1597
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| 1597 by topic |
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1597(MDXCVII) was acommon year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1597th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 597th year of the2nd millennium,the 97th year of the16th century,and the 8th year of the1590sdecade. As of the start of 1597, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 4– Japan's Chancellor of the Realm,Toyotomi Hideyoshi,sends26 European Christians,arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march fromKyototoNagasaki.
- January 24–Battle of Turnhout:Maurice of Nassaudefeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.[1]
- February 5– InJapan,26 European Catholic Christiansare executed inNagasakiby crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596.
- February 8– SirAnthony Shirley,England's "best-educated pirate", raidsJamaica.
- February 24– The last battle of theCudgel Waris fought on theSantavuori HillinIlmajoki,Ostrobothnia.[2]
- March 11–Amiens is takenbySpanishforces.
April–June
[edit]- April 10– TheSerb uprising of 1596–97ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field ofGacko(Gatačko Polje).
- April 19– PrinceNyaungyan Minignores the orders of KingNanda BayinofBurmaand seizes control of the Kingdom of Ava (now in Upper Myanmar)
- April 23– Probable first performance ofWilliam Shakespeare'sThe Merry Wives of Windsor.
- April 27–Johannes Keplermarries Barbara Muhleck.[3]
- May 13– King Henry IV of France and England's GeneralThomas Baskervillebegin thesiege of the city of Amiensin France, which had been captured on March 11 by the Spanish Army. The city is recaptured by September 25.
- May 27– TheKingdom of Kotte,on most of the western side of the island ofSri Lanka,upon the death ofKing Dharmapala.With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation ofPortugal,creating the territory ofPortuguese Ceylon(Puruthugisi LankawaorPorthueka Ilankai).
- June 13– TheStaten-Generaalof theDutch Republicapproves a proposal for theGeneraliteitscollege,a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, theAdmiralty of Amsterdam,theAdmiralty of Rotterdam,theAdmiralty of Zeeland,theAdmiralty of the Noorderkwartierand theAdmiralty of Friesland.
July–September
[edit]- July 14– Scottish poetAlexander Montgomerieis declared anoutlaw,after the collapse of a Catholic plot.
- July 28– After the performance of the satirical playThe Isle of Dogs,written byThomas NasheandBen Jonson,at theSwan Theatre,thePrivy Council of Englandconcludes that the "lewd play" is full ofseditiousandslanderousmatter. Jonson is arrested, along with two actors,Gabriel Spenserand Robert Shaa, and the three are sent toMarshalsea Prison.A raid on the home of Thomas Nashe seizes his papers, but Nashe is not found. The three prisoners are released later in the year and return to the stage. All copies ofThe Isle of Dogsscript are destroyed.
- August 13– TheSiege of Namwonbegins inKorea.
- August 14–First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia:ADutchexpedition commanded byCornelis de Houtmanreturns toAmsterdam,after having successfully reachedJava.This achievement opens theSpice trade,which had until then been monopolised by thePortuguese,to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.
- August 17–Islands Voyage:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex,and SirWalter Raleighset sail on an expedition to theAzores.
- August 19–Rheinberg capitulatesto forces led by Maurice of Naussau.
- August 24–Christian IV of Denmark-Norwayrefuses to letTycho Brahereturn toDenmark.
- August 28–Imjin War:Battle of Chilcheollyang– TheJapanesefleet defeats theKoreans,in their only naval victory of the war.[4]
- September 25–Amiens is retakenfrom the Spanish by Anglo-French forces, led byHenry IV of France,after a four-month siege.
October–December
[edit]- October 18– The3rd Spanish Armada,a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port ofLa Coruñawith 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing atFalmouthinCornwall.[5]
- October 21– The Spanish Armada reaches theEnglish Channelwithout opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day.[6]
- October 25– Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleonSan Bartolome,Spanish AdmiralDiego Brocheroorders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves.[6]
- October 26–Battle of Myeongnyang:The Koreans, commanded byYi Sunsin,are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
- November 10– In the last major action during the war of the3rd Spanish Armada,the galleonBear of Amsterdamis captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth.
- November 12–Lingen capitulatesto forces led byMaurice of Nassau.
- November 21– The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
- December 6– Queen Elizabeth of England appointsGeorge Nicholsonas the English Resident in Scotland, theLondon's chief diplomatic official toEdinburgh,with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland.[7]
- December 7–Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebàis elected as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoa,as the previous chief executive,Matteo Senaregacompletes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post ofprocuratore perpetuo.
- December 23
- The Roman Catholic order of theCongregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae,which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved byPope Clement VIII.Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered inRome.
- PrinceSigismund Báthorysigns an agreement withRudolf II, Holy Roman Emperorto abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.
Date unknown
[edit]- Abbas Iends theUzbekraids on his lands.
- Yaqobsucceeds his father Sarsa Dengel, as Emperor ofEthiopiaat the age of 7.
- Jacopo PeriwritesDafne,now recognised as the firstopera.
- The first edition ofFrancis Bacon'sEssaysis published.[8]
- Andreas LibaviuspublishesAlchemia,a pioneeringchemistrytextbook.[9]
- 12 millionpesosof silver cross thePacific.Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from theSpanishbase ofManilain thePhilippinesto theMing DynastyofChina,it is known that the main port for theMexicansilver trade—Acapulco—shipped out 150,000 to 345,000 kg (4 to 9 milliontaels) of silver annually from this year to 1602.
- Tobias Hesscorresponds withSimon Studionand agrees with him that thePapacymust fall in1604.
Births
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 12–François Duquesnoy,Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (d.1643)
- January 25–Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg,German Duke (d.1639)
- January 31–John Francis Regis,French Jesuit priest (d.1640)
- February 24–Vincent Voiture,French poet (d.1648)[10]
- March 1–Jean-Charles de la Faille,Belgian mathematician (d.1652)
- March 10–Ercole Gennari,Italian drawer and painter (d.1658)
- March 18–Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière,French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (d.1659)
- March 21–Juan Alonso y Ocón,Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (d.1656)
- March 27–William Hyde,President of English College, Douai (d.1651)
April–June
[edit]- April 9–John Davenport,English Puritan clergyman, co-founder of the American colony of New Haven (d.1670)
- April 13–Giovanni Battista Hodierna,Italian astronomer (d.1660)
- April 23–Alvise Contarini,Italian diplomat, nobleman (d.1651)
- May 13–Cornelis Schut,Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d.1655)
- May 15–Squire Bence,English politician (d.1648)
- May 25–Veit Erbermann,German theologian (d.1675)
- May 31–Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac,French author (d.1654)
- June 9–Pieter Jansz. Saenredam,Dutch painter (d.1665)
July–September
[edit]- July 2–Theodoor Rombouts,Flemish painter (d.1637)
- July 13–Sebastian Stoskopff,French painter (d.1657)
- July 22–Virgilio Mazzocchi,Italian Baroque composer (d.1646)
- July 29–Abdias Treu,German mathematician and academic (d.1669)
- August 20
- Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1685)
- Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic,Polish poet (d.1677)
- August 21–Roger Twysden,English antiquarian and royalist (d.1672)
- August 29–Henry Gage,Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d.1645)
- September 23–Francesco Barberini,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1679)
- September 28–Justus Sustermans,Flemish painter (d.1681)
October–December
[edit]- October 7–Captain John Underhill,English settler and soldier (d.1672)
- October 13–Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen,Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (d.1634)
- October 20–Matthew Hutton,English politician (d.1666)
- November 15–Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna(d.1656)
- November 19–Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate,wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d.1660)
- December 16
- George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg(d.1647)
- Pieter de Neyn,Dutch painter (d.1639)
- December 22–Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(d.1659)
- December 23
- Martin Opitz,German poet (d.1639)
- December 24–Honoré II, Prince of Monaco(d.1662)
Date unknown
[edit]- Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña,Spanish missionary and explorer (d.1676)
- Johan van Heemskerk,Dutch poet (d.1656)
- Cornelis Jol,Dutch naval commander and privateer (d.1641)
- Wang Wei,Chinese poet (d.1647)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 29
- Maharana Pratap,Indian statesman (b.1540)
- Elias Ammerbach,German organist (b.1530)
- February 2–James Burbage,English actor
- February 5
- Francisco Blanco,SpanishFranciscanandRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1570)
- Gonsalo Garcia,PortugueseFranciscanandRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1557)
- Paulo Miki,JapaneseRoman Catholicpriest, martyr and saint (b.c. 1562)
- Philip of Jesus,MexicanRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1572)
- 26 Martyrs of Japan
- February 6–Franciscus Patricius,Italian philosopher and scientist (b.1529)
- February 16–Gilbert Génébrard,FrenchRoman Catholicarchbishop (b.1535)
- March 6–William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham,English noble and politician (b.1527)
- April 2–Blas Valera,Peruvian historian (b.1545)
- April 16–Caspar Cruciger the Younger,German theologian (b.1525)
- June 6–William Hunnis,English poet
- June 8–Barbara of Hesse(b.1536)
- June 9–José de Anchieta,SpanishJesuitmissionary (b.1534)
- June 18–Markus Fugger,German businessman (b.1529)
- June 20–Willem Barents,Dutch navigator and explorer (b.c. 1550)[11]
- July 8–Luís Fróis,PortugueseJesuitmissionary (b.1532)
- July 19–Gunilla Bielke,Queen of Sweden (b.1568)
- July 20–Franciscus Raphelengius,Dutch printer (b.1539)
- July 22–Gabriele Paleotti,ItalianRoman Catholiccardinal (b.1522)
- August 27
- September 3–Jakobea of Baden,Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b.1558)
- September 9–Helena Magenbuch,German pharmacist (b.1523)
- September 20–Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria,Austrian archduchess (b.1581)
- September 30–William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen(b.1534)
- October 4–Sarsa Dengel,Emperor of Ethiopia(b.1550)[12]
- October 19–Ashikaga Yoshiaki,Japanese shōgun (b.1537)
- October 23–Cyriakus Schneegass,German hymnwriter (b.1546)
- October 27–Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara,Italian noble (b.1533)
- November 1–Edward Kelley,English spirit medium (b.1555)
- November 11–Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg,German noble (b.1570)
- November 6–Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain(b.1567)
- December 17–Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein(b.1557)
- December 21–Petrus Canisius,DutchJesuitpriest and saint (b.1521)[13]
- date unknown –Margaretha Coppier,Dutch heroine (b.1516)
References
[edit]- ^Chris Cook; Philip Broadhead (October 2, 2012).The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763.Routledge. p. 110.ISBN978-1-134-13065-8.
- ^Nuijasota – Ilmajoki(in Finnish)
- ^John Hudson Tiner (1999).Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science.Mott Media. p. 86.ISBN978-0-915134-11-3.
- ^DK (October 1, 2009).War.Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 403.ISBN978-1-4053-4778-5.
- ^"A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony" ", by Edward Tenace, inThe English Historical Review(2003) pp. 869–872
- ^abR. B. Wernham,The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603(Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187
- ^John Duncan Mackie,Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603(Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.
- ^Lisa Jardine; Professor of Renaissance Studies Lisa Jardine (1974).Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse.Cambridge University Press. p. 228.ISBN978-0-521-20494-1.
- ^"From liquid to vapor and back: origins".Special Collections Department.University of Delaware Library.RetrievedMarch 12,2007.
- ^The Encyclopedia Americana.Grolier Incorporated. 1999. p. 215.ISBN978-0-7172-0131-0.
- ^Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge; P. S. Tomkovich (2000).Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation: Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998.Ecopros Publishers. p. 1.ISBN978-5-88621-057-6.
- ^Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007).The History of Ethiopia.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169.ISBN978-0-313-32273-0.
- ^John McClintock (1981).Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature.Baker Book House. p. 74.ISBN978-0-8010-6123-3.