1588
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(January 2016) |
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1588 by topic |
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| Leaders |
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| Births–Deaths |
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| Works category |
1588(MDLXXXVIII) was aleap year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Mondayof theJulian calendar,the 1588th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 588th year of the2nd millennium,the 88th year of the16th century,and the 9th year of the1580sdecade. As of the start of 1588, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 22–Pope Sixtus Vissues the papal bullImmensa aeterni Dei,a major reorganization of theRoman Curiacreating 15 congregations of cardinals, including theCongregation of theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum,the Church list of forbidden books; theCongregation of the Inquisition;and theCongregation of the Vatican Press.[1]
- January 24–War of the Polish Succession:TheBattle of Pitschentakes place at Pitschen (nowByczynain Poland, with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetmanJan Zamoyskidefending against an invading Austrian force commanded byMaximilian III, Archduke of Austria.After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.[2]
- February 9– The sudden death ofÁlvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz,in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.[3]
- February 18– In what is nowSri Lanka,the siege ofColomboby KingRajasinha I of Sitawakaends when Portuguese AdmiralPedro Teixeiraarrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital ofPortuguese Ceylon.King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital atSeethawakapura.[4]
- March 20– The ascension ofShah Abbas Ias Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Calendar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.[5]
- March 25– The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."[6]
April–June
[edit]- April 4–Christian IVbecomes king ofDenmark–Norway,upon the death of his father,Frederick II.[7]
- May 12–Day of the Barricadesin Paris:Henry I, Duke of Guiseseizes the city, forcing KingHenry IIIto flee.[8]
- May 28– TheSpanish Armada,with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from theTagusestuary, under the command of theDuke of Medina SedoniaandJuan Martínez de Recalde,heading for theEnglish Channel(it will take untilMay 30for all of the ships to leave port).[9]
- June 18– Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and hisEast India Companyfleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island ofSaint Helena.[10]While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.[11]
- June 19– Twenty days after departing from Spain, theSpanish Armadareceives a foreshadowing of disaster to come during the summer as a storm scatters part of the fleet, postponing the invasion.[12]Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor,Duke of Medina Sidoniaand commander of the Spanish expedition, returns the fleet to the port of Coruna for repairs, and writes a letter to King Philip, urging him to abandon plans for invasion of England, and to reach an honorable settlement, but the King refuses. The Spanish expedition resumes on July 21.
July–September
[edit]- July 15– AtRouen,King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of theCatholic Leagueand the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing to not allow French Protestants to participate in government,[13]in return for being able to return toParis.
- July 31– The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (offPlymouth) results in a victory for the English, under command ofLord Howard of Effinghamand SirFrancis Drake.
- August 2– The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off theIsle of Portland.[14]
- August 7– The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast ofFlanders.
- August 8(July 29Old Style) –Battle of Gravelines:TheSpanish Armadais defeated by the English naval force off the coast ofGravelines,in theSpanish Netherlands(modern France).[15]
- August 9– The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of theDuke of Parma.[16]
- August 12– Much of the Spanish Armada is destroyed by storms during an attempt to around Scotland andIreland.The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past theFirth of Forth,and the English call off their pursuit, avoiding the storm entirely.[16]
- August 19(August 9Old Style) –Speech to the Troops at Tilburyby Queen Elizabeth I.[17]
- August 29(8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) – In Japan, theChancellor of the Realm,Toyotomi Hideyoshi,issues an edict for the katanagari (thesword hunt), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule.
- September 1– TheGanja Fortressin what is nowAzerbaijanis captured by Ottoman generalSerdar Ferhad Pasha.
- September 9– English captain Thomas Cavendish and a fleet of ships completesailing around the world in a record timeof 781 days, returning toPlymouthmore than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship,Desire,after having started with the two other vessels, the warshipContent,and the 40-ton supply shipHugh Gallant.
- September 13– Dutch GeneralCharles III de Croÿcaptures the German city ofBonnin theElectorate of Cologne.
October–December
[edit]- October 7– The first biography ofNicolaus Copernicus(d.1543) is completed byBernardino Baldi.
- November 13– Dutch Republic and English forces captureBergen op Zoom,a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.
- November 15– The English Navy shipGreat Spaniard,formerly the Spanish Armada shipSan Salvadoruntil its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England'sIsle of Purbeck,with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an Englishman-o-warboat.[18]
- December 5– The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as theDía de la RecolecciónorDay of Recollection.
- December 23– Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother,Louis II, Cardinal of Guise,killed, and holding theCardinal de Bourbona prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side withHenry of Navarre.
Unknown
[edit]- William Morgan'sWelshtranslation of the Bibleis published.[19]
- TheArmada PortraitofElizabeth I of Englandis created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.
Births
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 4–Arnold Vinnius,Dutch lawyer (d.1657)
- January 6–Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon,English noblewoman and writer (d.1633)
- January 20–Francesco Gessi,Italian painter (d.1649)
- February 2–Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl,German nobleman (d.1644)
- February 15–Benjamin Bramer,German mathematician (d.1652)
- March 12–Herman de Neyt,Flemish painter (d.1642)
- March 21–Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg,Bavarian count and field-marshal (d.1635)
- March 22–Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg,Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d.1611)
- March 27–Celestyn Myślenta,Polish theologian (d.1653)
- March 29–Margherita Aldobrandini,Parmesan regent (d.1646)
- March –Johann Heinrich Alsted,German theologian (d.1638)
- April 4–Padovanino,Italian painter (d.1649)
- April 5–Thomas Hobbes,English philosopher (d.1679)[20]
- April 15–Claudius Salmasius,French classical scholar (d.1653)
- April 16–Emanuel Filibert of Savoy,Viceroy of Sicily (d.1624)
- May 2–Étienne Pascal,French mathematician (d.1651)
- May 9–Herman Hugo,Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d.1629)
- May 13–Ole Worm,Danish physician and antiquary (d.1654)
- May 28–Pierre Séguier,Chancellor of France (d.1672)
- June 3–Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen(1617–16135) (d.1635)
- June 9–Johann Andreas Herbst,German composer and music theorist (d.1666)
- June 11–George Wither,English poet and satirist (d.1667)
- June 14–Hoshina Masasada,Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d.1661)
- June 30–Giovanni Maria Sabino,Italian composer, organist and teacher (d.1649)
July–December
[edit]
- July 7–Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg(1588–1640) (d.1640)
- July 29–William Spring of Pakenham,Member of Parliament (d.1638)
- August 25–Elizabeth Poole,English settler in Plymouth Colony (d.1654)
- August –François de La Mothe Le Vayer,French writer (d.1672)
- September 1–Henri, Prince of Condé(d.1646)
- September 8–Marin Mersenne,French theologian (d.1648)
- September 10–Nicholas Lanier,English composer (d.1666)[21]
- September 13–Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden,English baron (d.1661)
- October 7–Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1632)
- October 16–Luke Wadding,Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d.1657)
- October 17–Matthias Gallas,Austrian soldier (d.1647)
- November 25–Gilbert Ironside the elder,English bishop (d.1671)
- December 10
- Johann von Aldringen,Austrian field marshal (d.1634)
- Isaac Beeckman,Dutch philosopher and scientist (d.1637)
- December 15
- Charles de Condren,French theologian (d.1641)
- Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1592–1628 and again 1631–1658) (d.1658)
- December 23–Claude Bernard,French priest (d.1641)
- December 24–Constance of Austria,Queen of Poland(d.1631)
Date unknown
[edit]- John Danvers,English politician (d.1655)
- John Endecott,English politician (d.1665)
- Robert Filmer,English political writer (d.1653)
- Accepted Frewen,English churchman (d.1664)
- Madame Ke,influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (approximately; d.1627)
- Francis Higginson,colonial American Puritan (d.1630)
- Jan Janssonius,Dutch cartographer (d.1664)
- Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet(d.1665)
- John Winthrop,influential Puritan in the history of Massachusetts (d.1649)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 17–Qi Jiguang,Chinese general (b.1528)
- February 9–Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz,Spanish admiral (b.1526)
- February 24–Johann Weyer,Dutch physician and occultist (b.1515)
- March 3–Henry XI of Legnica,Duke of Legnica (b.1539)
- March 5–Henri, Prince of Condé(b.1552)
- March 10–Theodor Zwinger,Swiss scholar (b.1533)
- April 4– KingFrederick II of Denmark(b.1534)[22]
- April 19–Paolo Veronese,Italian painter (b. c.1528)[23]
- May 5–Giorgio Biandrata,Italian physician (b.1515)
- May 12–Peter Monau,German physician (b.1551)
- June 5–Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford,English countess (b.1556)
- June 7–Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden(b.1559)
- June 10–Valentin Weigel,German theologian (b.1533).
- June 13–Countess Anna of Nassau(b.1563)
- June 18–Robert Crowley,London stationer (b.1517)
- July 17–Mimar Sinan,Ottoman architect (b.1489)
- August 6–Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg,Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (b.1554)
- August 8–Alonso Sánchez Coello,Spanish painter (b. c.1531)
- August 12–Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder,Italian composer (b.1543)
- August 30–Margaret Ward,English saint (birthdate unknown)
- August 31–Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg,Dutch prince (b.1546)
- September 3–Richard Tarlton,English actor (b.1530)
- September 4–Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester,English politician (b.1532)[24]
- September 25–Tilemann Heshusius,German Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (b.1527)
- September 26–Amias Paulet,Governor of Jersey (b.1532)[25]
- October 1–Edward James,EnglishCatholicmartyr(executed atChichester)[26]
- October 2–Bernardino Telesio,Italian philosopher and natural scientist (b.1509)
- October 23–Juan Martínez de Recalde,Spanish admiral (b. c. 1540)
- November 1–Jean Daurat,French poet and scholar (b.1508)
- December 19–Esther Handali,Ottoman businessperson
- December 23–Henry I, Duke of Guise,French Catholic leader (b.1550)
- December 24–Louis II, Cardinal of Guise,French Catholic cardinal (b.1555)
- date unknown
- Diego Durán,Dominican friar and historian in colonial Mexico (b. c.1537).[27]
- John Field,British Puritan clergyman and controversialist (b.1545)
- Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama,the first Dalai Lama to use the title (b.1543)[28]
- Plautilla Nelli,Italian painter (b.1524)
- Edwin Sandys,English prelate (b.1519)
- Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer,Dutch war heroine (b.1526)
References
[edit]- ^Philippe Levillain, ed.,The Papacy: An Encyclopedia(Routledge, 2002) p. 772
- ^Daniel Stone,The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795(University of Washington Press, 2001) pp. 131–132
- ^Bennassar, B.; Jacquart, J.; Blayau, N.; Denis, M.; Lebrun, F. (May 11, 2005).Historia moderna(in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL. p. 379.ISBN978-84-7600-990-1.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,translated by William F. Sinclair (Hakluyt Society, 1902) p. ix
- ^"History and chronology in early modern Iran: The Safavid Empire in comparative perspective", by Stephen P. Blake, inPerceptions of Iran: History, Myths and Nationalism from Medieval Persia to the Islamic Republic,ed. by Ali M. Ansari (I.B. Tauris, 2013)
- ^Papers Illustrative of the Origin and Early History of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea(Antiposi Verlag, 2023, reprint of 1872) p.5
- ^Williamson, David (1988).Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe.Salem House. p. 106.ISBN978-0-88162-364-2.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^Hesketh Pearson (1963).Henry of Navarre: His Life.London. p. 46.
- ^Colin Martin (1975).Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada.Viking Press. p. 11.ISBN978-0-670-33193-2.
- ^"Complaint from Heaven with a Huy & crye and a petition out of Virginia and Maryland", by Josias Fendall (1676), reprinted inThe American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1783,ed. by Steven Sarson (Taylor & Francis, 2020) p.58
- ^Daniel Schreier,St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation(John Benjamins Publishing, 2008)
- ^Max Boot,War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today(Gotham Books, 2006) p.35
- ^Saupin, Guy (2010).La France à l'époque moderne.Paris: A. Colin. p. 150.ISBN978-2-200-25575-6.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^"Research guide P3: Charts of the Spanish Armada by Robert Adams in the Museum | Royal Museums Greenwich".rmg.co.uk.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (December 9, 2011).Encyclopedia of Tudor England [3 volumes]: [3 volumes].Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 519.ISBN978-1-59884-299-9.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^abParker, Geoffrey; Mitchell, Andrew; Bell, Lawrence (January 2004)."ANATOMY OF DEFEAT: THE TESTIMONY OF JUAN MARTÍNEZ DE RECALDE AND DON ALONSO MARTÍNEZ DE LEYVA ON THE FAILURE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA IN 1588".The Mariner's Mirror.90(3): 314–347.doi:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656908.ISSN0025-3359.S2CID161675228.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^"Queen Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury | Royal Museums Greenwich".rmg.co.uk.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
- ^Boddie, John Bennett (April 1934). "Boddie of Essex, England and Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. 14 (2): 114–140
- ^"William Morgan - Welsh bishop".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedApril 16,2018.
- ^Aloysius Martinich (November 27, 1996).Thomas Hobbes.Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 4.ISBN978-1-349-25185-8.[permanent dead link]
- ^MichaelI. Wilson (July 5, 2017).Nicholas Lanier: Master of the King's Musick.Taylor & Francis. p. 7.ISBN978-1-351-55639-2.
- ^Paul Douglas Lockhart (January 1, 2004).Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion, 1559-1596.BRILL. p. 1.ISBN90-04-13790-4.
- ^William R. Rearick (1988).The Art of Paolo Veronese, 1528-1588.National Gallery of Art. p. 161.ISBN978-0-89468-124-0.
- ^Ian Dawson (1998).Who's who in British History: A-H.Taylor & Francis. p. 376.ISBN978-1-884964-90-9.
- ^Leslie Stephen (1895).Dictionary of National Biography.Macmillan. p. 82.
- ^Watkins, Basil (2015).The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary.Bloomsbury Academic. p. 197.ISBN9780567664143.
- ^Monjarás-Ruiz, Jesús, "Fray Diego Durán, un evangelizador conquistado", en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 2, septiembre-diciembre, 1994, pp. 43-56. Disponible en:http:// dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=1552
- ^"Incarnation Lineage: Dalai Lama Main Page".himalayanart.org.RetrievedApril 16,2018.