1592
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1592(MDXCII) was aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1592nd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 592nd year of the2nd millennium,the 92nd year of the16th century,and the 3rd year of the1590sdecade. As of the start of 1592, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 29– CardinalIppolito AldobrandiniofSan Pancrazioiselected as the new Pontiff of the Roman Catholic ChurchafterLudovico MadruzzoandGiulio Antonio Santoriwithdraw following 19 rounds of voting by the 54 cardinals present. Cardinal Santori had received 28 votes on the first ballot, eight short of the necessary two-thirds majority required, and fewer on the rounds that followed. Aldobrandini is crowned the next day asPope Clement VIII,the 231st pope. Clement succeedsPope Innocent IX,who died on December 30, 1591.[1]He immediately recalls theSixtine Vulgate.
- February 7–George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly,sets fire toDonibristleCastle in Scotland and murdersJames Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray.
- March 3–Trinity College Dublin,Ireland's oldest university, is founded.[2]
- March 14– UltimatePi Day:the largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits ofpisince the introduction of theJulian calendaraccording to the American method of writing the number of the month prior to the day.
April–June[edit]
- April 4– The futureHenry IV of France,King designate ofHenry III of France,announces in a declaration, so-called "Expedient," his intention to take instruction in, and convert to, theCatholic religion.
- April 13– TheJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)begin with theSiege of Busanjin.
- April 20– KingHenry IV of Franceends thesiege of Rouen,the Spanish-held capital ofNormandy,five months after its November 11 commencement, as the Spanish Navy arrives to relieve the city.[3]
- April 24–Battle of Sangju:The Japanese are victorious over the Koreans fighting for the Kingdom ofJoseon.
- April 28–Battle of Ch'ungju:Japan inflicts a decisive defeat on Korea.
- May 7
- TheMalta plague epidemicbegins when galleys from theGrand Duchy of Tuscanyarrive on the island with 100 prisoners of war fromEgypt,and 20 ill crewmembers; over the next 18 months, 3,000 people on Malta die of the bubonic plague.[4]
- Battle of Okpo:The Korean navy is victorious over Japan.
- May 20–August 19–Battle of Flores(Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)), a series of naval engagements in theAzoresin which the English are victorious, taking the great PortuguesecarrackMadre de Deuson or about August 3.
- May 29–Battle of Sacheon:Korean admiralYi Sun-sindestroys all 13 Japanese ships taking part, using his improvedturtle shipfor the first time in battle.
- June 2–Battle of Dangpo:The Korean navy is again victorious over Japan.
- June 10– TheSiege of Bihaćbegins in theKingdom of Croatia,byTelli Hasan Pasha(Hasan Predojević) of theOttoman Empire.Bihać is captured on June 19 and is lost for Croatia forever.
July–September[edit]
- July 20– The Japanesecapture the Korean capitalHanyang,causingSeonjoto request the assistance ofMing dynastyChinese forces, who recapture the city a year later.
- July 30–Alonso de Sotomayorpetitions the viceroy ofPerufor more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.
- August–1592–1593 London plaguebreaks out in England.
- August 9– English explorerJohn Davis,commander of theDesire,probably discovers theFalkland Islands.
- August 14–Battle of Hansan Island:The Korean navy defeats the Japanese.[5]
- September 1–Battle of Busan:The Korean fleet makes a surprise attack on the Japanese but fails to break their supply lines to Busan.
- September 7– The capturedMadre de Deusenters Dartmouth harbour in England and is then subjected to mass theft.
October–December[edit]
- October 5–Siege of Jinju:The Korean navy is victorious over the Japanese.
- November 3– The city ofSan Luis Potosíis founded.
- November 4– (2nd wa xing of Natdaw, 954 ME) In a war between what are now the nations of Myanmar and Thailand, the Army of Burma, led by KingNanda BayinBurma (Toungoo) begins its invasion of theKingdom of Siam(Ayutthaya), defended by KingNaresuan.[6]
- November 9– TheSixto-Clementine Vulgate,an updated edition of theLatin languagetranslation of theBible,is promulgated by the Roman Catholic Church.[7]
- November 12– TheCollegium Melitenseis founded in Malta by Bishop Garagallo.
- November 17–Sigismund III Vasabecomes the newKing of Swedenupon the death of his father,King John III.
- December 4–Ryu Seong-ryongbecomes the newYeonguijeong(Chief State Councillor of the government of the Korean Empire, similar to Prime Minister) and serves until 1598.
- December 21– The city ofLondonbegins publishing theBill of Mortality,the first regular data of deaths from an epidemic, as the government reports its weekly survey of the number of burials in the 113 parishes of London of deaths frombubonic plague.The death statistics continue to be published until December 18, 1595.[8]
Date unknown[edit]
- William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley,chief adviser of QueenElizabeth I of England,is taken seriously ill.
- Negotiations begin for the annulment of the childless marriage ofHenry IV of FranceandMarguerite of Valois.
- TheConfucianshrine ofMunmyoin Korea is destroyed by fire.
- ThePopulation Census Edictis promulgated in Japan byToyotomi Hidetsugu.
- Henry Constable'sDiana,one of the firstsonnet sequencesin English, is published in London.
Births[edit]
January–June[edit]
- January 5–Shah Jahan,5th Mughal Emperor of India from 1628 to 1658 (d.1666)
- January 22
- Philippe Alegambe,Belgian Jesuit priest and bibliographer (d.1652)
- Pierre Gassendi,French philosopher and scientist (d.1655)[9]
- February 5–Vincenzo della Greca,Italian architect (d.1661)
- February 22–Nicholas Ferrar,English trader (d.1637)
- February 23–Balthazar Gerbier,Dutch painter (d.1663)
- March 20–Giovanni da San Giovanni,Italian painter (d.1636)
- March 28–Comenius,Czech teacher and writer (d.1670)[10]
- April 4–Abraham Elzevir,Dutch printer (d.1652)
- April 9–Jiří Třanovský,Czech priest and musician (d.1637)
- April 11–John Eliot,Member of Parliament, Statesman, Vice-Admiral of Devon (d.1632)
- April 15–Francesco Maria Brancaccio,Catholic cardinal (d.1675)
- April 22–Wilhelm Schickard,German inventor (d.1635)
- April 24
- Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando,Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Mexico (d.1667)
- Sir John Trelawny, 1st Baronet,British baronet (d.1664)
- May 8–Francis Quarles,English poet most famous for his Emblem book aptly entitledEmblems(d.1644)
- May 14–Alice Barnham,wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (d.1650)
- June 7–Balthasar Cordier,Belgian Jesuit exegete, editor (d.1650)
- June 9–Jean de Brisacier,French Jesuit (d.1668)
- June 13
- Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg,German noblewoman (d.1642)
- Tobias Michael,German composer and cantor (d.1657)[11]
July–December[edit]
- July 10–Pierre d'Hozier,French historian (d.1660)
- July 20–Johan Björnsson Printz,governor ofNew Sweden(d.1663)
- August 1–François le Métel de Boisrobert,French poet (d.1662)
- August 7–Arnauld de Oihenart,Basque historian and poet (d.1668)
- August 11–Carlo de Tocco,Italian nobleman (d.1674)
- August 13–William, Count of Nassau-Siegen,German count (d.1642)
- August 16–Wybrand de Geest,Dutch painter (d.1661)
- August 28–George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham,English statesman (d.1628)
- August 29–Sir Benjamin Ayloffe, 2nd Baronet,English politician (d.1662)
- September 1–Maria Angela Astorch,Spanish mystic and saint (d.1665)
- September 5–Jacopo Vignali,Italian painter (d.1664)
- September 15–Giovanni Battista Rinuccini,archbishop of Fermo (d.1653)
- September 18–Jean Guyon,French colonist (d.1663)
- September 20–Nicholas Stoughton,English politician (d.1648)
- September 21–Nathaniel Foote,American colonist (d.1644)
- September 24–Christopher Wandesford,English administrator and politician (d.1640)
- September 25–Herman Krefting,Norwegian businessman (d.1651)
- October 7–Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt,Duke of Bernstadt (1617 – 1639) (d.1639)
- October 13–Christian Gueintz,German teacher and writer-grammarian (d.1650)
- October 22–Gustav Horn, Count of Pori,Swedish/Finnish soldier and politician (d.1657)
- October 30–Giulio Benso,Italian painter (d.1668)
- November 4
- Gerard van Honthorst,Dutch painter (d.1656)
- Albrecht von Kalckstein,German noble (d.1667)
- November 5–Charles Chauncy,English-born president of Harvard College (d.1671)
- November 13–Antonio Grassi,Italian priest (d.1671)
- November 28–Hong Taiji,Emperor of China (d.1643)
- December 5–Thomas Bennet,successful civil lawyer (d.1670)
- December 6–William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle(d.1676)
- December 9–Krzysztof Arciszewski,Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.1656)
- December 29–Johannes Matthiae Gothus,Swedish academic (d.1670)
Date unknown[edit]
- Catalina de Erauso,Spanish-Mexican nun and soldier (d. 1650)
- Richard Bellingham,American colonial magistrate (d. 1672)
- John Hacket,English churchman (d. 1670)
- Angélique Paulet,French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (d.1651)
- Ingen,ChineseZenBuddhist poet, calligrapher (d. 1673)
- John Jenkins,English composer (d. 1678)
- John Oldham,early English settler in Massachusetts (d. 1636)
- Walatta Petros,saint in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (d. 1642)
- Sara Copia Sullam,Italian poet and writer (d. 1641)
Probable[edit]
- Étienne Brûlé,French explorer in Canada (d. 1632)
Deaths[edit]
- January 5–William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,German nobleman (b.1516)
- January 22–Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France(b.1554)
- January 27–Gian Paolo Lomazzo,Italian painter (b.1538)
- February 2–Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli,Spanish noble (b.1540)
- February 29–Alessandro Striggio,Italian composer (b.1540)
- March 4–Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburgand administrator of Ratzeburg (b.1537)
- March 5–Michiel Coxie,Flemish painter (b.1499)
- March 22–Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg,Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (b.1558)
- April 8–Dorothea Susanne of Simmern,Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (b.1544)
- April 13–Bartolomeo Ammannati,Italian architect and sculptor (b.1511)
- April 18–George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz(b.1543)
- April 21–Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch(b.1552)
- May 17–Paschal Baylon,Spanish mystic and saint (b.1540)
- May 24–Nikolaus Selnecker,German musician (b.1530)
- June 17–Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania(b.1545)
- July 1–Marc'Antonio Ingegneri,Italian composer (b. c.1547)
- July 4–Francesco Bassano the Younger,Italian painter (b.1559)
- July 6–John George of Ohlau,Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586–1592) (b.1552)
- July 18–Sibylle of Saxony,Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b.1515)
- July 22–Ludwig Rabus,German martyrologist (b.1523)
- July 26–Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron,French soldier (b.1524)
- August 20–William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(b.1535)
- August 25
- William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel(or Hesse-Cassel) (b.1532)
- Shimazu Toshihisa,Japanese samurai (b.1537)
- September 3–Robert Greene,English writer (b.1558)
- September 13–Michel de Montaigne,French essayist (b.1533)[12]
- September 20–Francisco Vallés,Spanish physician (b.1524)
- October 15–Jean Vendeville,law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (b.1527)
- October 19–Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu,English politician (b.1528)
- October 28–Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq,Flemish diplomat (b.1522)
- November 17– KingJohn III of Sweden(b.1537)[13]
- November 27–Nakagawa Hidemasa,Japanese military commander (b.1568)
- December 3–Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma(b.1545)
- Date unknown
- Moderata Fonte,Italian poet, writer and philosopher (b.1555)
- Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa,Spanish explorer (b.1532)
- Katharina Gerlachin,German printer (b.1520)
- Girolamo Muziano,Italian painter (b.1532)
References[edit]
- ^Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002).Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome.Intellect Books. p. 445.ISBN978-1-84150-702-6.
- ^James S. Donnelly (2004).Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture.Macmillan Reference USA. p. xxix.ISBN978-0-02-865699-1.
- ^John Lothrop Motley,History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce to 1609(Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1895) p.146
- ^James D. Tully,The History of Plague: As it Has Lately Appeared in the Islands of Malta, Gozo, Corfu, Cephalonia, Etc. Detailing Important Facts, Illustrative of the Specific Contagion of that Disease, with Particulars of the Means Adopted for Its Eradication(Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1821)
- ^Stephen R. Turnbull (1996).The Samurai: A Military History.Psychology Press. p. 208.ISBN978-1-873410-38-7.
- ^Royal Historical Commission of Burma,Hmannan Yazawin(1832, reprinted by Ministry of Information of Myanmar, 2003) p.93
- ^Metzger, Bruce M.(1977). "VII The Latin Versions".The Early Versions of the New Testament.Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.
- ^Reginald H. Adams,The Parish Clerks of London(Phillimore, 1971)
- ^Pierre Gassendi; Oliver Thill (2002).The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543).Xulon Press. p. 317.ISBN978-1-59160-193-7.
- ^"John Amos Comenius | Czech educator | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved16 March2022.
- ^Paul E. Eisler (1972).World Chronology of Music History: 1594-1684.Oceana Publications. p. 363.ISBN978-0-379-16082-6.
- ^Jennifer Speake(2003).Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P.Taylor & Francis. p. 808.ISBN978-1-57958-424-5.
- ^The Encyclopedia Americana.Grolier Incorporated. 1997. p. 114.ISBN978-0-7172-0129-7.