriaandAlexander Farnesedefeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speakingSouthern Netherlands.
• February 6–Pope Gregory XIIIissues the papal bullIllius fulti praesidioand creates theDiocese of Manila,the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines, withDomingo de Salazaras the first Bishop of Manila.The diocese will be raised to the status of archdiocese on August 14, 1595.
• February 8– The city council of Amsterdam in the Netherlands ratifies a treaty placing the city under the authority ofWillem, Prince of Orange,and joining theStates of Holland.
• February 12–Mohammad Khodabanda,older brother of the lateShah Ismail II,begins his reign as the newShahofPersia(now Iran) after entering the Persian capital atQazvin,after removing his sisterPari Khan Khanum,who had exercised regal authority after Ismail's death.His first act as ruler is to have Pari Khan Khanum strangled to death.
• February 13– Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city ofLeuven,forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to fleeBrusselsand relocate toAntwerp.Geoffrey Parker,The Dutch Revolt(Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186
• March 11–Nicolò da Ponteis elected as the newDogeof the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death ofSebastiano Venier.
• March 20
  • James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton,the last of the regents for King James VI of Scotland, resigns after having served as regent since November 24, 1572.
  • The Belgian city ofBruges,controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels.

April–June

• April 23– (17th day of 3rd month, Tensho 6) TheSiege of Otatebegins in Japan after the death ofUesugi Kenshin,the warlord of theEchigo Province.
• April 27– TheDuel of the Mignonsclaims the lives of two favorites ofHenry III of France,and two favourites ofHenry I, Duke of Guise.
• May 26– TheAlteratietakes place inAmsterdam,expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.
• May 31–Martin Frobishersails fromHarwichin England with 15 ships to North America, where he will arrive atFrobisher Bayin July on his third expedition.
• June 11–Humphrey Gilbertis grantedletters patentfrom the English crown to establish a colony inNorth America.
• June 20– The Frobisher expedition reachesGreenland.
• June 30– After having come into conflict on May 17 with his fellow officer,Thomas Doughty,during their circumnavigation of the world,Francis Drakeputs Doughty on trial while the flagshipPelicanis docked at what is now Argentina. A jury of sailors convicts Doughty of treason and attempted mutiny. Doughty is beheaded on July 2.

July–September

• July 2– The Frobisher expedition reaches Canada and enters what is nowFrobisher Bay.One of the ships, theDennis,is wrecked on an iceberg.
• July 31
  • At theBattle of Rijmenam,fought nearAntwerpin what is nowBelgium,a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded byDon Juan de Austria.
  • According to some accounts, EnglishmanMartin Frobisherholds the firstThanksgivingcelebration by Europeans in Canada, onNewfoundland,after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.
• August 4– KingSebastian of Portugalis killed in theBattle of Alcácer Quibirin North Africa while fightingMoorskill. Sebastian's elderly uncle,Cardinal Henry,is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.
• August 20–September 6– After renaming this flagship,Pelicanto theGolden Hind,Francis Drakeand his fleet begin their passage through theStrait of Magellan.
• August 31– The Forbisher expedition departs North America for its journey back to England.
• September 6– After 16 days travel, the fleet of Francis Drake completes its traverse of theStrait of Magellanbetween the tip of South America andTierra del Fuego.Upon entering thePacific Ocean,the fleet encounters violent storms. The supply shipMarigold,with over 100 men under the command of John Thomas, is lost with all hands off ofCape Horn.The rest of the fleet continues itsvoyage around the world.

October–December

• October 1–Alessandro Farnesesucceeds his uncle,Don John,asGovernor of the Spanish Netherlands.
• October 21–Battle of Wenden:The Russians are defeated by theSwedes,who proceed to takePolotsk.
• November 19–Humphrey GilbertandWalter Raleghset out fromPlymouthin England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.
• December 9– After more than five years of combat in southern France, the Protestant Huguenot citadel ofMénerbesnegotiates a surrender to its French Catholic attackers.

Date unknown

• Battle of the Spoiling DykeatTrumpanon the ScottishIsle of Skye:theClan MacLeodare victorious over theMacDonalds of Uistin a feud.
• TheOttoman EmpireconquersAbkhazia.
• Sarsa Dengel,Emperor of Ethiopia,defeats and killsBahr negus Yeshaqalong with his Ottoman allies, finally ending his rebellion.
• Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title ofTalaï,and becomes the thirdDalai LamaofTibet.
• The last outbreak ofsweating sicknessoccurs in England.
• ThePortugueseassist LordŌmura Sumitada,the first Christian Japanese daimyo, in repulsing an assault onNagasakiby theRyūzōji clan.
• Fur tradebegins in Newfoundland in North America.

1579

January–March

• January 6– TheUnion of Arrasunites the southernNetherlandsunder theDuke of Parma,governor in the name of kingPhilip II of Spain.
• January 23– TheUnion of Utrechtunites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called theUnited Provinces.William I of OrangebecomesStadtholder,and theDuc d'Anjou,younger brother ofHenry III of France,is invited to become hereditary sovereign.
• February 4– TheGhent Republicjoins the Union of Utrecht.
• February 28– The seizure in September byWillem IV van den Bergh,of theBoxmeer Castlein September in the Netherlands is condemned by the other Dutch members of the Union of Utrecht.
• March 1– Off of the coast of what is nowEcuador,the EnglishgalleonGolden Hind,captained byFrancis Drake,captures the Spanish freighterNuestra Señora de la Concepción(unofficially called "Cagafuego" ) and its cargo, including 26 tons of silver and 1,000 pounds of gold.
• March 2– TheBattle of Borgerhouttakes place in Flanders in what is nowBelgium,as Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Parma overwhelm rebels fighting for the Union of Utreacht.
• March 12– TheSiege of Maastricht,a center of the Dutch resistance to Spanish rule, is started in the Netherlands by Spanish troops under the command ofAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.The siege will last almost four months before Maastricht falls on July 1.

April–June

• April 10– In the village ofCuersinFrance,nearToulonrebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.
• May 17– TheTreaty of Arrasis concluded between Spain (represented by the Duke of Parma), and members of theUnion of Arrasthat had been formed in January. The Union of Utrecht continues its resistance against Spain while theCounty of Hainaut,theCounty of Artois,and the cities ofDouai,Lille,OrchiesandArrasagree to a separate peace under Spanish rule.
• May 21–Battle of Mimaomote:InJapan,Doi Kiyonaga defeats the forces of Kumu Yorinobu.
• June 17–Francis Drake,duringhis circumnavigationof the world, lands in modern-dayCalifornia,which he claims forQueen Elizabeth I.With anEnglishclaim here and inNewfoundland,it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea." Drake's claim is calledNova Albion(New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.

July–September

• July 1– Maastricht surrenders to Spanish troops after a surprise attack by the Duke of Parma, who had besieged the city for more than three months.
• July 13–KarlovacinCroatiais founded.
• July 17–James FitzMaurice FitzGeraldlands with a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops atSmerwick,on the Dingle Peninsula in south-western Ireland, and commences theSecond Desmond Rebellionagainst the rule in Ireland ofElizabeth I of England.
• August 6– In the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, the representatives of theUnion of Utrechtdeclare that they will no longer respect the authority ofKing Philip of Spain.
• August 17
  • In Southern India,Ibrahim Adil Shah IIbecomes the newSultan of Bijapurupon the death of his father,Ali Adil Shah I.
  • "Yasuke",a man of African origin who has been hired as a manager by the Chancellor of the Realm,Oda Nobunaga,arrives inJapan.Called "The Black Samurai" in dramatizations of his experience, he begins a service of three years to the Chancellor, ending on June 21, 1582.
• August 30–Livonian War:In what is nowBelarus,the city ofPolotskfalls to the forces ofStephen Báthory,Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.
• September 10– (5th waning of Tawthalin941 ME) In theKingdom of Mrauk Uin what is now Myanmar and Bangladesh, KingMin Phalaungbecomes the owner of the first of three white elephants, and gives himself the title ofHsinbyushin.
• September 12– Amendments are made to the May 17 Treaty of Arras, with further concessions to Spain by the Union of Arras. The final version is promulgated by King Philip of Spain inMons,one of the regions in the Arras Union.
• September 28– InSwitzerland,a mutual assistance pact was signed atLucernebetween representatives of Roman Catholiccantonsby the efforts of the Catholic Bishop of Basel,Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee.

October–December

• October 5– AtBanda Aceh,on the island ofSumatrain what is nowIndonesia,Alauddin Mansur Syahbecomes the new Sultan of Aceh upon the death ofSultan Zainul Abidin.
• October 11–Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empirefor more than 14 years, is assassinated inConstantinople.
• October 13–Semiz Ahmed Pashais appointed as the new Ottoman Grand Vizier by SultanMurad III.
• October 19–King James VI of Scotlandmakes his ceremonialentry into Edinburghto assume the throne at the age of 13, after being declared to have reached the age of majority.Scotland had been ruled by regents since 1567, when James was declared king.
• October 20–Nicolò Doriais elected to a two-year term as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoa.

November 3: Seditious writer John Stubbs is barred from writing again

• November 3– The English puritanJohn Stubbs,author of numerous pamphlets against the doctrines of the Church of England, is convicted of sedition, and his right hand is amputated as punishment.
• November 13– During theSecond Desmond Rebellion,rebel troops in Ireland, led byGerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond,carry out theSack of Youghaland massacre the English Army garrison, then pillage and burn the homes of local residents.
• November 21–Iancu Sasulbecomes the newPrince of Moldaviaas Peter the Lame steps down for the second time.Peter will replace Sasul on October 17, 1582.
• November 23–Jeremias II Tranosis removed from office asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople,leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by his rivalMetrophanes III of Constantinople,whom he deposed on May 4, 1572.
• December 16– AfterWillem van Pamele,the Spanish Governor of Flanders, is forced to flee during the Dutch Revolt, the Duke of Parma orders Pamele and the Catholic members of the Council of Flanders to convene atDouaias the temporary Flemish capital.
• December 24– German astronomerMichael Maestlinmakes the first cataloging of thePleiadescluster, recording 11 separate stars visible to the naked eye, with a detailed illustration and measurements.
• December 25– In France, Protestant French troops under the command ofMatthieu Merle,make a surprise attack on the Roman Catholic cathedral in the village ofMendeduring Mass, and kill 400 civilians.

Date unknown

• In the Mughal Empire in India,Akbarabolishes the jizya, the tax placed upon non-Muslim residents.
• Akbarissues a mazhar signed by the leadingulamas,putting himself as the highest religious authority, allowing him to interpret theQuran.
• The municipality ofBoacinMarinduque,Philippinesis founded.
• TheBible of Kralicebegins publication. The first complete translation of the Bible into theCzech language(with notes), it is prepared by theUnity of the Brethren,and published atKralice nad Oslavou,Bohemia.

Births

1570

Guy Fawkes

Hans Lippershey

• January 1–Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d.1649)
• January 19–Wolfgang Hirschbach,German legal scholar (d.1620)
• March 25–Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre,English baron and politician (d.1616)
• April 13–Guy Fawkes,English conspirator (d.1606)
• May 8–Tamás Esterházy,Hungarian writer (d.1616)
• May 22–Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar,German duke (d.1605)
• June 7–Sultan Murad Mirza,Mughal prince (d.1599)
• June 13–Paul Peuerl,German organist (d.1625)
• August 10–Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(1587–1590) (d.1590)
• August 19–Salamone Rossi,Italian violinist and composer (d.1630)
• August 21–Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg,co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d.1606)
• August 22–Franz von Dietrichstein,German Catholic bishop (d.1636)
• August 31–Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg,German noble (d.1597)
• October 3–George Coke,British bishop (d.1646)
• October 4–Péter Pázmány,Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d.1637)
• October 7–Volkert Overlander,Dutch mayor (d.1630)
• November 1–Phineas Pett,English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d.1647)
• November 15–Francesco Curradi,Italian painter (d.1661)
• November 20–Giovanni Battista Agucchi,Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d.1632)
• November 26–Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø(1622–1633) (d.1633)
• November 28–James Whitelocke,English judge (d.1632)
• December 7–Richard Cecil,English politician (d.1633)
• December 29–Wilhelm Lamormaini,Luxembourgian theologian (d.1648)
• date unknown
  • Diego Aduarte,Prior of Manila (d.1637)
  • Robert Aytoun,Scottish poet (d.1638)
  • Ebba Bielke,Swedish baroness and conspirator (d.1618)
  • John Cooper,English composer and lutenist (d.1626)
  • Simon Grahame,Scottish-born adventurer (d.1614)
  • Nakagawa Hidenari,Japanese daimyō (d.1612)
  • Hans Lippershey,Dutch lensmaker (d.1619)
  • Asprilio Pacelli,Italian Baroque composer (d.1623)
  • Girolamo Rainaldi,Italian architect (d.1655)
  • Claudia Sessa,Italian composer (d. 1617/19)
  • Katharina Henot,German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d.1627)
  • Urszula Meyerin,politically influential Polish courtier (d.1635)
  • Christina Rauscher,German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d.1618)
  • John Dackombe,Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d.1618)

1571

Abbas I of Safavid

Johannes Kepler

• January 9–Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy,French soldier in Habsburg service (d.1621)
• January 27–Abbas I of Safavid,Shah of Iran(d.1629)
• February 15–Michael Praetorius,German composer and writer on music (d.1621)
• March 31–Pietro Aldobrandini,Italian cardinal, archbishop (d.1621)
• April 17–Adam Contzen,German economist (d.1635)
• April 22–Giovanni Branca,Italian architect and engineer (d.1645)
• April 24–Sur Singh,Ruler ofMarwar(d.1619)
• May 11–Niwa Nagashige,Japanese warlord (d.1637)
• June 17–Thomas Mun,English writer on economics (d.1641)
• July 16–Theodoor Galle,Flemish engraver (d.1633)
• August 2–Charles, Duke of Guise,son of Henry I (d.1640)
• August 14–Anders Bure,founder of Swedishcartography(d.1646)
• September 12–Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz(d.1646)
• September 21–Giovanni Battista Magnani,Italian architect (d.1653)
• September 29–Caravaggio,Venetian artist (d.1610)
• October 7
  • Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausenfrom 1586 (d.1638)
  • Maria, Abbess of Quedlinburg,German abbess (d.1610)
• October 15–Jacob Matham,Dutch artist (d.1631)
• October 18–Wolfgang Ratke,German educational reformer (d.1635)
• November 18–Hippolytus Guarinonius,Italian physician and polymath (d.1654)
• December 3–Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar,Indian saint (d.1643)
• December 4–Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias,Spanish prince (d.1578)
• December 9–Metius,Dutch mathematician and astronomer (d.1635)
• December 20
  • Giles de Coninck,Flemish Jesuit theologian (d.1633)
  • Scévole de Sainte-Marthe,French historian (d.1650)
• December 27–Johannes Kepler,German astronomer (d.1630)
• December 31–Emperor Go-Yōzeiof Japan (d.1617)
• date unknown
  • Henry Ainsworth,English Nonconformist clergyman and scholar (d.1622)
  • William Bedell,Anglican churchman (d.1642)
  • Willem Blaeu,Dutch cartographer (d.1638)
  • Charles Butler,English beekeeper and philologist (d.1647)
  • Inés de Hinojosa,Venezuelanhacendada(b.1540)
  • Frederick de Houtman,Dutch explorer (d.1627)
  • Esther Inglis,French (?British-born) calligrapher (d.1624)
  • Lucrezia Marinella,Italian poet and author (d.1653)
  • Paulus Moreelse,Dutch painter (d.1638)
  • Hugh Roe O'Donnell,Irish chieftain and rebel (d.1603)
  • Aleksander Ostrogski,Polish nobleman (d.1603)
  • Alessandro Peretti di Montalto,Venetian cardinal (d.1623)
  • Thomas Storer,English poet (d.1604)
  • Thomas Wintour,EnglishGunpowder Plotconspirator (d.1606)

1572

Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton

Marie Elisabeth of France

• January 7–Antoine de Gaudier,French Jesuit writer (d.1622)
• January 11–Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton,English countess (d.1655)
• January 22–John Donne,English poet and soldier (d.1631),
• February 1–Ellen Marsvin,Danish noble, landowner and county administrator (d.1649)
• February 14–William Cooke,English politician (d.1619)
• February 27–Francis II, Duke of Lorraine(d.1632)
• February 29–Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon,English viscount (d.1638)
• March 4–István Esterházy,Hungarian noble (d.1596)
• March 10–Tommaso Caracciolo,Field Marshal of Spanish forces in theThirty Years' War(d.1631)
• March 20–Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg(d.1641)
• April 4–William Strachey,English writer (d.1621)
• April 14–Adam Tanner,Austrian Jesuit professor of mathematics and philosophy (d.1632)
• May 20–John Davenant,English Anglican bishop (d.1641)
• May 25–Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel,German musician (d.1632)
• June 8–Honorat de Porchères Laugier,French writer (d.1653)
• June 10–Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera,Lord of Gera, Lobenstein and Oberkranichfeld (1572–1635) (d.1635)
• June 11–Ben Jonson,English dramatist (d.1637)
• July 16–Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani,Georgian prince (d.1625)
• July 25–Theodorus Schrevelius,Dutch Golden Age writer and poet (d.1649)
• August 6–Fakhr-al-Din II,Ottoman Emir ofChouf(d.1635)
• September 11–Daniyal,Imperial Prince of the Royal House of Timur, Viceroy of Deccan (d.1604)
• September 27–Francis van Aarssens,Dutch diplomat (d.1641)
• September 30–Denis-Simon de Marquemont,French cardinal and archbishop (d.1626)
• October 27–Marie Elisabeth of France,French princess (d.1578)
• November 4–William Whitmore,English politician (d.1648)
• November 7–Johannes Saeckma,Dutch Golden Age magistrate and judge of Leeuwarden (d.1636)
• November 8–John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg(d.1619)
• November 23–Albret Skeel,State Admiral of Denmark (d.1639)
• November 25–Daniel Sennert,German physician, chemist (d.1637)
• December 1–Vilem Slavata of Chlum,Czech nobleman (d.1652)
• December 20–Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford,son of Sir Francis Russell (d.1627)
• December 22–Juan López de Agurto de la Mata,Spanish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Coro (later Bishop of Caracas) (1634–1637) and Bishop of Puerto Rico (1630–1634) (d.1637)
• December 27–Johannes Vodnianus Campanus,Czech humanist, composer, pedagogue, poet and dramatist (d.1622)
• date unknown
  • Johann Bayer,German astronomer (d.1625)
  • Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar,Spanish diplomat (d.1655)
  • Arend Dickmann,Dutch admiral in the Polish Navy (d.1627)
  • John Floyd,English Jesuit (d.1649)
  • Regina Basilier,German-Swedish merchant banker (d.1631)
  • Bartholomew Gosnold,English lawyer and explorer (d.1607)
  • Cyril Lucaris,Greek prelate and theologian (d.1637)
  • James Mabbe,English scholar and poet (d.1642)
  • Thomas Tomkins,Welsh composer (d.1656)
• probable–Giovanni Bernardino Azzolinior Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (d. c.1645)

1573

Elias Holl

Pietro Carrera

Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland

• January 10–Simon Marius,German astronomer (d.1624)
• January 18–Ambrosius Bosschaert,still life painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d.1621)
• January 20–Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg(d.1627)
• January 22–Ludwig Camerarius,German politician (d.1651)
• January 30–Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach(1604–1622) (d.1638)
• February 28–Elias Holl,German architect (d.1646)
• March 12–Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt,Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (d.1616)
• March 24–Giovanni Doria,Spanish noble (d.1642)
• April 6–Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg,German noble (d.1643)
• April 12–Jacques Bonfrère,Flemish Jesuit priest, biblical scholar (d.1642)
• April 13–Christina of Holstein-Gottorp,Queen of Sweden (d.1625)
• April 17–Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria(d.1651)
• April 28–Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême,natural son of Charles IX of France (d.1650)
• May 12–Henri, Duke of Montpensier,French noble (d.1608)
• May 13–Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani,Mughal empress (d.1619)
• June 12–Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex,British Earl (d.1629)
• June 16–Andries de Witt,Grand PensionaryofHolland(d.1637)
• June 28–Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby,English noble (d.1643)
• July 12–Pietro Carrera,Italian priest, painter and saint (d.1647)
• July 14–Bonaventure Hepburn,Scottish philologist and Minim friar (d.1620)
• July 15–Inigo Jones,English architect (d.1652)
• July 18–Odoardo Fialetti,Italian painter (d.1638)
• July 25–Christoph Scheiner,German astronomer and Jesuit (d.1650)
• July 29–Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (d.1618)
• August 16–Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland(d.1598)
• August 25–Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,German regent (d.1626)
• September 8–Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau,Archbishop of Mainz (d.1629)
• September 28–Théodore de Mayerne,Swiss physician (d.1654)
• September 29–Robert Payne,English politician (d.1631)
• October 6–Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton(d.1624)
• October 7–William Laud,Archbishop of Canterbury(d.1645)
• October 11–Jacobus Boonen,Dutch Catholic archbishop (d.1655)
• November 3–Catherine of Lorraine,Abbess of Remiremont (d.1648)
• November 29–Johannes Canuti Lenaeus,archbishop of Uppsala (d.1669)
• November 30–Aubert Miraeus,Belgian historian (d.1640)
• December 7–Odoardo Farnese,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1626)
• December 21–Mathurin Régnier,French satirist (d.1613)
• December 22–Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz(1606–1632) and Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (1625–1632) (d.1632)
• December 23–Giovanni Battista Crespi,Italian painter (d.1632)
• date unknown
  • Gabrielle d'Estrées,French royal mistress (d.1599)
  • Richard Johnson,English romance writer (d.1659)
  • Johannes Junius,Burgomeister of Bamberg (d.1628)
  • Oeyo,wife of Tokugawa Hidetada (d.1626)
  • Sigismund Báthory,Prince of Transylvania and of the Holy Roman Empire (d.1613)
• approximate year
  • June–Joan Pau Pujol,Catalan composer and organist (d.1626)

1574

Pope Innocent X

Anne of Denmark

• January 17–Robert Fludd,English Rosicrucian and Paracelsian physicist (d.1637)
• February 17–Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna,Spanish nobleman and politician (d.1624)
• March 4–Carl Gyllenhielm,Swedish soldier and politician (d.1650)
• March 5–William Oughtred,English mathematician and Anglican minister (d.1660)
• March 7–John Wilbye,English composer (date of baptism) (d.1638)
• April 27–Philip Rubens,Flemish lawyer and older brother to painterPeter Paul Rubens(d.1611)
• May 6–Pope Innocent X(d.1655)
• May 14
  • Daniel Dumonstier,French artist (d.1646)
  • Francesco Rasi,Italian composer, singer, instrumentalist, poet (d.1621)
• June 13–Juan Alonso de Solis y Mendoza,Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1635–1640) (d.1640)
• June 13–Wilhelm Kettler,Duke of Courland (d.1640)
• June –Richard Barnfield,English poet (d.1627)
• July 1–Joseph Hall,English bishop and satirist (d.1656)
• July 2–Dorothea Maria of Anhalt,Duchess consort of Saxe-Weimar (1602–1605) (d.1617)
• July 10–Clara Maria of Pomerania-Barth,German noble (d.1623)
• July 23–Balthasar I Moretus,Flemish printer (d.1641)
• August 2–Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1631)
• August 7–Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick,English explorer and geographer (d.1649)
• August 28–Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(1636–1648) (d.1648)
• August 30–Albert Szenczi Molnár,Hungarian translator (d.1634)
• September 6–Luis Sotelo,Spanish Franciscan friar who died as a martyr in Japan (d.1624)
• September 18–Claudio Achillini,Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, jurist (d.1640)
• September 29–Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox,Scottish nobleman and politician (d.1624)
• September –Thomas Gataker,English clergyman and theologian (d.1654)
• October 25–François de Sourdis,French Catholic cardinal (d.1628)
• November 4–Erycius Puteanus,Dutch humanist, philologist (d.1646)
• November 5–Charlotte de La Marck,French duchess (d.1594)
• November 10–Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria,Austrian archduchess (d.1621)
• November 30–Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim,imperial chamberlain, war and Obrist (d.1649)
• December 8–Maria Anna of Bavaria,Archduchess of Inner Austria (d.1616)
• December 10–Mikołaj Łęczycki,Polish Jesuit (d.1653)
• December 12
  • Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn(d.1617)
  • Anne of Denmark,queen ofJames VI of Scotland(d.1619)
• December 15–Samuel Besler,Polish composer (d.1625)
• date unknown
  • John Day,English dramatist (d.1640)
  • Wilhelm Kinsky,Bohemian nobleman (d.1634)
  • Claudio Pari,Sicilian composer
  • Feng Menglong,Chinese poet (d.1645)

1575

Marie de' Medici

Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg

• January–Elizabeth Cecil, 16th Baroness de Ros(d.1591)
• January 22–Louis III, Cardinal of Guise(d.1621)
• c.February 3–Bernard of Wąbrzeźno,Polish Catholic priest and Benedictine monk (d.1603)
• February 4–Pierre de Bérulle,French cardinal and statesman (d.1629)
• February 15–Louis Gunther of Nassau,Count of Nassau-Katzenelnbogen (d.1604)
• February 16–Richard Carpenter,English priest and theologian (d.1625)
• February 21–Marten Pepijn,Flemish painter (d.1643)
• February 27
  • John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(1590–1616) (d.1616)
  • Anna of Holstein-Gottorp,countess consort of East Frisia (d.1610)
• April 18–Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau(1606–1618) (d.1618)
• April 21–Francesco Molin,Doge of Venice (d.1655)
• April 26–Marie de' Medici,queen ofHenry IV of France(d.1642)
• May 20–Robert Heath,English judge and politician (d.1649)
• May 30–Diego Salcedo,Spanish bishop (d.1644)
• June 15–Lelio Biscia,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1638)
• June 24–William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre,English peer and MP (d.1637)
• June 26–Anne Catherine of Brandenburg(d.1612)
• July 2–Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby(d.1627)
• July 11–Thomas Berkeley,English politician (d.1611)
• July 14–Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau,German prince (d.1653)
• July 28–Fernando de Valdés y Llanos,Spanish Catholic archbishop (d.1639)
• July 31–Simon Steward,English politician (d.1632)
• August 14–Robert Hayman,English-born poet (d.1629)
• August 15–Diego, Prince of Asturias,Portuguese prince (d.1582)
• August 18–Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg,Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (d.1643)
• August 24–William Burton,British antiquarian (d.1645)
• November 4–Guido Reni,Italian painter (d.1642)
• November 26–John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein,German count (d.1611)
• December 4–The Nun of Monza,Italian nun (d.1650)
• December 18–Michelagnolo Galilei,Italian lutenist and composer (d.1631)
• date unknown
  • Jakob Böhme,German mystic(d.1624)
  • David Calderwood,Scottish divine and historian (d.1650)
  • Concino Concini,3rdPrime Minister of France(d.1617)
  • Anna Kostka,Polish noblewoman (d.1635)
  • Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex,successful London merchant (d.1645)
  • William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle(d.1622)
  • Arbella Stuart,Duchess of Somerset (d.1615)
  • Cyril Tourneur,English dramatist (d.1626)
  • Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell(d.1608)
• probable
  • Vittoria Aleotti,Italian composer (d. c.1620)
  • Giambattista Basile,Italian poet (d.1632)
  • Edmund Bolton,English historian and poet (d.1633)
  • Clemente Tabone,Maltese landowner and militia member (d.1665)

1576

Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria

Duchess Anna of Prussia

• January 4–Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria,Austrian archduchess (d.1599)
• January 5–Anne Turner,English murderer (d.1615)
• January 12–Petrus Scriverius,Dutch writer and scholar on the history of Holland and Belgium (d.1660)
• February 2–Alix Le Clerc,French Canoness Regular and foundress (d.1622)
• February 10–Festus Hommius,Dutch theologian (d.1642)
• February 29–Antonio Neri,Italian chemist (d.1614)
• March 14–Eric of Lorraine,Bishop of Verdun (d.1623)
• March 31–Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau,countess consort and a regent of the Palatinate (d.1644)
• May 17–Joam Mattheus Adami,Italian Jesuit missionary (d.1633)
• May 24–Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley,English courtier (d.1635)
• May 27–Caspar Schoppe,German controversialist and scholar (d.1649)
• June 6–Giovanni Diodati,Swiss-born Italian Calvinist theologian and translator (d.1649)
• June 16–Giovanni Battista Viola,Italian painter (d.1622)
• July 3–Duchess Anna of Prussia,Electress consort of Brandenburg and Duchess consort of Prussia (d.1625)
• September 22–Philipp of Bavaria,German Catholic cardinal (d.1598)
• October –Thomas Weelkes,English composer and organist (d.1626)
• October 6–Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland,eldest surviving son of John Manners (d.1612)
• October 7–John Marston,English writer (d.1634)
• October 12–Thomas Dudley,Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (d.1653)
• October 28–Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst,Prince of Anhalt (1586–1603), then Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1603–1621) (d.1621)
• October 30–Enrico Caterino Davila,Italian historian and diplomat (d.1631)
• November 6–Charles Günther, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt(1605–1630) (d.1630)
• November 17–Roque Gonzales,Paraguayan missionary (d.1628)
• November 18–Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg(1580–1612) (d.1612)
• November 27–Shimazu Tadatsune,Japanese ruler of Satsuma (d.1638)
• December 20– SaintJohn Sarkander,Moravianpriest (d.1620)
• date unknown
  • William Ames,English Protestant philosopher (d.1633)
  • John Carver,first governor of Plymouth Colony (d.1621)
  • Giulio Cesare la Galla,professor of philosophy at the Collegio Romano in Italy (d.1624)
  • Santino Solari,Swiss architect and sculptor (d.1646)
• probable–Jesper Mattson Cruus af Edeby,Swedish soldier and politician (d.1622)

1577

Christian IV of Denmark and Norway

Peter Paul Rubens

• January 9–Anthony Irby,English politician (d.1610)
• January 12–Francesco Stelluti,Italian mathematician (d.1652)
• January 13–Hugh Audley,English moneylender/lawyer/philosopher (d.1662)
• February 5–Johann Baptist Grossschedel,German noble, alchemist and esoteric author (d.1630)
• February 6–Beatrice Cenci,Italian noblewoman who conspired to kill her father (d.1599)
• February 7–Francis Walsingham,English Jesuit (d.1647)
• February 8–Robert Burton,English scholar at Oxford University (d.1640)
• February 15–Jean Riolan the Younger,French anatomist (d.1657)
• February 17–Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg,German noble (d.1656)
• February 18–Roger North,English politician (d.1651)
• February 22–Pieter Huyssens,Flemish architect (d.1637)
• March 1–Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland(d.1635)
• March 2–George Sandys,English traveller (d.1644)
• March 5–Franciscus Dousa,Dutch classical scholar (d.1630)
• March 20–Alessandro Tiarini,Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School (d.1668)
• March 24–Francis, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin, Bishop of Cammin (d.1620)
• April 12– KingChristian IV of Denmark and Norway(d.1648)
• April 26–Countess Elisabeth of Nassau,French noble (d.1642)
• May 20–Philip de' Medici,Italian noble (d.1582)
• May 31–Nur Jahan,empress consort of the Mughal Empire (d.1645)
• June 12–Paul Guldin,Swiss Jesuit mathematician (d.1643)
• June 28–Peter Paul Rubens,Flemish painter (d.1640)
• July 9–Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr,English governor of Virginia (d.1618)
• July 21
  • Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis,French countess (d.1644)
  • Adam Willaerts,Dutch painter (d.1664)
• August 11(bapt.)–Barnaby Potter,EnglishBishop of Carlisle(d.1642)
• September 1–Scipione Borghese,Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (d.1633)
• September 8–Otto Heurnius,Dutch physician and philosopher (d.1652)
• September 24–Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadtfrom 1596 to 1626 (d.1626)
• October 3–Tobie Matthew,English Member of Parliament, later Catholic priest (d.1655)
• October 6–Ferdinand of Bavaria(d.1650)
• October 11–Jørgen Lunge,Danish politician (d.1619)
• October 17
  • Cristofano Allori,Italian portrait painter (d.1621)
  • Dmitry Pozharsky,Russian prince (d.1642)
• November 2–John Bridgeman,British bishop (d.1652)
• November 4–François Leclerc du Tremblay(d.1638)
• November 10–Jacob Cats,Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d.1660)
• November 24–Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Guttenberg,Palatinate-Veldenz (d.1601)
• November 25–Piet Pieterszoon Hein,Dutch admiral and privateer for the Dutch Republic (d.1629)
• December 8–Mario Minniti,Italian artist active in Sicily after1606(d.1640)
• December 20–Antonio Brunelli,Italian composer and theorist (d.1630)
• December 25–Petrus Kirstenius,German physician and orientalist (d.1640)
• December 27–William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham,English politician and Baron (d.1615)
• date unknown
  • Christoph Besold,German jurist (d.1638)
  • Giacomo Cavedone,Italian painter (d.1660)
  • Robert Cushman,English Plymouth Colony settler (d.1625)
  • Kobayakawa Hideaki,Japanese samurai and warlord (d.1602)
  • William Noy,English lawyer and politician (d.1634)
  • Samuel Purchas,English travel writer (d.1626)
  • Meletius Smotrytsky,Ruthenianreligious activist and author, who developedChurch Slavonicgrammar (d.1633)
  • Gerhard Johann Vossius,German classical scholar and theologian (d.1649)

1578

William Harvey

Philip III of Spain

• January 7–Agnes of Solms-Laubach,Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d.1602)
• January 10–Christopher Clitherow,Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament (d.1641)
• January 28–Cornelius Haga,Dutch diplomat (d.1654)
• March 18–Adam Elsheimer,German artist working in Rome, who died at only thirty-two (d.1610)
• April 1–William Harvey,English physician (d.1657)
• April 14– KingPhilip III of Spain(d.1621)
• April 17–Maximilian van der Sandt,Dutch theologian (d.1656)
• May 11–Christian Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen(1601–1642) (d.1642)
• June 5–Claude, Duke of Chevreuse(d.1657)
• June 13–Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea,Member of Parliament (d.1639)
• July 9–Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1637)
• July 21–Philipp Hainhofer,German merchant, banker, diplomat and art collector (d.1647)
• July 27–Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond,British duchess (d.1639)
• July 31–Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau,regent of Hanau-Münzenberg (d.1648)
• August 5–Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes,first duke of Chaulnes (d.1621)
• August 10–Matteo Rosselli,Italian painter (d.1650)
• August 17
  • Francesco Albani,Italian painter (d.1660)
  • Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d.1638)
• August 24–John Taylor,English poet who dubbed himselfThe Water Poet(d.1653)
• September 11–Vincenzo Maculani,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1667)
• September 17–John Prideaux,English academic administrator and Anglican bishop (d.1650)
• October 4–Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1641)
• October 12–Baldassare Aloisi,Italian painter (d.1638)
• October 19–Christine of Hesse-Kassel,Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg (d.1658)
• November 4–Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg,Duke of Jülich and Berg (1614–1635) (d.1653)
• November 6–Maximilian of Liechtenstein,Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (d.1645)
• December 2–Agostino Agazzari,Italian composer and music theorist (d.1640)
• December 7–Okaji no Kata,Japanese concubine ofTokugawa Ieyasu(d.1642)
• December 20–Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne,French noble (d.1621)
• December 28–Henry Bulstrode,English Member of Parliament (d.1643)
• December 30–Ulrik of Denmark,Danish prince-bishop (d.1624)
• approx. date–Fede Galizia,Italian painter
• date unknown
  • Giambattista Andreini,Italian actor and playwright (d.1650)
  • Yamada Arinaga, Japanese retainer of the Shimazu clan (d.1668)
  • Benedetto Castelli,Italian scientist (d.1643)
  • Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry,English lawyer (d.1640)
  • Iwasa Matabei,Japanese painter (d.1650)
  • Samuel Jordan,American colonial legislator (d.1623)
  • Grzegorz IV Radziwiłł,Polish magnate (d.1613)
  • François Ravaillac,killer of Henry IV of France (d.1610)
  • Ambrose Rookwood,EnglishGunpowder Plotconspirator (d.1606)
  • Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland(d.1632)
  • Horio Tadauji,Japanese daimyō (d.1604)
  • Everard Digby,English conspirator (d.1606)

1579

Tokugawa Hidetada

• January 4–Willem Teellinck,Dutch pastor (d.1629)
• January 6–Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia,Spanish nobleman, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (d.1636)
• January 23–Marie of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth(d.1649)
• January 27–Antonio Tornielli,Italian Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1636–1650) (d.1650)
• February 24–Johann Jacob Grasser,Swiss poet, historian and theologian (d.1627)
• March 23–Francis Mansell,English academic (d.1665)
• April 10–Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(d.1666)
• April 12–François de Bassompierre,French courtier (d.1646)
• May 1–Wolphert Gerretse,Dutch founder of the New Netherland Colony (d.1662)
• May 2–Tokugawa Hidetada,Japanese shōgun (d.1632)
• June 17–Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen,German prince (d.1650)
• June 18–Afonso Mendes,Patriarch of Ethiopia (d.1659)
• July 2–Janusz Radziwiłł,Lithuanian and Polish nobleman (d.1620)
• July 6
  • Bernardino de Almansa Carrión,Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (d.1633)
  • Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire,English noble (d.1622)
• July 13–Arthur Dee,English physician and alchemist (d.1651)
• August 1–Luis Vélez de Guevara,Spanish dramatist and novelist (d.1644)
• August 18–Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau,Dutch-French abbess (d.1640)
• August 21–Henri, Duke of Rohan,French Huguenot soldier and writer (d.1638)
• August 23–Thomas Dempster,Scottish scholar and historian (d.1625)
• September 1–John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop,German Catholic archbishop (d.1634)
• September 3–Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach(1606–1643) (d.1643)
• September 16–Samuel Coster,Dutch writer (d.1665)
• September 17–Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham,English noble (d.1642)
• October 4–Guido Bentivoglio,Italian cardinal (d.1644)
• October 18–Anthony Abdy,English merchant (d.1640)
• November 7–Juan de Peñalosa,Spanish painter (d.1633)
• November 11–Frans Snyders,Flemish painter (d.1657)
• November 12–Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg,German nobleman (d.1635)
• November 16–Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cornaro,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1653)
• December 9–Martin de Porres,Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint (d.1639)
• December 20(bapt.)–John Fletcher,English dramatist (d.1625)
• date unknown
  • Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading,royalist commander in the English Civil War (d.1652)
  • Arthur Johnston,Scottish physician and poet (d.1641)
  • John Ogilvie,Scottish Jesuit, Roman Catholic saint (martyred1615)
  • Johannes Meursius,Dutch classical scholar and antiquary (d.1639)

Deaths

1570

Ippolita Gonzaga

Manuel da Nobrega

DukeFrederick III of Legnica

• January 8–Philibert de l'Orme,French architect (b.1510)
• February–Henry Balnaves,Scottish politician and religious reformer (b.1512)
• January 23–James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray,regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.1531)
• February 13–Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino,politically active Italian duchess (b.1493)
• February 20–Johannes Scheubel,German mathematician (b.1494)
• March 1–Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst(b.1540)
• March 16–Ippolita Gonzaga,Italian nun (b.1503)
• April 13–Daniele Barbaro,Italian architect (b.1514)
• July 3–Aonio Paleario,Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c.1500)
• July 25–Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi,Russian diplomat
• August 4–Marie Catherine Gondi,French court official (b. c.1500)
• September 11–Johannes Brenz,German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b.1499)
• October 1–Frans Floris,Flemish painter (b.1520)
• October 18–Manuel da Nóbrega,PortugueseJesuitmissionary in Brazil (b.1517)
• October 20
  • João de Barros,Portuguese historian (b.1496)
  • Francesco Laparelli,Italian architect (b.1521)
• November–Jacques Grévin,French dramatist (b.1539)
• November 21–Ruxandra Lăpușneanu,Moldavian regent (b.1538)
• November 27–Jacopo Sansovino,Italian sculptor and architect (b.1486)
• December 15–Frederick III of Legnica,Duke of Legnica (b.1520)
• date unknown
  • François Bonivard,Swiss patriot and historian (b.1496)
  • Francesco Primaticcio,Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b.1504)
  • Tomás de Santa María,Spanish music theorist
  • Agostino Gallo,Italian agronomist (b.1499)

1571

Hans Asper

• January 3
  • Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg(b.1505)
  • Yi Hwang,Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, (b.1502)
• January 9–Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon,French naval officer (b.1510)
• January 13–John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin(b.1513)
• January 19–Paris Bordone,Venetian painter (b.1495)
• February 12–Nicholas Throckmorton,English diplomat and politician (b.1515)
• February 13–Benvenuto Cellini,Italian artist (b.1500)
• March 6–Tsukahara Bokuden,Japanese swordsman (b.1489)
• March 14–John Sigismund Zápolya,King of Hungary (b.1540)
• March 21
  • Odet de Coligny,French cardinal and Protestant (b.1517)
  • Hans Asper,Swiss painter (b.1499)
• April 6–John Hamilton,Scottish prelate and politician (b.1511)
• May 4–Pierre Viret,Swiss theologian (b.1511)
• May 29–Joachim Mörlin,German Lutheran bishop (b.1514)
• June 1–John Story,English Catholic (martyred) (b.1504)
• June 3–Tarik Sulayman,Filipino chieftain
• June 7–Francesco Corteccia,Italian composer (b.1502)
• July 6–Mōri Motonari,Japanese warlord (b.1497)
• July 15–Shimazu Takahisa,Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1514)
• July 17–Georg Fabricius,German poet (b.1516)
• August 17–Marco Antonio Bragadin,Venetian lawyer and military officer (b.1523)
• September 4–Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox(b.1516)
• September 23–John Jewel,English Anglican bishop (b.1522)
• October 7
  • Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg,Danish queen, consort ofChristian III of Denmark(b.1511)
  • Müezzinzade Ali Pasha,Ottoman statesmen and naval officer
• November 24–Jan Blahoslav,Czech writer (b.1523)
• December 14–Lorenzo Strozzi,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1513)
• date unknown
  • Titu Cusi,Incan ruler (b.1529)
  • Anna Vigfúsdóttir á Stóru-Borg,Icelandic landowner
  • Setthathirath,Laotian king ofLan NaandLan Xang(b.1534)

1572

Pope Pius V

Longqing Emperorof China

KingSigismund II Augustusof Poland

SaintJohn of CologneandMartyrs of Gorkumdied onJuly 7,1572

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Gaspard de Coligny

SaintFrancis Borgia

• January 22–Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen(b.1536)
• January 26–Pierre de Monte,French 50th Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller(b.1499)
• February 21–Cho Shik,Korean Confucian scholar and politician (b.1501)
• February 23–Pierre Certon,French composer (b. c.1510)
• February 26–Pedro Agustín,SpanishRoman Catholicbishop (b.1512)
• February 28
  • Aegidius Tschudi,Swiss historian (b.1505)
  • Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland(b.1533)
  • Udai Singh II,King of Mewar (b.1522)
• March 2–Mem de Sá,Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil (b. c.1500)
• March 10–William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester(b. c.1483)
• March 27–Girolamo Maggi,ItalianRenaissance man(b. c.1523)
• April 2–Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Guelders(1518–1538) (b.1494)
• May 1–Pope Pius V(b.1504)
• May 11–Moses Isserles,Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (b.1530)
• June 2–Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk(executed) (b.1536)
• June 9–Jeanne d'Albret,Queen of Navarre (b.1528)
• June 28–Johannes Goropius Becanus,Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist (b.1519)
• July 5–Longqing Emperorof China (b.1537)
• July 7– KingSigismund II Augustusof Poland (b.1520)
• July 9
  • John of Cologne,DutchFranciscanfriar, martyr and saint (b.1510)
  • Martyrs of Gorkum(b. Dutch nationality)
  • Nicholas Pieck,Dutch Franciscan friar, martyr and saint (b.1534)
• July 25–Isaac Luria,Palestinian-born Jewish Kabbalist (b.1534)
• August 20–Miguel López de Legazpi,Spanish conquistador (b.1502)
• August 24
  • Gaspard de Coligny,FrenchProtestantleader (b.1519)
  • Charles de Téligny,French soldier and diplomat (b.1535)
• August 26–Pierre de la Ramée,French humanist scholar (b.1515)
• August –Claude Goudimel,French composer (b.1510)
• September –Denis Lambin,French classical scholar (b.1520)
• September 19–Archduchess Barbara of Austria(b.1539)
• September 24–Túpac Amaru,last of the Incas
• September 30–Francis Borgia,ItalianJesuitpriest and saint (b.1510)
• October 24–Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby,English politician (b.1508)
• October 25–Cosimo Bartoli,Italian diplomat and writer (b.1503)
• October 29–John Erskine, Earl of Mar,regent of Scotland
• November 9–Al-Mutahhar,Imam of the Zaidi state of Yemen (b.1503)
• November 12–Henry of Stolberg,German nobleman (b.1509)
• November 23–Agnolo di Cosimo (Bronzino),Italian artist and poet (b.1503)
• November 24–John Knox,Scottish religious reformer (b.1513)
• December 2–Ippolito II d'Este,Italian cardinal and statesman (b.1509)
• December 12–Loredana Marcello,Venetian dogaressa and botanist
• December 22–François Clouet,French miniaturist (b. c.1510)
• December 23–Johann Sylvan,Reformed German theologian (executed; date of birth unknown)
• date unknown
  • Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski,Polish scholar (b.1503)
  • Francisco de Moraes,Portuguese author and writer (b.1500)
  • Yasumi Naomasa,Japanese military commander
  • Stanisław Zamoyski,Polish nobleman (b.1519)
• probable–Christopher Tye,English composer and organist (b.1505)

1573

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

• January 1
  • Hans Boije af Gennäs,Swedish commander
  • Johann Pfeffinger,German theologian (b.1493)
• January 12–William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham,English Lord High Admiral (b.1510)
• February 7–Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg(b.1513)
• March 2–Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar(b.1530)
• March 3–Claude, Duke of Aumale,third son ofClaude, Duke of Guise(b.1526)
• March 13–Michel de l'Hôpital,French statesman (b.1505)
• March 17–Maria van Schooten,Dutch war heroine (b.1555)
• April 2–Otto Truchsess von Waldburg,German Catholic cardinal (b.1514)
• April 7–Andreas Masius,Flemish Catholic priest (b.1514)
• April 29–Guillaume Le Testu,French privateer (b.1509)
• May 13–Takeda Shingen,Japanese warlord (b.1521)
• June 15–Antun Vrančić,Croatian archbishop (b.1504)
• July –Étienne Jodelle,French dramatist and poet (b.1532)
• July 7–Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola,Italian architect (b.1507)
• July 16–Wigbolt Ripperda,mayor of Haarlem, Netherlands
• July 29
  • John Caius,English physician (b.1510)
  • Ruy Gómez de Silva,Portuguese noble (b.1516)
• August 14–Saitō Tatsuoki,Japanese warlord (b.1548)
• September 7–Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal(b.1535)
• September 16–Asakura Yoshikage,Japanese warlord (b.1533)
• September 23–Azai Hisamasa,Japanese warlord (b.1526)
• September 26–Azai Nagamasa,Japanese warlord (b.1545)
• October 27–Laurentius Petri,first Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden (b.1499)
• November 9–Shimazu Katsuhisa,Japanese nobleman (b.1503)
• November 17–Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda,Spanish philosopher and theologian (b.1494)
• December 30–Giovanni Battista Giraldi,Italian novelist and poet (b.1504)
• date unknown
  • Paul Skalich,Croatian encyclopedist (b.1534)
  • Reginald Wolfe,English printer
• February 3–Murakami Yoshikiyo,Japanese warlord (b.1501)
  • Richard Grafton,English merchant and printer (b. c.1506/7)

1574

Charles IX of France

Pedro Menendez de Aviles

Sultan Selim II

• January 26–Martin Helwig,German cartographer of Silesia (b.1516)
• January 30–Damião de Góis,Portuguese philosopher (b.1502)
• March 4–Anna II, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg,German noblewoman, reigning from 1516 until her death (b.1504)
• March 27–Takeda Nobutora,Japanese warlord (b.1494)
• April 14–Louis of Nassau,Dutch general (b.1538)
• April 17–Joachim Camerarius,German classical scholar (b.1500)
• April 21–Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany(b.1519)
• April 30–Joseph Boniface de La Molle,Provençale lover ofMarguerite de Valois(b.1530)
• May 14–Guru Amar Das,third Sikh Guru (b.1479)
• May 3–Giovanni Ricci,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1498)
• May 30– KingCharles IX of France(b.1550)
• June 12–Renée of France,French princess (b.1510)
• June 14–John III the Terrible,Voivode of Moldavia (b.1521)
• June 26–Gabriel, comte de Montgomery,captain of the Scottish Guard ofHenry II of France(b.1530)
• June 27–Giorgio Vasari,Italian painter and architect (b.1511)
• July 26–Birgitte Gøye,Danish county administrator, lady in waiting, landholder and educator (b.1511)
• August 23–Ebussuud Efendi,Ottoman Grand Mufti (b.1490)
• August 27–Bartolomeo Eustachi,Italiananatomist
• September 1–Louis, Count of Stolberg,German noble (b.1505)
• September 4–Charles de Mornay,Swedish (originally French) court official, diplomat and royal favorite (b.1514)
• September 15–Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry(b.1523)
• September 17–Pedro Menéndez de Avilés,Spanish admiral and explorer (b.1519)
• September 26–Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst,Abbess of Gernrode and Frose, Countess of Barby-Mühlingen (b.1545)
• September 28–Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino,Italian condottiero (b.1514)
• October 1–Maarten van Heemskerck,Dutch painter (b.1498)
• November 23–John III, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken,German noble (b.1511)
• November 28–Georg Major,German Protestant theologian (b.1502)
• December 4–Georg Joachim Rheticus,German mathematician and cartographer (b.1514)
• December 12–Selim II,Ottoman Sultan(b.1524)
• December 25–Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine(b.1524)
• date unknown
  • Hans Eworth,Flemish painter (b.1520)
  • Martin de Goiti,Spanish conquistador

1575

Hernando de Aragón

Matthias Flacius

ReverendMatthew Parker

Francisco de Ibarra

Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta

• January 4–Sidonie of Saxony,Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg (b.1518)
• January 14–Barbara Uthmann,German businessperson (b.1514)
• January 22–James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault(b.1516)
• January 29–Hernando de Aragón,SpanishRoman Catholicarchbishop (b.1498)
• February 9–Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b.1555)
• February 20–Maria of Jever,last ruler of the Lordship of Jever (b.1500)
• February 21–Claude of Valois,Duchess consort of Lorraine and French princess (b.1547)
• March 11–Matthias Flacius,CroatianProtestantreformer (b.1520)
• March 15–Annibale Padovano,Italiancomposer and organist (b.1527)
• March 17–Georg Cracow,German lawyer and politician (b.1525)
• March 24–Yosef Karo,Spanish-born Jewish rabbi. Author of the book "Shulchan Aruch"(b.1488)
• May 17–Matthew Parker,EnglishRoman Catholicarchbishop (b.1504)
• May 28–Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg(b.1522)
• June 3–Francisco de Ibarra,Spanish explorer and colonial governor in Mexico (b. c.1539)
• June 7–Sir George Heron,English politician
• June 28–Yonekura Shigetsugu,Japanese samurai
• June 29
  • Baba Nobuharu,Japanese samurai
  • Hara Masatane,Japanese samurai (b.1531)
  • Naito Masatoyo,Japanese samurai (b.1522)
  • Sanada Nobutsuna,Japanese samurai (b.1537)
  • Takeda Nobuzane,Japanese daimyō
  • Yamagata Masakage,Japanese samurai (b.1524)
• July 14–Richard Taverner,English Bible translator (b.1505)
• July 29–Jon Simonssøn,Norwegian humanist (b.1512)
• August 2–Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern(b.1537)
• September 17–Heinrich Bullinger,Swiss religious reformer (b.1504)
• September 24–Anna of Oldenburg,Regent of East Frisia (b.1501)
• October 17–Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta,SpanishRoman Catholiccardinal (b.1511)
• October 20–Kaspar Eberhard,German theologian (b.1523)
• October 24–Peder Oxe,Danish finance minister (b.1520)
• November 2–Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach,German princess (b.1529)
• December 1–Diego Andrada de Payva,Portuguese theologian (b.1528)
• December 23–Akiyama Nobutomo,Japanese retainer (b.1531)
• December 31–Pierino Belli,Italian soldier and jurist (b.1502)
• date unknown
  • Constantio Varoli,Italian anatomist (b.1543)
  • Isabel de Josa,Catalan writer (b.1508)

1576

Tahmasp I

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

• January 19–Hans Sachs,GermanMeistersinger(b.1494)
• January 27–Mizuno Nobumoto,Japanese shōgun
• February 10–Wilhelm/Guilielmus Xylander,German classical scholar (b.1532)
• February 12–John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg(b.1525)
• March 5–Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga,Spanish governor of the Netherlands (b.1528)
• March 18–Johann Stössel,German theologian (b.1524)
• May 14–Tahmasp I,Shah of Persia (b.1514)
• May 30–Harada Naomasa,Japanese samurai
• June 30–Franciscus Sonnius,Dutch counter-Reformation theologian (b.1506)
• July 2–Josias Simler,Swiss scholar (b.1530)
• July 11–Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo,Italian noble (d.1553)
• July 16–Isabella de' Medici,Italian noble (d.1542)
• August 15orAugust 22–Bálint Bakfark,Hungarian composer and lutenist (b.1507)
• August 27–Titian,Italian painter (b. c.1489)
• September 21–Gerolamo Cardano,Italian mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler (b.1502)
• September 22–Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex(b.1541)
• October 12–Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor(b.1527)
• October 14–Konrad Heresbach,German Calvinist (b.1496)
• October 26–Frederick III, Elector Palatine,ruler from the house of Wittelsbach (b.1515)
• November 4–John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester(b. c.1510)
• November 9–Chamaraja Wodeyar IV,King of Mysore (b.1507)
• date unknown
  • Paula Vicente,Portuguese artist, musician and writer (b.1519)
• probable
  • Anthony More,Dutch portrait painter (b.1512)
  • Nicola Vicentino,Italian music theorist and composer (b.1511)

1577

Eric XIV of Sweden

SaintCuthbert Mayne

• January 23–Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur,Roman Catholic bishop (b.1524)
• February–Adam von Bodenstein,Swiss alchemist and physician (b.1528)
• February 26– KingEric XIV of Sweden(b.1533)
• March 23–Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach(b.1529)
• April 13–Konrad Hubert,German theologian and hymnwriter (b.1507)
• May –Richard Aertsz,Dutch painter (b.1482)
• May 5–Viglius,Dutch statesman (b. 1507)
• May 31–García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca,Spanish noble and admiral (b.1514)
• June 4–Alvise I Mocenigo,Doge of Venice(b.1507)
• June 7–Daniel, Count of Waldeck(b.1530)
• June 12–Orazio Samacchini,Italian painter (b.1532)
• July 23–Scipione Rebiba,Italian cardinal (b.1504)
• July 26–Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc,Marshal of France (b.1502)
• August 12–Thomas Smith,English scholar and diplomat (b.1513)
• September 7–Infanta Maria of Guimarães(b.1538)
• September 27–Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva,Spanish jurist and archbishop of Cuenca (b.1512)
• October 3–Henry IX, Count of Waldeck(b.1531)
• October 7–George Gascoigne,English poet (b. c.1525)
• October 10–Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu(b.1521)
• November 19–Matsunaga Hisahide,Japanese warlord (b.1508)
• November 29–Cuthbert Mayne,English saint (b.1543)
• December 4–Achilles Gasser,German physician and astrologer (b.1505)
• December 18–Anna of Saxony,princess consort of Orange (b.1544)

1578

Giovanni Battista Moroni

Sebastian of Portugal

Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria

Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias

• January 5–Giulio Clovio,Dalmatian painter (b.1498)
• January 6–Queen Inseong,Korean royal consort (b.1514)
• January 25–Mihrimah Sultan,Sultan Suleiman's daughter (b.1522)
• February 5or1579–Giovanni Battista Moroni,Italian painter (b.1510)
• February 12–Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal(b.1507)
• March 3
  • Sebastiano Venier,Doge of Venice (b.1496)
  • Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu,Ottoman Greek magnate (b.1510)
• March 7–Margaret Douglas,Countess of Lennox (b.1515)
• March 29
  • Arthur Champernowne,English admiral (b.1524)
  • Louis I, Cardinal of Guise,French cardinal (b.1527)
• April 2–Marie Elisabeth of France,French princess (b.1572)
• April 11–Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany,Austrian Archduchess (b.1547)
• April 14–James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell,consort ofMary, Queen of Scots(b.1535)
• April 15–Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg(b.1509)
• April 19–Uesugi Kenshin,Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1530)
• May 4–Martin Eisengrein,German theologian (b.1535)
• June 16–Ioan Potcoavă,Russian Cossack ataman
• July 2–Thomas Doughty,English explorer (executed)
• July 5–Cristoforo Madruzzo,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1512)
• July 27–Jane Lumley,English translator (b.1537)
• August 4
  • KingSebastian of Portugal(b.1554)
  • Thomas Stukley,English adventurer (b.1525)
  • Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi,King ofMorocco
  • Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi,King ofMorocco
• August 8–Amago Katsuhisa,Japanese nobleman (b.1553)
• August 11–Pedro Nunes,Portuguese mathematician (b.1502)
• August 16–Andrew Corbet,English landowner and politician (b.1522)
• August 20–Yamanaka Yukimori,Japanese samurai (b.1545)
• September–Pierre Lescot,French architect (b.1510)
• September 3–Giulio della Rovere,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1533)
• September 22–Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria(b.1561)
• October 1– DonJohn of Austria,military leader (b.1547)
• October 12–Cornelius Gemma,Dutch astronomer and astrologer (b.1535)
• October 18–Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias,Spanish prince (b.1571)
• December 3–Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba,Governor of the Duchy of Milan (b.1520)
• December–Nicholas Heath,Archbishop of York andLord Chancellorof England (b.1501)
• date unknown–Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria(b.1528)

1579

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

• February 5–Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern,Countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (b.1532)
• February 16–Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada,Spanish explorer (b.1509)
• February 20–Nicholas Bacon,English politician (b.1509)
• March 12–Alessandro Piccolomini,Italian humanist and philosopher from Siena (b.1508)
• April 24–John Stuart, 4th Earl of Atholl
• May 6–François de Montmorency,French nobleman (b.1530)
• May 20–Isabella Markham,English courtier (b.1527)
• June 17–Johannes Stadius,Flemish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (b.1527)
• June 25–Hatano Hideharu,Japanese samurai (b.1541)
• July 3–Edward Fitton, the elder,Irish politician (b.1527)
• August 5–Stanislaus Hosius,Polish Catholic cardinal (b.1504)
• August 12–Domenico Bollani,Bishop of Milan (b.1514)
• October 11–Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,Turkish Janissary and Grand Vizier (b.1505)
• October 13–William Drury,English politician (b.1527)
• October 21–Tanegashima Tokitaka,Japanese Daimyo (b.1528)
• October 24–Albert V, Duke of Bavaria(b.1528)
• November 9–Philip VI, Count of Waldeck(1567–1579) (b.1551)
• November 15–Francis David,Hungarian religious reformer (b.1510)
• November 21–Thomas Gresham,English merchant and financier (b.1519)
• date unknown
  • Giovanni Battista Adriani,Italian historian (b. c.1512)
  • Diego de Landa,Spanish Bishop of the Yucatán (b.1524)
  • Hieronim Jarosz Sieniawski,Polish noble (b.1516)
  • Barbara Thenn,Austrian merchant and Münzmeister (b.1519)
  • William Whittingham,English Biblical scholar and religious reformer (b.1524)
  • Voravongsa I,Laotian king ofLan Xang
• probable–Hans Staden,German adventurer (b.1525)